A storm of stupidity? Sandy, evidence and climate change

“It’s global warming, stupid” – Bloomberg’s Businessweek cover last week left little doubt about their opinion concerning “Frankenstorm” Sandy. The accompanying tweet anticipated that the cover might “generate controversy, but only among the stupid.” These frank words about the Frankenstorm are perhaps…

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Ignoring climate change isn’t stupidity, it’s ideology. Peter Foley/EPA

“It’s global warming, stupid” – Bloomberg’s Businessweek cover last week left little doubt about their opinion concerning “Frankenstorm” Sandy. The accompanying tweet anticipated that the cover might “generate controversy, but only among the stupid.”

These frank words about the Frankenstorm are perhaps long overdue in light of the general failure of American politicians to show leadership on this issue.

But is it really a matter of mere “stupidity” to deny the link between climate change and Sandy’s fury — a link that has been drawn carefully but quite explicitly by scientists around the world, including in Australia?

No, it is not a matter of stupidity.

On the contrary, it takes considerable, if ethically disembodied, intelligence to mislead the public about the link between climate change and Sandy as thoroughly as our national “news”paper has done for the umpteenth time.

It is not a matter of stupidity. It is a matter of ideology.

People who subscribe to a fundamentalist conception of the free market will deny climate change irrespective of the overwhelming strength of the scientific evidence. They will deny any link between climate change and events such as the unprecedented Frankenstorm Sandy, or the unprecedented Texas drought, or the unprecedented series of Derechos, or the unprecedented flooding in Tennessee, or the unprecedented Arctic melt, or the unprecedented retreat of Alpine glaciers, or the unprecedented tripling of extreme weather events during the last 30 years.

There is no longer any reasonable doubt that climate change is happening all around us. There is also no doubt that ideology is the principal driver of climate denial.

So what effect will Sandy have on public opinion?

On the one hand, the deniers will likely double down and their claims will become ever more discordant with the reality on this planet. Their denial will continue even if palm trees grow in Alaska and if storms such as Sandy — or far worse — have become commonplace.

On the other hand, the vast majority of people who are not in the clutches of a self-destructive ideology will likely wake up and smell the science. Even before Sandy, a recent Pew poll (PDF) revealed that acceptance of climate change among the American public rebounded by 10 percentage points in the last few years. There is every reason to expect that Sandy will accelerate this trend towards acceptance of the dramatic changes our planet is undergoing.

Much research has shown that people’s attitude towards climate change depends on specific events and anecdotal evidence. For example, people are more likely to endorse the science on a hot day than on a cool day, all other things being equal. Even a seemingly trivial stimulus such as a dead plant in an office can enhance people’s acceptance of the science (three dead plants are even better). This human tendency to focus on scientifically irrelevant anecdotes rather than on data can be unfortunate, especially because it lends itself to exploitation by propagandists who haul out every cool day in Wagga Wagga as “evidence” that climate change is a hoax.

However, people’s propensity to learn from specific events rather than scientific data and graphs can also be beneficial. For example, a national survey in the UK revealed that people who personally experienced flooding expressed more concern over climate change and, importantly, felt more confident that their actions will have an effect on climate change. Similar data have been reported in Australia. Respondents who attributed salient events to climate change were found to be better adapted to climate change, they reported greater self-efficacy, and they were more concerned with climate change.

There is little doubt that Americans, too, will connect the dots between Frankenstorm Sandy and the reality of climate change. They will also likely recognise how drastically wrong the deniers were when they shrugged off sea level rise and how it might contribute to a flooding of New York City.

The moment the public recognises the link between climate change and Sandy, they will clamor for action. Just like New York City’s mayor, Michael Bloomberg, when he endorsed President Obama for re-election because he was more likely to address climate change.

Salient events carry a message.

People understand that message.

After all, it’s global warming, stupid.

Join the conversation

223 Comments sorted by

Comments on this article are now closed.

  1. Sean Manning

    Physicist

    You are a brave author putting a climate change article on the conversation. I'm dreading the inevitable frankenstorm of comments that are on their way. In prepeation I have disabled notifications for this post and prepared a survival kit of logic and reason. I hope these measures are enough.

    Nice article and I hope you can weather the storm!

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    1. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Sean Manning

      Sean - That this article is about denial will probably make no difference. EVERY article related to climate change on The Conversation (apart from one I know of) has been hijacked by the deniers.

      I am urging The Conversation to change this.

      While The Conversation should have some articles under which the truth or otherwise of climate change can be debated, I'm urging them to declare for at least some discussions that obvious denial posts are disruptive and off topic. Thus they can be reported…

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    2. Dennis Alexander

      logged in via LinkedIn

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Hi Michael. I'm sympathetic, but this forum is not about censorship. Sometimes the skeptics (deniers/denialists) have points to make which are useful and sometimes they are recycling discredited blathering - sometimes the rest of us, whom they label as 'alarmists' fall into a similar recycling trap, if not of discredited blathering. Arguably, the best response is not to bother engaging with their blathering, even to discredit it as it is already discredited: make a new post and start again at the left of the page rather than disappearing off the right. It is worth engaging and having the conversation when they actually make a point worth discussing, sometimes one can even agree with their point.

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    3. Zvyozdochka

      logged in via Twitter

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      I'd second that.

      Most people have moved on to whether or not the problem is as bad or worse-than what the science is telling us.

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    4. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Dennis Alexander

      Dennis,

      Given your academic interests you would be a great person to analyse the post of some of the most verbose deniers. Do you see genuine people engaging in real debate? Or do you see frequent use of well known techniques to confuse, distract and disrupt?

      Not only are these people, in my view, deliberately disrupting our conversations, but I feel sure that some of them are organised. For example, my analysis of the comments on three recent articles in The Conversation about climate change…

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    5. John Coochey

      Mr

      In reply to Sean Manning

      Well I am still waiting for the reply to the fact that the UK Met Office data show no warming for sixteen years the the area of Sandy is actually cooler than normal and Flannery says no cooling for a thousand years but Pitman tells a totally different story and our Chief Scientist admits on air, that he does not have a clue which is right.

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    6. Tim Scanlon

      Debunker

      In reply to John Coochey

      Here's your reply, it made no such claim. The reporter in question at the Daily Mail made it up, there was no report. He made this same claim twice and has been rebuked twice by the UK Met Office.

      http://metofficenews.wordpress.com/2012/10/14/met-office-in-the-media-14-october-2012/

      Referencing Flannery is trying to use Gore's Law, which is completely irrelevant. Science is the only deciding point and the science is clear that climate change is happening and is being driven by humans.

      Your comments on Sandy are completely incorrect, even the weather reports explained the warmer seas and blocking highs.

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    7. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to John Coochey

      John Coochey is yet another obvious denier.

      Note how he too is trying to divert this conversation away from the topic of the psychology behind people supporting climate change back to the endless denier vs science debate.

      The claim of no warming over the last 16 years has been raised numerous times before on The Conversation, and rigorously rebutted every time. In fact John raised it just 6 days ago and it was rebutted by several posters.

      And I've yet to have any denier provide a full quote of Flannery saying anything wrong (and so what if he did?).

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    8. John Coochey

      Mr

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      You are more ridiculous each time you post, just go to Youtube you can see him live, for Pitman go to 666 drive blog, the comments by the Chief Scientist seem to have been removed.

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    9. Wade Macdonald

      Technician

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      I am not trying to disrupt anything and I believe that man has had an effect on climate as I have stated on here. I do care for the environment and the world in which we live.

      I just have a conservative belief on the subject of AGW and have spoken up on Sandy.

      I don't want my kids being over run by apocalyptic mantra and living in fear their entire lives.

      So much is still unknown on said topic.

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    10. John Coochey

      Mr

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Actually I hate to burst your balloon but the Met Office did not rebut this statement it waffled around based on the period was not long enough here is an extract

      "Climate change can only be detected from multi-decadal timescales due to the inherent variability in the climate system. If you use a longer period from HadCRUT4 the trend looks very differen"

      and later

      "The current period of reduced warming is not unprecedented and 15 year long periods are not unusual."

      Or in other words if it warms for sixteen years that proves CAGW but if it does no that is not relevant?!!!

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    11. John Coochey

      Mr

      In reply to Tim Scanlon

      Actually once again not true! See the above quote from the Met Office's so called rebuttal. So if temperatures have in fact increased in these sixteen years tell me by how much and please no more irrelevant links.

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    12. Tim Scanlon

      Debunker

      In reply to John Coochey

      Irrelevant links? The link to the UK Met Office? The link to the UK Met Office which directly addresses your false claim of no warming? The link to the UK Met Office that directly states that the change in global temperature, as measured by HADCRUT4 in the northern hemisphere is 0.16 degree increase in temperature per decade?

      Also, stop with the cherry picking. Using a starting date in the late 90s is a cherry picking technique to try and ignore the overall data trend in favour of a select data set that is too narrow. This is deliberately obfuscating the reality of the temperature data.

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    13. John Coochey

      Mr

      In reply to Tim Scanlon

      My point which the new religion, because that is all it is, is that the figures for the Met Office show no warming for the last sixteen years true or false? Yet people put in writing that this is a lie. We have Flannery going on motor mouth and people denying it when a simple search will show how ridiculous his statements are, we have Pitman giving a totally inconsistent answer when asked exactly the same question and people denying it, we have Robin Swan of the Science show saying we could get 100…

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    14. Mike Hansen

      Mr

      In reply to John Coochey

      That would be Robyn Williams of the Science Show.

      That's a shame - given that was only the only fact in your rant that even got close to the truth, I was going to give you a 1/2 mark for getting his first name but then I noticed that you misspelt it.

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    15. John Coochey

      Mr

      In reply to Mike Hansen

      So, according to the link to the Met Office the temperatures have increased in the last sixteen years by ???? A link is not only relevant when it has nothing to do with the subject it is irrelevant when it does not make the point it is alleged to. But at least you know who 100 meters Williams is ( I was just testing).

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    16. Tim Niven

      Tim Niven is a Friend of The Conversation.

      IT Manager at KJ Risk Group Pty Ltd

      In reply to Dennis Alexander

      Got to agree with Dennis. Besides the importance of not censoring anyone's point of view, I have to say I sometimes get a good chuckle reading the tete a tete. Also, how do you know someone is completely and utterly full of a substance I'll avoid mentioning in case it's censored unless you give their best case a thorough hearing? They should be encouraged to give us their best. Keenly encouraged. And not just for the comic value...

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    17. David Arthur

      n/a

      In reply to John Coochey

      Mr Coochey is "still waiting for the reply to the fact that the UK Met Office data show no warming for sixteen years" err, that is not a fact, it's a furphy. It's all explained for the lay reader at "Why the Mail on Sunday was wrong to claim global warming has stopped", http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/oct/16/daily-mail-global-warming-stopped-wrong.

      Mr Coochey notes that the area of Sandy is actually cooler than normal. Well, der-err! It's a STORM; storms do tend to cool things down…

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    18. David Arthur

      n/a

      In reply to Wade Macdonald

      Conservative belief? Try evidence, it's a great curative.

      Earth is warmed by absorption of short wave sunlight. Because of this, Earth's temperature can remain unchanged by returning the same amount of energy to space. That is, solar shortwave energy is balanced by the earth re-radiating to space as a 'black body' radiator with a characteristic temperature of ~255K; that is, from space the earth's spectrum is roughly that of a radiating body with an optical surface temperature of around 255K…

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    19. Wade Macdonald

      Technician

      In reply to David Arthur

      That was actually very informative David so thankyou for responding to my post without ripping me to shreds.

      I am currently interested in getting a response from the authors to my questions to this article regarding nitrogen. It was a good article, no attacks on beliefs just a sensible and well structured article including what you can do yourself.

      https://theconversation.edu.au/agricultures-hunger-for-nitrogen-oversteps-planetary-boundaries-10182

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    20. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Philip Dowling

      And I stand by my comments earlier in Crikey (obviously made just after the shooting in the USA at the screening of the Batman movie).

      How many people are likely to die due to climate change over the next century?

      As well as the direct impact of climate change it is predicted that many wars will be fought over the reducing and changing natural resources.

      So deaths due to climate change will probably be in the millions.

      Of course Philip Dowling and Marc Hendrickx won't agree because they don't accept the science.

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    21. Tim Scanlon

      Debunker

      In reply to John Coochey

      You quite clearly can't read then. It is the second point they make in the UK Met Office statement. Don't pretend otherwise.

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    22. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Tim Niven

      There are several reasons why I disagree with you Dennis.

      First, it is not censorship because I still support people having their say. Instead it is moderation - there are places where the truth or otherwise of the science can be debated, and there are other places where this issue is off topic. Moderation is much easier because the only decision is whether or not a post is off topic.

      Secondly, the reason I'm suggesting this is that there are no places where those who accept the science can…

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    23. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Marc Hendrickx

      Shooting lead into someone is obviously a crime.

      What about a group of people posting on the internet in every forum that they can that parents should sprinkle lead onto their children's food because, as lead is a heavy metal it will help their children put on weight and grow? What if these people came up with lots of false reasons why the science (which says that lead is a poison) were wrong?

      Our regular climate change deniers are similar to someone promoting sprinkling lead onto the food of children except that the damage to the planet will take much longer to become bad than lead poisoning and the number of deaths from climate change will be incredibly greater.

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    24. Philip Dowling

      IT teacher

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Given the reactivity of lead, as a metallic element, and its slow reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid, eating powdered lead although not recommended is not as dangerous as it may intuitively appear. The amount of danger would of course depend on the size and amount of lead ingested and over which time period. Powdered lead is quite uncommon. Sheet lead is much more common. Of course, lead is available in small spheres. Being spherical, the ratio of surface area to volume is quite low.
      The stomach of course contains dilute hydrochloric acid. It is this acid that produces much of the unwelcome taste accompanying vomiting.

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    25. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Philip Dowling

      And Philip Dowling once again avoids the issues raised.

      Is it moral (or even legal) to promote putting lead onto food?

      Why is climate change denial any different?

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    26. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Philip Dowling

      "Not as dangerous as it may intuitively appear" depends on what you first think. I was thinking of long term effects, not drop dead quickly, so I think eating lead is as dangerous as I was thinking.

      Climate change is similar - it is the long term effects which are most scary. And like a poison which acts long after it was taken, climate change has lots of warming locked in by what we have already emitted.

      But Philip doesn't seem too concerned about feeding children lead - very interesting.

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    27. Philip Dowling

      IT teacher

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      On the other hand, most of the lead found around the house is generally in the form of a compound. This is often a salt. It may be an organic or inorganic salt. When dissolved in a mixture containing water and hydrochloric acid, it is quite dangerous even in low concentrations.

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    28. John Coochey

      Mr

      In reply to Tim Scanlon

      I have already dealt with the time span issue, and the temperature rise was exactly? I seem to have missed the answer.

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    29. John Coochey

      Mr

      In reply to David Arthur

      That is no doubt why US ski fields are considering opening a month earlier. This reminds me of the documentary that claimed "Global Warming" could cause another ice age!?!

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    30. In reply to Tim Scanlon

      Comment removed by moderator.

    31. John Phillip

      John Phillip is a Friend of The Conversation.

      Grumpy Old Man

      In reply to John Coochey

      John I dont think you're going to get s definitive answer from eco-fascists like Wilbur because it means that they'd have to quantify the impact of AGW on storms such as 'Frankenstorm" . Clearly they're unable to do so. It's much easier for them to A) call anyone who questions them an idiot as the piece's author did, B) demand censorship as Wilbur did or, C) accuse all arguments to the counter to be 'cherry-picked' or 'strawman' arguments(see above). However it is a lot of fun to see them do everything but answer with facts - not links but facts. Cheers

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    32. Bruce Moon

      Bystander!

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      MWH

      May I suggest the 'report abuse' approach not be advocated.

      Despite our collective annoyance at the lengths some will go to grind their point of view, as others here suggest, they have a right to contribute.

      I say this from experience. A few months ago, The Conversation ran a series on obesity. To one article advocating that 'normal' people ought not denigrate obese people, I contributed that the majority of obese people are so because of overindulgence and that denigration is a social way of transmitting values. Mine was the only 'negative' - the other contributions being supportive. My contribution was reported for abuse sufficiently for it to be removed. My take is that populism won - not argument.

      That said, I do think the repetitive posts by some ought be controlled.

      Perhaps The Conversation could harness a 'spinoff' button that enables those that want to trade insults to do it to the side.

      Or, limit the number of posts on any article.

      Cheers

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    33. Tim Niven

      Tim Niven is a Friend of The Conversation.

      IT Manager at KJ Risk Group Pty Ltd

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      You don't have to read, or engage them? Dennis' advice seems pretty sound. What's sometimes called for is to starve the cuckoo. But I still say I value they can continue to make their case 'til their blue in the face, and this is a fine forum thanks to the many impossibly patient people with deep knowledge of the subject who can respond and enlighten. I'm arguing that social regulation is the best response...

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    34. Chris Harries

      logged in via Facebook

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Michael,

      A valid comparison but there's no need to use a hypothetical. Actual comparisons can be made with other areas of science that are hotly confronted by those who don't want to accept the scientific evidence.

      Evolutionary science (following many decades of research by many thousands of archeologists and evolutionary scientists) arguably represents the closest comparison with the climate issue. Scientific proof that we are primates and evolved from earlier primate forms is as rock solid…

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    35. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Tim Niven

      Not engaging the deniers leaves the impression that what they say might be right because no-one challenges them. And the non engaging them technique only works if everyone decides to ignore them, which is very unlikely to happen.

      And Tim, how can you say that the discussion on this article or any other on climate change is a "fine forum" when almost none of the responses address the topic of the original article?

      Once again I challenge anyone who thinks that the deniers should have a voice in every discussion to find just one discussion about climate change where the majority of the comments are on the topic of the original article and not just denials vs science.

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    36. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Chris Harries

      Chris Harries -

      The anti-science rhetoric and the false reasoning used by creationists and climate change deniers is very similar. Both creationists and deniers tend to be very politically conservative people, but in Australia I doubt that most climate change deniers also believe in creationism.

      Unfortunately there is a growing trend for people to reject reason. Take, as another example, Australian politics.

      Abbott saying that the carbon tax would have massive detrimental economic consequences…

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    37. Sean Manning

      Physicist

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      In my experience, those that shout the loudest and longest are usually the ones with the least to say.

      I'm glad you have not been deterred by matters and still post climate themed articles.

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    38. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Philip Dowling

      You are a professional Philip.

      I'm making the point that it is morally wrong to promote climate change denial and you divert the conversation to the health consequences of lead.

      Let's take a hypothetical for you. IF the science on climate change was true, and thus the consequences of humanity not taking action to prevent this are dire, would you agree that it would be immoral to promote inaction?

      One possible justification for promoting inaction on climate change IF it were true is that…

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    39. Chris Harries

      logged in via Facebook

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Ah, but Michael, exactly the point I'm making.

      The anti-evolution brigade is a perfect mirror for those caught up in climate denial, where they can see replicas of themselves, albeit in another role. What can they do when they look in the mirror but either 1) identify with the conspiratorial case of their erstwhile colleagues in that other camp or 2) witness how ridiculous they themselves appear if they were to step out off the whirlwind of activity that has them so entranced?

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    40. Bob Beale

      Journalist

      In reply to John Phillip

      John, perhaps they're not responding to you due to the abusive, threatening tone and obscenity you've used in this thread.

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    41. Geoffrey Henley

      Research Associate

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      "They are making the same false claims again and again. Even worse, it is the same people making the same false claims."

      If you want an example of someone who continues to make false claims, then look no further than Prof. Lewandowsky. Just look at the list of claims for which he provides no credible evidence.

      Sceptics reject science. FALSE
      Sceptics are conspiracy theorists. FALSE. Based on highly flawed survey.
      Sceptics are driven only by idealism. FALSE.
      Sceptics don't believe smoking causes cancer. FALSE.
      Sceptics are oil industry shrills. FALSE.
      97% of climate scientists believe humans are mainly responsible for climate change. FALSE. Based on 2 flawed surveys.

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    42. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Chris Harries

      30 years ago I used to debate the creationists. I even went to a fundamentalist church to watch the films that presented the justification for the world only being 6,000 years old and the standard science being wrong.

      I wasted HUGE amounts of time discussing the science.

      But in the end I got the whole discussion down to a few minutes.

      Instead of correcting the creationist on one point of science, I asked her "If, for example, Bill Gates paid for us both to tour the world and talk to every…

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    43. Dianna Arthur

      Dianna Arthur is a Friend of The Conversation.

      Environmentalist

      In reply to Chris Harries

      "In both areas of debate you find fanatical individuals, most of whom are untrained in that discipline but who nevertheless have an unshakable belief that they have hit upon a truth that defies all of rock solid scientific evidence that has been put forward by experts in the field. For the most part this is not a make believe on their part, they are deadly earnest in their conviction. "

      I agree Chris.

      A similar pattern emerges on all topics of contention. The same names presenting on topics…

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    44. Tim Niven

      Tim Niven is a Friend of The Conversation.

      IT Manager at KJ Risk Group Pty Ltd

      In reply to Chris Harries

      Hi Chris,

      I wrote a thesis on creationism, and believe you're spot on with your analogy. There's a psychological issue. Deeply held religious beliefs (be they in a literal reading of the bible, or some form of "free" market fundamentalism), deep worldview/identity stuff, that is so seriously challenged by science that any and all intellectual chicanery is pressed into service to deny the science. It becomes interesting to see how "truth" virtues/values (sound premises, valid logic, thorough…

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    45. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Geoffrey Henley

      I'm sure that it would be easy to put together a collection of quotes from the regular deniers here to show that some of them do reject science, believe in conspiracy theories, etc.

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    46. Chris Harries

      logged in via Facebook

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Sure Michael, there's much more of a moral issue at stake with climate denial and there is much bigger vested interest at play. I'll correct myself slightly, one can intuitively guess from their responses those deniers who are merely gullible victims and those who are strategically out to defame science and logic.

      Going back to the point I made above, when exposed to the above parallel climate deniers tend not to respond as either 1) or 2), rather they tend to choose a third option 3)... look away from the mirror and say nothing at all because the comparison causes them great embarrassment.

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    47. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Dianna Arthur

      Dianna Art - Debate amongst those who accept climate change has almost been shut down entirely.

      Find me just one discussion here or on The Drum or Crikey where those who accept the science are discussing the important issues for moving forward.

      What I'm urging is that we get some moderation so that there are places where the science of climate change can be vigorously debated, and some places where denying or deliberately disrupting the conversation is regarded as off topic.

      If you go back…

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    48. George Takacs

      Physicist

      In reply to John Coochey

      John,

      Your last statement is not what the Met office is saying - you have put words into their mouths. What they are trying to point out is that when you have an intrinsically noisy time series with a slight long term trend, then there will be significantly long periods where that trend is masked by the noise. So it is to be expected that there will be periods of time when the effect of the noise is to make it appear that the trend is non-existent, or even in the opposite direction.

      What makes…

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    49. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Chris Harries

      Yes. When you discuss climate change in social settings all those who doubt the science present and defend their views very differently from the deniers in this forum.

      From analysing things over the last few days I'm now not only sure that some of the deniers are organised, but that some of them have been trained in techniques to disrupt.

      I had thought that the paid disrupters were just like call centre staff - not much skill needed so cheap to employ.

      But a few of the deniers here are so sophisticated in their use of the techniques that I'm starting to think that they might be earning some real money.

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    50. Dianna Arthur

      Dianna Arthur is a Friend of The Conversation.

      Environmentalist

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      @ Michael Wilbur-Ham

      You feel passionately about climate change denial - as do I. However, your dismissal of other imperative topics as less likely to attract conspirators, indicates a deliberate or even subconscious selectiveness on your part.

      That is not to say that the IPA in Australia or the Heartland institute don't play fast and hard with the truth and do conspire to blur and confound facts. However, I doubt that people such as Philip Dowling are in the 'pay' of the such groups. They just turn up, inadvertently propelling the agenda of climate science denialists.

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    51. James Haughton

      Social Policy Researcher

      In reply to John Coochey

      Overall global temperature according to HadCRUT 4's linear trend has risen by ~0.08 degrees since 1997. http://woodfortrees.org/plot/hadcrut4gl/from:1997/to:2012/plot/hadcrut4gl/from:1997/to:2012/trend
      Cherry pick from August to August (the which is close to the peak of the 1997-8 El Nino) and you still get a linear trend rise of 0.05 degrees.

      Nice talkin' to ya. Don't let the door hit your arse on your way out.

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    52. James Haughton

      Social Policy Researcher

      In reply to John Phillip

      Overall global temperature according to HadCRUT 4's linear trend has risen by ~0.08 degrees since 1997. http://woodfortrees.org/plot/hadcrut4gl/from:1997/to:2012/plot/hadcrut4gl/from:1997/to:2012/trend
      Cherry pick from August to August (the which is close to the peak of the 1997-8 El Nino) and you still get a linear trend rise of 0.05 degrees.

      Nice talkin' to ya. Don't let the door hit your arse on your way out.

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    53. Useful Design

      logged in via Twitter

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Exactly. If deniers were required to put their money where their (for hire) mouths are they would never ever be able to pay down even a tiny fraction of the damage to a safe climate on this planet we are witnessing already and is already in the system as CC momentum. That's the moral crime of it, it's not that they are shouting fire in a theatre like they accuse "alarmist" rational scientists of, it's that there is a fire burning backstage in the theatre, scientists can feel the heat and see the smoke and are telling us about it while these denialist are going around locking the exit doors and disconnecting all the fire hoses.

      What motivates people to do such things is the same array of human conditionings (aversions and desires) that has always predicated evil I suppose, but fundamentally it is the fruit of a profound ignorance on so many levels that rational engagement with them is largely pointless and certainly counter productive as pointed out in other posts on this thread.

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    54. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to John Phillip

      My surname is Wilbur-Ham, and I've included my initials in my name so you can type MWH instead.

      (I can be a grumpy old man too).

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    55. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Dianna Arthur

      I have no doubt that, for example, a member of right-to-life would be interested in an article on abortion and would post to it. But I doubt that in Australia this is organised.

      Given the money that we know is spent in lobbying against climate change, and that since Obama won his first term the conservatives have known that influencing public opinion on the internet is essential, what is the chance that conservatives are not paying people to deny climate change on the internet?

      Last night there…

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    56. Geoffrey Henley

      Research Associate

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      But there are no deniers here, only sceptics.

      No doubt your definition of those who reject science are those who express opinions with which you disagree. Provision of credible evidence to support your claims is not your strong point. Hmm. Reminds of a certain Professor.

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    57. Tim Scanlon

      Debunker

      In reply to James Haughton

      Yes, and when you take the long term trend and not the cherry picked data that change is the 0.16 degrees per decade. Either way, the rise is quite a bit considering the global average and the variation.

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    58. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Geoffrey Henley

      There are plenty of skeptics here - these are the people who have examined the evidence and accepted it. And what's more, if somehow some credible evidence appeared which showed that something about climate change was wrong, then these people would again follow the evidence and change their mind.

      A denier is someone who has a view and sticks to it despite the evidence. So if you are not a denier, then please come up with some convincing evidence.

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    59. Mark Harrigan

      Dr

      In reply to Geoffrey Henley

      I would suggest Mr Henley that you do not understand what actual scepticism is,

      I suggest you google Lawrence Torcello (a prominent ethicist and holder of the Ezra A Hale Chair in Applied Ethics at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York)
      -----------------------------------
      Torcello points out that actual skepticism is about positive inquiry and critical thinking, as well as proportioning one’s beliefs to the available evidence (not to mention being willing to alter those beliefs if…

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    60. Felix MacNeill

      Environmental Manager

      In reply to Philip Dowling

      I, for one, delight in Marc's contributions here. I am reminded of Samuel Johnson's delightful observation about politicians, suggesting that they are like apes in that, the higher they climb, the more you can see of their arses.

      The more Marc persists here, the more his feeble and discredited arguments disappear into their own vacuity and the more he is reduced to his one genuine product: spleen and personal abuse. it's pretty obvious he has nothing else to contribute to the debate.

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    61. John Phillip

      John Phillip is a Friend of The Conversation.

      Grumpy Old Man

      In reply to Bob Beale

      Bob, I dont think I was threatening but I will happily wear the obscenity tag - noted and will try to avoid frustration bettering me yet again.
      My point is that MWH has made a habit of trolling these blogs and attacking anyone who questions his position. Surely someone with his history of green activism has pat answers in a document that he could easily cut and paste. In doing so, he would answer the questions that he is responding to. Instead he chooses to belittle, mock and vilify. The, using…

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    62. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to John Phillip

      Having made a case that some of the deniers are organised and are using debating tactics to disrupt the conversation without every putting up any justification for their views, John Philip calls me the troll :)

      Surely if there were genuine doubt to climate change the deniers would be able to point to a good source which would convince a reasonable person that the science was wrong and explain how the scientists managed to get it so wrong for so long.

      I'm cannot see how this and my other posts "belittle, mock and vilify". But I've certainly received many personal insults from the deniers on this thread.

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    63. John Phillip

      John Phillip is a Friend of The Conversation.

      Grumpy Old Man

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      MWH, I acknowledge you as a troll because in every singhle case on this page where someone has asked for a quantitative link between AGW and 'Frankenstorm" you have attacked them. NOWHERE have you answered their actual question. When you can show a link between AGW and a quantitative increase in that storm's power/intensity, I will happily stand corrected. That's pretty much all anyone has asked either yourself or the author to do.

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    64. alfred venison

      records manager (public sector)

      In reply to Bruce Moon

      the toronto globe & mail allows me for example to make any other poster not appear on the threads i see. same for them. maybe something like this would satisfy everyone here. i wonder if such a feature could be grafted on to this site? -a.v.

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    65. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to John Phillip

      I've just done a search for every "In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham" and I cannot find one post where someone has asked me to provide a "quantitative link between AGW and 'Frankenstorm".

      Thus I'm also unable to find even one example of me attacking them instead of answering this question.

      Getting the facts right does not seem a strong point of the deniers :)

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    66. Mark Harrigan

      Dr

      In reply to John Phillip

      And John Phillip I acknowledge you as a denier raindrop in the storm of stupidity on this topic since simple physics answers your question.

      Human-caused global warming has caused sea level rise, which increased the hurricane storm surge, leading to more flooding. It has warmed the oceans, fueling the intensity of the hurricane. And it has increased the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, allowing Sandy to pull in more moisture, causing more rainfall and thus more flooding.

      Grump old man you may be - but apparently unwilling or unable to understand the basics too

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    67. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to John Phillip

      Well just above I asked: "Surely if there were genuine doubt to climate change the deniers would be able to point to a good source which would convince a reasonable person that the science was wrong and explain how the scientists managed to get it so wrong for so long."

      Not only is it reasonable for you to answer my question first, I raise the stakes significantly ...

      Provide me such a reference and rather than just doing a quick google to answer your question, if your evidence is compelling and isn't easily refuted, I'll accept that climate change is wrong and thus agree with your implication that Sandy had nothing to do with AGW.

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    68. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to John Phillip

      PS - How about an apology for you calling me a troll and accusing me of attacking people instead of answering the question that I was never asked.

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    69. Mark Harrigan

      Dr

      In reply to Mark Harrigan

      Oh yes, and for good measure - there is also a reasonable basis to suspect that melting arctic sea ice ( a fact) and a declining jet stream (also a fact) may have been in part responsible for steering Sandy into the east coast, instead of over the open ocean as late-season hurricanes usually do (another fact).

      This connection cannot be stated unequivocally - although Radley Horton the climate science lead for the science policy team of the New York City Panel on Climate Change, has usggested it is a reasonable conclusion.

      But hey - John Phillip - keep denying if it makes you feel better

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    70. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to John Phillip

      What a great example of nonsense from the deniers ...

      What assertion have I made?

      And why can't he provide a link to convince me that climate change is wrong?

      (And why does he demand I answer his question before he answers the question I asked first?)

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    71. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to John Phillip

      On one hand I don't think John Philip is part of the organised deniers because 'Grumpy Old Man' is an unlikely title to give himself.

      But on the other hand it does seem that Marc Hendrickx has gone off duty, so perhaps Mr Philips is the new on-duty denier for this thread.

      John Philip is also using the denier's manual by trying to get his opponents to do the work.

      If there were any evidence that Sandy had nothing to do with AGW you would expect him to provide it, but he doesn't. So to disrupt this conversation he keeps asking for evidence even though Mark Harrigan has already presented a layman's summary of the key points.

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    72. Mark Harrigan

      Dr

      In reply to John Phillip

      John Phillip stated

      "When you can show a link between AGW and a quantitative increase in that storm's power/intensity, I will happily stand corrected"

      I have shown such links. Now he obfuscates, insults and asks a stupid question. It is impossible to quantify the contribution exactly - what is undoubted is that it is unprecdented and that AGW made a contribution.

      Waiting for you to admit you were wrong now John - though if you are typical form for denaers you will refuse to do so

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    73. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to John Phillip

      If there is anything to discuss from this article we don't know because it is behind a pay-wall.

      But it is worth making the important point of the double standard of the deniers.

      Though almost everything they say is found to be wrong, they think that if anyone who supports the science says something wrong that somehow this casts doubt on the thousands of scientific papers which are summarised in the IPCC reports.

      If a notable physicist says something wrong about Einstein's theories this means only means that a notable physicist has said something wrong about Einstein's theories. Personally embarrassing, but it casts no doubt on the science.

      I've yet to read anything which would lead a reasonable person to doubt climate change. And a scientist saying something wrong proves nothing.

      (As I have not read the article I'm not making any comment on whether or not a scientist did say something that is wrong.)

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    74. Mark Harrigan

      Dr

      In reply to John Phillip

      I make of it exactly what Dr Hoerling said

      "So the climate change signal in Sandy is largely due to sea-level rise, the increased humidity in the world's atmosphere, and the tropical ocean temperature anomalies. The temperatures up near New York, while still a factor in the storm, are less of a factor than the above three changes"

      Which part of his attributing the influence of AGW to Sandy did you not understand?

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    75. John Phillip

      John Phillip is a Friend of The Conversation.

      Grumpy Old Man

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      MWH, as I provided the link and quote for Mark, here it is for you:how do you respond to senior NOAA climate scientist Martin Hoerling who said the higher sea-surface temperatures quoted by the Climate Commission were not significant in relation to Sandy?( http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/climate-link-to-sandy-invalid/story-fn59niix-1226509504684)
      Throughout this entire blog you have not once provided any evidence of a direct link between AGW and the intensity of 'Sandy'. Mark has…

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    76. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to John Phillip

      So John Philip yet again fails to notice that I've not said anything about Sandy in my posts. Yet he attacks me and The Greens because of what I've never said.

      And after I've pointed out that the article he links to is behind a pay-wall he just reposts the same link.

      I'm not surprised that John Philip gets his views on climate change from the Australian. He probably also believes that the carbon tax has totally destroyed our economy.

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    77. Mark Harrigan

      Dr

      In reply to John Phillip

      John Phillip has clearly completely failed to understand what Martin Hoerling has actually said (and of course, he is only one person)

      He states "So the climate change signal in Sandy is largely due to sea-level rise, the increased humidity in the world's atmosphere, and the tropical ocean temperature anomalies. The temperatures up near New York, while still a factor in the storm, are less of a factor than the above three changes"

      Mr Phillip should now, if he not to be a hypocrite - issue an apology and a retraction for his constant denialism and insults - but I wonlt hold my breath :)

      (By the way John - I note you cast apsersions on my personality but you were the one on this thread who has resorted to abuse and swear words. Pot calling the kettle lack perhaps?)

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    78. Mark Harrigan

      Dr

      In reply to John Phillip

      More science for John Phillip to read - and try and understand - though I sincerely doubt his motivation (let alone ability intellectually) to do so

      http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2012/10/30/did-climate-change-cause-hurricane-sandy/

      "Now, as promised: If you still don’t believe scientists, then believe insurance giant Munich Re. In her October 29 post at the The New Yorker, writer Elizabeth Kolbert notes:

      Munich Re, one of the world’s largest reinsurance firms, issued…

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    79. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to John Phillip

      It seems that you have not been watching Media Watch this year.

      But to you the ABC is probably biased.

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    80. John Phillip

      John Phillip is a Friend of The Conversation.

      Grumpy Old Man

      In reply to Mark Harrigan

      Ah, Mark, it was actually a Dr England that made that comment - not Hoerling. England hhimself stated "conceded the sea-surface temperature highlighted in the Climate Commission document was not significant."
      This isn't about AGW - it is about the influence of AGW on this storm and that is what neither of you has demonstrated.
      Mark, I don't give a damn whether or not you or anyone else believes or disbelieves the whole AGW issue (and many others, for that matter). What I care about is the argument…

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    81. Mark Harrigan

      Dr

      In reply to John Phillip

      No John Phillip. It's not a "conspiracy" - its part of deliverate policy of obsurantist denialism practiced by news Ltd

      "After neutral items were discounted, negative coverage (82%) across News Ltd
      newspapers far outweighed positive (18%) articles. This indicates a very strong stance
      against the carbon policy adopted by the company that controls most Australian
      metropolitan newspapers, and the only general national daily. (See page 33)"

      http://www.acij.uts.edu.au/pdfs/sceptical-climate-part1.pdf

      Yet they espouse (officially) that thye believe in mad made climate change.

      So NO, no conspiracy - just deliberately misleading. Much like the quote you tried to use from Dr Hoerling that did NOT say what you alleged it did

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    82. John Phillip

      John Phillip is a Friend of The Conversation.

      Grumpy Old Man

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Michalee Michael, Michael get off your high horse for a while. Come armed with facts and answer people's questions - many of your posts here have been long-winded confrontational affairs. You won't convince many o the veracity of your arguments that way. Try to stay away from your censorship leanings - it really is a tragic nod to fascism. Have a nice night.Cheers.

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    83. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Philip Dowling

      So a banker who set up a conservative think-tank "attacks the media for being too willing to accept the conventional wisdom on climate change."

      And he does this even though the evidence proves that the Murdoch press in particular has given undue coverage to the deniers.

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    84. Philip Dowling

      IT teacher

      In reply to Mark Harrigan

      Dr Mark Harrigan,
      Every communication that comes from Munich Re has been at least signed off by the marketing department if not written by and signed off by the accountants and actuaries. Even the CSIRO has moved to such obfuscating tactics.
      Mark, do you think that Munich Re employs people in a section to act in ways that might compromise the interests of the shareholders.
      If they did the board would severally and individually be culpable of both criminal and civil malfeasance.
      For further details check out Twiggy Forrest's latest visit to the High Court.

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    85. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to John Phillip

      Why has John Phillip made so many posts directed to me that bare no relation to what I've posted here? He continues to do this even though I've pointed out his error several times?

      Is he just stupid? Or is he clever?

      I suspect that it is the latter ...

      I've been difficult for him (and for Marc who was the denier on duty for this thread before John took over). I think that his constant attacks on me for what I have not said are aimed at frustrating me, and he is hoping that I go away.

      So once again, what probably appears to some as just a genuine 'denier' who is stupid is actually a fairly sophisticated attempt to get rid of someone who is proving very difficult for them.

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    86. Geoffrey Henley

      Research Associate

      In reply to Mark Harrigan

      So you think that because I form a different opinion than you, I don't know what scepticism is?. Rather condescending of you. There is plenty of evidence that throws doubt on the theory of CAGW. But of course this evidence is completely ignored by anti-sceptic websites.

      I thought you would you would have realised by now that this debate is not about climate change, but about the relative contributions of natural processes and human activities to any perceived changes in the global climate. The science in this regard is far from settled.

      Sceptics do not deny the reality of climate change, they simply question the extent to which human activities affect the global climate.

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    87. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Geoffrey Henley

      I'm still waiting for a 'skeptic' to post a link to some evidence which would convince a reasonable person that human induced climate change is false and/or that the predications of the IPCC etc are alarmist, and also explain how the scientists in every country have got it wrong for so long.

      My evidence is summarised by the IPCC. Your evidence is ....???

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    88. Mark Harrigan

      Dr

      In reply to Philip Dowling

      Maurice Newman claims to be an "agnostic". But I note he offers no evidence or arguments to deal with the evidence of rising sea levels, disappearing arctic sea ice, loss of land sow and ice, increased frequency of weather related distasters and temperatire anomalies, increased oceanic heat content, temperature rise, the fact that nights are warming faster than days and winters warming faster than summers.

      These are all observable and measured facts.

      Anyone who claims to be an "agnostic" in the face of these facts is either wilfully ignorant, and hence should be ignored, or deliberately misrepresenting their denialism - in which case they should be ignored.

      We can add all the dnealist posters on this thread to that list since they have never addressed the evidence above.

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    89. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Philip Dowling

      Unless you have an incredibly good memory I think it would be rather hard to find the ABC article Philip Dowling referenced above.

      This suggests to me that he has access to a pretty good denialist reference system.

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    90. Mark Harrigan

      Dr

      In reply to Geoffrey Henley

      I have suggested that Geoffrey Henley is a denier, and not a sceptic, not because he has a different opinion from me but because he ignores and denies the evidence.

      It is not a matter of opinion. It is matter of the evidence. Mr Henley demonstrates by his posts that he is a classic Pseudo-sceptic/denier that Professor Torcello descirbes so well

      Mr Henley states there is "plenty of evidence that throws doubt on the theory of AGW" but he, typical of deniers, offers none of it.

      There is plenty…

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    91. Arthur James Egleton Robey

      Industrial Electrician

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Time to grow up.
      I don't care whether it is caused by humans or not.
      Stamping our feet and saying"It's not our fault!!" is not an inadequate response.
      What I care about is "Where are my Wheaties?"

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    92. John Coochey

      Mr

      In reply to Arthur James Egleton Robey

      No meaningless links or vacuous excuses what was the temperature rise?? The line of posts were no that the jury is still out or that we have a statistically invalid sample but to say there has been a temperature plateau for sixteen years is a lie. If that is a lie what is the actual temperature rise.

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    93. Mark Harrigan

      Dr

      In reply to John Coochey

      The answer has been explained to you many times before but you lack the wit apparently to understand it.

      http://www.skepticalscience.com/images/TempEscalator.gif

      about 0.6 degrees since 1970

      In a system that has a constant input of heat and an increasing amount of heat retention (the planet - sun plus increasing ghgs) associated with a large heat sink (oceans and ice caps) plus a circulatory system that can move the heat around the measure of average temperature will show regular plateaus…

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    94. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Arthur James Egleton Robey

      The one 'do nothing about climate change' poster I've respected was on Crikey. He said something like:
      "You might think that I'm evil, but I don't care what happens in the future to others, and I don't want to change my lifestyle."

      I do think that this disregard for future generations is evil. But I respected this person because he was honest - no pretence that climate change wasn't happening. We at least shared a respect for honesty and truth.

      For a moment I thought that Arthur James Egleton Robey was similar. But elsewhere he posts links supposedly to prove that there has been no warming for 16 years - so Arthur is just another denier.

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    95. Arthur James Egleton Robey

      Industrial Electrician

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Obviously I am being obtuse.
      On the contrary, I am an uberdoomer as can be ascertained by my science fiction story.
      http://coldfusionnow.org/gallery/arthur-robey/the-breeding/

      Let me try to make my point again.
      It of less importance to me the cause of the effect and of more importance the effect. And once we understand the effect which are famine, shortened lifespans and a return to brutality and possible extinction, what are we going to do about it.
      Given the non-zero possibility of these outcomes having a hissy fit and bellowing "It is not my fault." is the response of a child.
      And does not cut the mustard.
      Time to grow up.
      Are there conspiracies? Of cause. The world abounds in them. They are everywhere. Are they effective? No.
      The idea that there is a conspiracy is a reversion to infantalism.
      Let me be quite clear on this. There is no-one in charge. There is no Daddy, good, bad or indifferent on this world.
      Except God.

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    96. Arthur James Egleton Robey

      Industrial Electrician

      In reply to Wade Macdonald

      May I suggest the "Limits to Growth Report".
      There are two responses to a firing squad. With or without the blindfold.
      You have chosen.

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    97. Arthur James Egleton Robey

      Industrial Electrician

      In reply to John Coochey

      1 Denial
      2 Rage
      3 Bargaining (If I ride my bicycle will I save the planet?)
      4 Depression
      5 Acceptance.

      At which stage are you?

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    98. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Arthur James Egleton Robey

      Strange how every thread on climate change has one very active denier, and those who were active before are absent.

      Yesterday we had Marc Hendrickx, then Philip Dowling, and now, using a totally different disruption technique, it seems that for the next few hours we are going to be blessed with Arthur James Egleton Robey.

      Arthur is stirring the pot trying to get us to respond to his silly posts - like suggesting the stages of dealing with death are related to climate change (where we can still take action).

      I know that it takes a lot of time and effort to remain active on this forum. Why is Arthur devoting so much time and effort here? I doubt anyone would think that one of Arthur's posts will change someone's mind from an acceptor of the science to a 'skeptic'. So Arthur is only here to disrupt.

      Having posted this comment it will be interesting to see if Arthur sticks around for much longer.

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  2. Comment removed by moderator.

    1. In reply to Gerard Dean

      Comment removed by moderator.

    2. In reply to Gerard Dean

      Comment removed by moderator.

  3. Dennis Alexander

    logged in via LinkedIn

    Nice article Stephen. You might have touched upon the widespread assumption of linearity (fixed rate) of consequences such as sea-level, storm intensity and frequency. People find linear rates easy to understand and visualise, which is why a lot of skeptic sites assume linearity, but find accelerating curves much more difficult. People also find variance difficult so they expect constant increase or decrease rather than trends through variation and alternation such as drought followed by flood, more severe winter snows followed by hotter summers. Cognitive miserliness is part of the problem and is exploited by those with an ideology to push.

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  4. Chris Harries

    logged in via Facebook

    If Hurricane Kartina didn't convince US citizens to take climate change seriously, will superstorm Sandy do it?

    If this year's record breaking summer, with associated wildfires and failed wheat and corn crops didn't convince US citizens to take climate change seriously will superstorm Sandy do it?

    From what I've seen of American polls on the subject, acceptance of climate change wanes in the ensuing months following such events, but I think the evidence is banging on the doors so frequently…

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    1. alfred venison

      records manager (public sector)

      In reply to Chris Harries

      give it time; evidence is accumulating. check again after thanksgiving. -a.v.

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    2. Wade Macdonald

      Technician

      In reply to Chris Harries

      Chris,

      The last few years have seen the la Nina cycle dominate Australian weather.

      In my city we have had cooler summers and good rainfall during the winters. I noticed the BOM issued a forecast earlier this year saying that waters were cooling in the indian ocean etc signalling a return to El Nino, hence drought for OZ.

      However, the BOM has recently revised this forecast here....

      http://www.abc.net.au/rural/news/content/201210/s3617515.htm

      My point being....has there been any studies that follow the weather trends for the east coast of America while OZ is in the La Nina pattern?

      Have those previous destructive hurricanes in the 30's and 50's occurred along the eastern USA while OZ is copping floods?

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  5. Wade Macdonald

    Technician

    Quote.."Even before Sandy, a recent Pew poll (PDF) revealed that acceptance of climate change among the American public rebounded by 10 percentage points in the last few years."

    PEW the US based conservation group funded by Sun oil of all sectors of society?

    We have all seen the polls PEW and their connections promote regarding Marine Parks/fisheries managment etc.

    Hardly a credible source of imparciality for anything environmental is PEW.

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    1. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Wade Macdonald

      A quick check of Wikipedia on PEW has them looking very reputable, and has no mention of them having questionable funding nor political bias to either the left or the right.

      So Wade, please provide a reference that gives justification for a reasonable person to doubt PEW.

      Note how Wade is already using standard techniques to disrupt this discussion. He wants us all to waste time defending PEW. He wants to distract us from discussing the issues raised in the article.

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    2. alfred venison

      records manager (public sector)

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      your response is his oxygen of publicity. you don't need to rebut him for my sake, i ignore him already & i'm sure even casual readers here can sort the climate change chaff from the climate change wheat without help. leave him to wither on the vine unassisted already yet. -a.v.

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    3. Wade Macdonald

      Technician

      In reply to Mike Hansen

      Hi Mike,

      I have attached an post above on PEW.

      Hope this helps clarify things a bit?

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  6. Philip Dowling

    IT teacher

    So does Stephan believe that climate change is caused by carbon pollution?

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    1. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Philip Dowling

      I've already mention Philip as one of the regular deniers.

      What is Philip trying to achieve with this question? He has debated climate change so many times before that nothing new will be said.

      So Philip is just here to tease us. His simple question is urging us to respond. Getting us to waste our time. And avoiding any discussion of the main article.

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    2. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Philip Dowling

      Further to Philip's one line question ...

      One big misconception is that the deniers are here to get people to doubt the science.

      Achieving this is very unlikely. Firstly the readers of The Conversation are probably more critical thinkers than in more mainstream forums, so the denial slogans and lies are unlikely to convince anyone. Secondly, most of their claims are robustly rebutted. In fact so robustly rebutted that the discussion will tend to confirm that the science is correct.

      But as…

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    3. David Arthur

      n/a

      In reply to Philip Dowling

      Belief is one thing, evidence is another.

      Earth is warmed by absorption of short wave sunlight. Because of this, Earth's temperature can remain unchanged by returning the same amount of energy to space. That is, solar shortwave energy is balanced by the earth re-radiating to space as a 'black body' radiator with a characteristic temperature of ~255K; that is, from space the earth's spectrum is roughly that of a radiating body with an optical surface temperature of around 255K.

      Earth's surface…

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    4. Philip Dowling

      IT teacher

      In reply to Philip Dowling

      Or does Stephan Lewandowsky believe that anthropogenic climate change is caused by carbon dioxide pollution?

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  7. Geoffrey Henley

    Research Associate

    It is instructive to note the contrast between Lewandowsky and Dr. Chris Landsea (a genuine hurricane expert) on this issue. Dr. Landsea emphatically states that there exists no proof that anything man is doing has any detectable effect on the frequency or intensity of hurricanes. He further states that this position is not controversial among many hurricane climatologists.

    Whom do you believe? A professor of psychology with an activist bent and a well documented past of making numerous unsubstantiated statements or one of the world's leading authorities on hurricanes (who is not a sceptic by the way)?

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    1. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Geoffrey Henley

      About one month ago Geoffrey Henley posted:
      "The melting of arctic sea ice does not constitute any proof of AGW"

      So Geoffrey is a proven denier. Thus it is very likely that his post is yet another distortion of the facts, and thus a waste of every bodies time.

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    2. Mike Hansen

      Mr

      In reply to Geoffrey Henley

      Chris Landsea was listed as an expert for the pro tobacco, anti-climate science Hearland Institute up until May 2012 when he resigned because of their unibomber billboard campaign.

      http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/post/meteorologists-chris-landsea-and-joe-bastardi-respond-to-heartland-campaign/2012/05/14/gIQAfd9yOU_blog.html

      So Geoffrey Henley's claim "... is not a sceptic by the way" is BS. Who do you trust - Henley who cannot even get the facts in a simple post correct?

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    3. Geoffrey Henley

      Research Associate

      In reply to Mike Hansen

      Statement by Chris Landsea:

      "...there is substantial evidence - in my view - that mankind has caused a significant portion of this warming through greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide and methane. I do not know whether the human contribution toward the warming is relatively small (~a quarter) or large (~two-thirds), but do agree that there is quite a bit of evidence that mankind is altering the global climate and will continue to do so in the future. "

      Chris Landsea was invited to present at Heartland because of his expertise in hurricanes NOT because he had expressed any sceptical views.

      It is you that needs to get your facts right!

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    4. Geoffrey Henley

      Research Associate

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      I see you continue to adopt the well trodden path used by many CAGW disciples of substituting name-calling and ad hominen attack in place of logic and reason. How tiresome.

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    5. Mike Hansen

      Mr

      In reply to Geoffrey Henley

      That is quite ironic coming from someone whose initial comment was an ad hominem attack on Dr Lewandowsky.

      Yes Geoffrey. This statement is a classic "ad hominem"
      "Whom do you believe? A professor of psychology with an activist bent and a well documented past of making numerous unsubstantiated statements..."

      "An ad hominem (Latin for "to the man"), short for argumentum ad hominem, is an argument made personally against an opponent, instead of against the opponent's argument..."
      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hominem

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    6. David Arthur

      n/a

      In reply to Geoffrey Henley

      If it's attribution MR Landsea ponders, this might help: historic fossil fuel use and cement production data (Oak Ridge National (US) Laboratory Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center) shows sufficient CO2 emission from 1800 to 2007 to raise atmospheric CO2 from 280 ppm to 430 ppm. Dissolution of CO2 in oceans has limited atmospheric CO2 to about 390 ppm, and decreased ocean pH.

      ie close to 100%

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    7. Peter Sommerville

      Scientist & Technologist

      In reply to Mike Hansen

      I see you have re-merged Mike. You were once an IT Professional and now you are a plain Mr!

      Personally I suggest you actually read Lewandowsky's latest paper - which has been totally discredited. And maybe you should read David Karoly's paper, which has been withdrawn,

      Google is a powerful resource, but it does not replace the skills required for a thorough literature search. All it does is facilitate trolls to find references that support their premises!

      And have you noticed how much harder it is to manipulate the flags on The Conversation! Must be very frustrating.

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    8. Mike Hansen

      Mr

      In reply to Peter Sommerville

      Peter Sommerville was caught manipulating the scores here. In fact after he was sprung, he bragged about it, explaining in detail how he did it.

      BTW, the "scientist and technologist" claim - its all puffery. Sad but true.

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  8. Marc Hendrickx

    Geologist

    Seems The Con's curators enjoy playing games with its readership. So instead of getting someone with a proven track record of academic publications in the area of climate change and storm losses (say someone like Roger Peilke Jnr) they publish a load of cobblers from a non climate change expert, a psychologist with a track record of having problems handling statistics.

    So just for the Alarmarama and the Kookites (hey if the term "Denialist" can be used here then its only fair that the converse…

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    1. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Marc Hendrickx

      Very recently a denier dismissed the Stern report because it was written by an economist, and now we have an article on the psychology of the acceptance of climate change slammed because it is written by a psychologist.

      Three months ago Marc Hendrickx wrote:
      "And yet that 15 year temperature plateau prevails!"

      When asked why the Royal Society, Australian Academy of Science, CSIRO, US National Academy of Science, American geophysical Union, American Institute of Physics etc etc. disagreed with his views, he replied:
      "A certain amount of funding might disappear and a few people might be asked to do research that actually matters.'

      Congratulations Marc, you are a proven denier.

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    2. Tim Scanlon

      Debunker

      In reply to Marc Hendrickx

      Have to laugh because Roger Pielke Jr has no climate science credentials, in fact his degrees were in social sciences, not the hard sciences.

      Your statement about Stephen's statistics is a flat out lie. Just because you or your favourite bloggers don't understand the statistics, doesn't mean that no-one else does.

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    3. Marc Hendrickx

      Geologist

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      It's now almost 16 years! But of course in your upsy down world world where psychologists are climate experts seems you failed to notice. In the same way as dear Tim Scanlon failed to notice the professor's poor statistics skills.

      Mr Ham, and Mr Scanlon, suggest you stop swallowing those Green eggs. Are they the staple diet in your town of Fishbowl city in the state of Confirmation Bias? What's the postcode? I'll send you a Dr Suess book; it makes much more sense that the rant by the dear Professor above and the nonsense you echo.

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    4. Marc Hendrickx

      Geologist

      In reply to Tim Scanlon

      Seeing you raised it. Links below to a series of posts by Steve McIntyre that demonstrate why Lewandowsky's grasp on statistics is elementary at best.

      The Con ran an article on citizen scientists a few months ago. Steve McIntyre is an example of someone doing an incredible job exposing poor science. It's a pity this internationally celebrated figure has not featured on The Con. Perhaps the editors can arrange an interview? They and its readers might learn something from McIntyre as I'm sure Stephen Lewandowsky did.

      More Deception in the Lewandowsky Data
      http://climateaudit.org/2012/09/23/more-deception-in-the-lewandowsky-data/

      Conspiracy-Theorist Lewandowsky Tries to Manufacture Doubt
      http://climateaudit.org/2012/09/20/conspiracy-theorist-lewandowsky-tries-to-manufacture-doubt/

      Lewandowsky’s Fake Correlation
      http://climateaudit.org/2012/09/18/lewandowskys-fake-correlation/

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    5. Tim Scanlon

      Debunker

      In reply to Marc Hendrickx

      Another person raising a made up report. The Met Office never made any statement at all, never released any data at all, that shows anything other than an increasing temperature. The figure you cite was made up by a reporter and been debunked for the rubbish it is: http://metofficenews.wordpress.com/2012/10/14/met-office-in-the-media-14-october-2012/

      As for your claim about my statistics, I've actually studied statistics as part of my undergrad and postgrad degrees, specifically biometrics. The…

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    6. Tim Scanlon

      Debunker

      In reply to Marc Hendrickx

      McIntyre, the guy who can't get published outside of his own blog or E&E?
      The guy who tried to do rebut an analysis without the original data set to form the necessarily multivariate dimensions?
      The guy who doesn't know how to set multivariate analyses up to look at the correct dimensions?

      Yeah, I've learnt from Steve McIntyre that cognitive bias is a great way to force an analysis of data. I wouldn't trust his appraisal of much of anything.

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    7. Marc Hendrickx

      Geologist

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Mr Ham here's something else written here about a month ago...

      "The issue surrounds the degree and rate which feed back into an appropriate policy response.

      This sort of subtlety is beyond a serial alarmists like yourself who are inclined the smash the panic button at the slightest provocation."

      I repeat it here since it seems the point was lost on you the first time. Please do feel free to while away your hours searching for other pieces of wisdom I have left for posterity.

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    8. David Arthur

      n/a

      In reply to Marc Hendrickx

      Hey Marc, perhaps Mr Wilbur-Ham joined the Greens because of his concern about environmental issues.

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    9. Tim Scanlon

      Debunker

      In reply to Marc Hendrickx

      What? You still haven't realised you're wrong because you're down the low end of the knowledge curve?

      Don't be too hard on yourself Marc, you just have stop reading Anthony Watts and the other loonies, and start reading some real climate science.

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    10. Marc Hendrickx

      Geologist

      In reply to Tim Scanlon

      That's quite funny coming from someone who gets their information from the Kookite propaganda site.

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    11. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Marc Hendrickx

      Nice to see that I've worried the deniers enough for them to start googling me and finding out what I've said in the past.

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    12. Marc Hendrickx

      Geologist

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Mr Ham,
      Perhaps you can indicate why you consider my views ion climate change to be "denialist". You seem to have a problem with anyone who disagrees with your extreme position. Is this your way of stifling debate?

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    13. Tim Scanlon

      Debunker

      In reply to Marc Hendrickx

      You spelt "reputable science journals" incorrectly there Marc.

      I think you need to take off those Monkton goggles, they are blurring your vision.

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  9. John Coochey

    Mr

    Hey Lew, what's happened to your paper on the moon landings?

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  10. Tim Scanlon

    Debunker

    Stephen raises an interesting point about the anecdotes having such a large influence upon people's perceptions of big events. As a scientist I'm loathe to manipulate those anecdotes, as they may or may not be relevant and are definitely unrepresentative. Using Sandy as a way to get people to accept the reality of climate change is both helpful and a hindrance. Yes the conditions brought about by climate change made Sandy a bigger deal than it should have been, but it is also only one event. Climate…

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    1. alfred venison

      records manager (public sector)

      In reply to Tim Scanlon

      sandy isn't the only event of course that people can remember. this year americans have had extreme forest fires & extreme cold & extreme drought & now sandy. people from all over the continent are going to converge on their ancestral homes on thanksgiving. mom & pop & right wing brother & vegan sister, an aunt & an uncle, &c. all together for the annual event. this time thanksgiving coincides with an election too so there'll be plenty of potential for fireworks over turkey. I have a feeling this accumulation of extreme weather culminating with sandy & the election will be a hot talking point at this year's thanksgiving for many families. -a.v.

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    2. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Tim Scanlon

      If rational logic was the best way to 'educate' people then our advertising would look very different.

      So for action to take place on climate change we not only need to get the science right but the 'marketing'.

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    3. Tim Scanlon

      Debunker

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Very true. I just think that we need to be careful how we marry the two. All too quickly the awareness campaign can become as empty as denialists claim.

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    4. Tim Scanlon

      Debunker

      In reply to alfred venison

      That's a good point. I know several sources are already talking about the lack of climate change discussion in the debates and in the media. It may end up being a pressure point surrounding the election.

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    5. alfred venison

      records manager (public sector)

      In reply to Tim Scanlon

      i see bookends in katrina & sandy. recurrence, intervals, resonance. -a.v.

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    6. Philip Dowling

      IT teacher

      In reply to alfred venison

      Australian people keep getting reminded of the scam every three months as their electricity bills arrive, and their elderly parents struggle to pay them.

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    7. Philip Dowling

      IT teacher

      In reply to Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      I agree the marketing of anthropogenic climate change has been failing miserably in schools. Science teachers and geography teachers must be sent to re-education camps during the coming school holidays so that they can reflect on their failures, and to teach them that the concept of repeatable experiments with aims, methods, results, etc. are wasting time.

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    8. Tim Scanlon

      Debunker

      In reply to Philip Dowling

      What's the point. Might as well make up science like all the climate deniers do. Much easier.

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    9. Bob Beale

      Journalist

      In reply to Philip Dowling

      I think the Hamster Wheel dealt with this topic very well the other day. Search for "Hamster Wheel carbon tax" on YouTube.

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    10. Bob Beale

      Journalist

      In reply to Philip Dowling

      No - let's just see run a series of repeatable experiments with the planet - then we can settle the question for sure!

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    11. Marc Hendrickx

      Geologist

      In reply to Bob Beale

      yes another high profile authority on climate change. Who next Mr Squiggle, Bananas in Pyjamas?

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    12. Bob Beale

      Journalist

      In reply to Marc Hendrickx

      No Marc - for sheer fatuous fantasy, your stable-mate Christopher Monckton towers above all.

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    13. Marc Hendrickx

      Geologist

      In reply to Bob Beale

      Hey Bob, here's news. He's not my stable mate.

      Have any other fantasies you'd like to bring up.

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    14. Tim Scanlon

      Debunker

      In reply to Bob Beale

      But we'll need to replicate them. So we'll just get that second Earth we have on standby.....

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  11. Mark Harrigan

    Dr

    As might be expected a storm of stupidity reigns on this thread from the usual crop of idiot denialists,

    They offer no answer to the evidence such as the disappearance of Arctic Ice

    http://tamino.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/piomas1.gif

    Rising Sea Levels

    http://www.cmar.csiro.au/sealevel/downloads/CSIRO_GMSL_figure.pdf

    Increasing frequency of extreme temperatures

    http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/hansen_17/shifting.gif

    Or the fact that weather related distasters and their…

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  12. Garry Baker

    researcher

    " “generate controversy, but only among the stupid.”" says it all, but neglects to acknowledge that behind the scenes, business-as-usual forces drive the stupid. So yes, they may be stupid too, but there's method in it - Much the same as the Tobacco lobby, and its stance about the health giving properties of their fine products.

    These tactics are well known, so is the roadmap of how they should address the average punter, who perceives something may be wrong, but doesn't know enough have a…

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  13. Sean Lamb

    Science Denier

    Ahh counterfactual climatology - the new growth science

    This analysis might have weight in getting such a storm in the north-east corner of the US was unprecedented. But it isn't, rare but not unprecendented.

    "September 21, 1938 — The New England Hurricane of 1938 (Also Called "The Long Island Express") makes landfall on Suffolk County (Long Island) as a category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale. Wind gusts of 125 mph (200 km/h) and storm surge of 18 feet (5 m) washes across part of the island.[22] In New York 60 deaths and hundreds of injuries were attributed to the storm.[23] In addition, 2,600 boats and 8,900 houses are destroyed.[24] Throughout New England the hurricane killed over 682 people, damaged or destroyed over 57,000 homes, and caused property losses estimated at $4.7 billion (2005 US dollars)."

    Still, when are small things like facts going to worry the climate tragics?

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  14. richard pauli

    Consultant

    "Lessons not learned will be repeated" Sandy is short for Cassandra.

    We are experiencing the slow moving storm of climate change - and the intensity is increasing. All we can do is adapt to the storm.

    As we look at all the thousands of ways to adapt, denial should be the very last choice.

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  15. Neil Gibson

    Retired Electronics Engineer

    Lewandovski is of course applying the peer reviewed theory that everything is caused by global warming Sandy should be added to the list along with others such as Aids,sexual promiscuity and shrinking sheep!
    http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/warmlist.htm
    I would interpret the title Storm of Stupidity a little different to the author's intention!

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  16. Greg Scott

    logged in via Facebook

    The sad thing about the travesty that "Climate Science" has become is that it represents an attack on the scientific method itself which requires that you make an hypothesis which you test by trying to falsify. If you don't believe me read back through the comments here and see the name calling and abuse that ensues when ever someone presents evidence that threatens the hypothesis. Activist "Scientists" have a huge vested interest. It's time we cleaned out our institutions and returned to objectivity so we can actually see if there is a problem with the ever changing climate. Remember, skepticism IS science.

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    1. Mark Harrigan

      Dr

      In reply to Greg Scott

      If you think scientific method is limited to the falsification of testable hypotheses then your understanding of the domain is below the level of a middle school text book reader.

      If you have some evidence to offer that presents a credible alternative explanation to the multiple lines of evidence that establish the relaity that climate change is real, potentially dangerous and is caused by humans you are free to offer it.

      So far no one in the scientific community has credibly been able to do…

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    2. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Greg Scott

      As there is so far no evidence falsifying the hypothesis that human carbon emissions are are causing climate change, and as there is not alternative hypothesis that explains the historical data, climate science is a great example of real science in action.

      And if you read the above thread you will see that it is the deniers who are name calling and writing personal abuse.

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  17. Robert Edwin White

    Professor Emeritus

    One short paragraph of Stephan Lewandowsky's article contains the adjective 'unprecedented' no less than six times in describing recent extreme climate events, with some references to his previous articles on The Conversation, or to other semi-popular articles. I recommend an interested reader goes to the highly respected site of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the US Dept of Commerce (certainly not a climate denial organization) to test some of his statements. For example…

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    1. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Robert Edwin White

      Who are the climate change extremists?

      Given lack of world action to prevent climate change, an increase well above 2 degrees is very likely.

      Where is the evidence that we are not heading to 3 or 4 degree warming? Where is the evidence that the predictions of what will happen with such warming are exaggerated?

      And where is there a justification for 'the other side', which denies climate change, being correct?

      Robert Edwin White's views might appear to be balanced and reasonable, but this is only the case if you ignore the evidence. On one side the IPCC provides a good overview. On the other .... I'm still waiting.

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    2. Mark Harrigan

      Dr

      In reply to Robert Edwin White

      Robert Edwin White appears to be just another ill informed denier peddling misinformation,

      Lewandowsky states

      "They will deny any link between climate change and events such as the unprecedented Frankenstorm Sandy, or the unprecedented Texas drought, or the unprecedented series of Derechos, or the unprecedented flooding in Tennessee, or the unprecedented Arctic melt, or the unprecedented retreat of Alpine glaciers, or the unprecedented tripling of extreme weather events during the last 30 years…

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    3. Mark Harrigan

      Dr

      In reply to Arthur James Egleton Robey

      That Professor Lewandowsky was correct when he stated that these events were unprecedented and that Robert Edwin White was wrong to claim they are not

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  18. Philip Dowling

    IT teacher

    Being Melbourne Cup day, I would ask readers to take a bet on the number of times that the word "denier" has appeared on this topic. In the first case, how many times did Stephan use it and then how many times did Michael use it.
    Now compare and contrast that with the number of the times that the word sinner was used alongside the terms hell, fire and brimstone in earlier sermons or services that you attended.

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    1. Michael Wilbur-Ham (MWH)

      Writer (ex telecommunications engineer)

      In reply to Philip Dowling

      Also worth noting the effectiveness of the deniers to this thread. Out of the 198 posts made so far:

      About 32 posts are by or responding to Philip Dowling, and
      about 40 posts are by or responding to Marc Hendrickx.
      about 21 posts by or responding to John Coochey,
      14 are by or responding to Geoffrey Henley,
      11 by or responding to Wade Macdonald.

      All of these people are climate change deniers, if not proven by what they have posted in this thread then proven by what they have said in response to other articles on this website.

      Mark Harrigan has even posted here about why it is correct to call the above people deniers.

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  19. Yoron Hamber

    Thinking

    Some simple facts..

    "Pre-industrial levels of carbon dioxide (prior to the start of the Industrial Revolution) were about 280 parts per million by volume (ppmv), and current levels are greater than 380 ppmv and increasing at a rate of 1.9 ppm yr-1 since 2000.

    The global concentration of CO2 in our atmosphere today far exceeds the natural range over the last 650,000 years of 180 to 300 ppmv."

    "An enhanced greenhouse effect is expected to cause cooling in higher parts of the atmosphere because…

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