We live in a world with many different perspectives on risk. Entire professions now exist to advise us on how to recognise, avoid and manage risk. And the maternity and obstetric professions are no different.
So how do mothers-to-be make decisions about the best birthing environment for them and their baby? And what prompts some women to give birth at home in situations that seem inherently risky to mainstream society?
How we evaluate risk is less to with logic and more to do with intuition, exposure to certain events in our lives, and societal norms. The risk of death from driving compared with flying is around 100 times greater. Yet fear of flying is more common and we rarely get into a car and consider the risk we are taking is unreasonable. Nor do we berate others for this choice.
Home birth remains an uncommon choice among many women in the western world: just 0.3% of births in Australia are planned home births. Where registered midwives are present, home birth for low-risk women is just as safe as hospital birth and is gradually becoming a more acceptable option via mainstream maternity services throughout Australia.
Free birth and high-risk home birth
But scientific evidence and health policy data show that intentionally birthing at home without a health professional (known as free birthing) and planning a home birth if you have a high risk pregnancy are less safe. We also know that when women choose to give birth outside the system, the resulting vitriol from the media and the public can be savage.
A desire to understand what motivates women to free birth and plan high-risk home births promoted my PhD student, Melanie Jackson, to lead a major study, the first paper from which has just been published online in the journal Midwifery.
We interviewed 20 women from around Australia about their choice to birth outside the system. Nine choose to free birth and 11 had a home birth despite the presence of medically defined risk factors; three were first-time mothers and 17 had previously given birth. Many of these women reported very negative previous hospital birth experiences that had been emotionally and physically devastating.
We found these women had different perceptions of risk and felt “birth always had an element of risk” regardless of where it occurred. They also believed “hospital was not the safest place to have a baby” and that “interference in birth is a risk” and this interference was most likely experienced in hospital.
It was clear these women weren’t deluded about the risk they took, but saw potential intervention in the birth, separation from their baby and abusive care providers as greater risks. They prepared extensively for their birth and felt their choice provided the best and safest birthing option for them and their babies.

Some commentators, such as Miranda Devine, have argued that women who choose to birth outside the system ignore or underestimate the risk of giving birth at home.
However, our study found that these women considered risk seriously but placed the iatrogenic risks of giving birth in a hospital under intense scrutiny. They challenged the assumptions that hospital birth must be safer and deemed the risks, such as a one-in-three chance of caesarean section, as unacceptable.
It is easy to demonise these women but, as health professionals, we must examine our role in driving some women to less-than-ideal choices. In 2005, the World Health Organisation challenged practitioners not to ask, “why women do not accept the service that we offer?” but to question “why do we not offer a service that women will accept?”.
While women in this study also accepted responsibility for their decision, they challenged the assumption that a hospital birth would have been a better option for them. Given that 16 of the 20 women who had their first baby in a delivery ward or birth centre pursued a radically different option for subsequent births, we have to question the impact of current maternity care on these decisions.
We need further research into how to maximise the safety and choice for women who choose to birth outside the system. But first we need to collect the data about how many women intentionally free birth in Australia so we can monitor the trends and outcomes.
More broadly, we health-care professionals need to consider our roles and responsibilities in providing services that meet all women’s needs.
Philippa Scott
logged in via Facebook
It was a tough decision for me but in the end a no brainer. Experience had taught me what hospitals could do. my choices inclided risking unknown careprovider with unknown beliefs in a system where they routinely practice care that is not only not evidenced based but contrary to the evidence or, birth in my home trusting that my body was designed to birth my baby and that I was under the care of a much higher power. My Unassisted birth was my most beautiful and my safest. I am not suggesting that it is optimal, when given the choice between another unassisted and birthing with an IM for my 4th child I choose the IM for Gold standard care. But When #3 was born I made the best decision I could with what was available to me.
Amy Tuteur
logged in via Facebook
Ms. Dahlen bears culpability for the fact that some women will risk the lives of their own infants in order to avoid the hospital and its life saving technology. She has made a career of demonizing mainstream care.
Dahlen is on record promoting fear of mainstream care, including claims that:
obstetricians want to restrict women's choices (The Australian, Jan. 10, 2009)
"Hannah Dahlen, of the Australian College of Midwives, says [Dr. Pieter Mourik's] comments represent the latest salvo in…
Read moreWill Hardy
logged in via Twitter
The article I just read was argued carefully and raised a number of good points. I'm not sure it's helpful to attack the author without addressing any of the points they raised.
Here in Berlin birthing centers are quite popular, offering a less hospital-like atmosphere, which appeals to a lot of women. It seems perfectly sensible to me, I'm surprised they are never mentioned in the opinionated Australian dialogue.
Melinda Whyman
Mother
Thankyou Hannah and Melanie for sharing the results of your research.
As mother of 4 children who have all been born unassisted at home, I wholeheartedly welcome further enquiry into the "whys" behind the increasing trend of women here Australia choosing to freebirth at this time.
Whilst it has not been my personal experience, I have definitely seen a strong correlation between past birth trauma in a women's life leading her to make the choice to freebirth in subsequent pregnancies.
The…
Read moreHelen Gilmore
logged in via Facebook
As a first time mum at age 37, against the advice of my GP, I made an informed decision to have an assisted home birth. I am confident in saying that the research I did and the subsequent relaxed environment during the birth led to an almost pain free joyous birth; something I don't believe would have occurred, without drugs, in a conventional setting. It was the most beautiful experience of my life. I would not hesitate to recommend homebirth to other mothers provided they do their homework, prepare well for it and there are no problems with the pregnancy.
Sue Ieraci
Public hospital clinician
Ms Gilmore, I am interested to know what sort of homework and preparation your did that would prevent a shoulder dystocia, cord compression or serious post-partum haemorrhage. Had something gone badly wrong, resulting in your child being damaged, would it have still been a worthwhile experience?
Philippa Scott
logged in via Facebook
Sue you talk as if no woman or baby dies from these catastrophic events in hospital! They do, for women like me our opinions were formed through our own experience of dangerous care in the hospital system not the writings of a journo. With indepth research and and yes preparation and as much training as I could lay my hands on (yes I went to instructional trainings designed for midwives and had syntometryne and research the manouvers for the what ifs) I made a decision to pretect myself as best I…
Read moreAmy Tuteur
logged in via Facebook
So because some people who die of lung cancer are not smokers does that mean it is a healthy decision to smoke?
No one ever said that babies don't die in the hospital. The point is that the death rate is much LOWER in the hospital.
The mortality rate for shoulder dystocia in the hospital is in the range of 1-2%. The mortality rate of shoulder dystocia at home is 100%. Makes having a baby in the hospital to ensure his or her health and survival a no brainer, right?
Suzy Gneist
logged in via Facebook
I'd like to know what percentage of ALL births are affected by shoulder dystocia as that makes a BIG difference when quoting a 100% mortality rate for home births.
It seems to me that one can come from an attitude that assumes something will go wrong and back this up with a long list of things that can go wrong, or one can come from an attitude that most births are natural and if they happen to healthy women, in well supervised and hygienic circumstances women and babies should be at no bigger…
Read moreSue Ieraci
Public hospital clinician
Ms Gneist - you seem not to accept what the data shows, as I have outlined above - unpredictable accidents like shoulder dystocia, cord accidents and uncontrolled haemorrhage happen in perfectly healthy women with text-book perfect pregnancies - you cannot risk them out. In hospital, you have both the expertise and the facilities to react immediately - with a whole team of people if necessary. There is no comparison with being "close to a hospital." The time to treatement from home is not just the…
Read moreSuzy Gneist
logged in via Facebook
How often do these complications arise as a percentage of all birth though?
Because there is the risk of an accident (mine or someone else's) I do not hesitate to drive my car somewhere - nor does anyone else. So how high is the actual probability and compared to, say, a fatal car accident - can I not individually decide if the risk is too high or too low for me to get in the car?
Will Hardy
logged in via Twitter
I think one point of the article was the question: why are some people rejecting the service that hospitals are offering? Instead of insisting that everyone be funnelled into the current (flawed) system, I think it would be useful to ask what would a service look like that had the safety of a hospital without the interference and clinical environment.
Stacy Elias
Headmistress
Amy, you should know more about the practice before you speak out against it.
Read moreHome birth is a different approach to the birth issue than hospital, and therefore does not use the same solutions as are used in the hospital, it does not mean that it does not have any solution.
The death rate is not much lower in the hospital, in fact for normal risk births it is about the same.
You brought up the issue of shoulder dystocia, I have seen this problem at a home birth with a midwife, at an unassisted…
Sue Ieraci
Public hospital clinician
Ms Gneist - in order for the risks of childbirth to be compared with riding in a car, the risk of injury would need to be calculated PER INDIVIDUAL JOURNEY. Of course, the risk of any individual journey is miniscule, but the lifetime risk is much higher. The individual risk of injury or death in childbirth per episode is, of course, hugely higher than the individual risk of each car journey. We aren't just talking about death - hypoxic injury to the baby is a much greater risk at home.
The overall risks of neonatal death in homebirth, despite very generous transfer rates, were three times higher than hospital for first-time mothers (from the UK BirthPlace Study - a country where HB is more common than here).
Perhaps the reason that homebirth is such a tiny fringe movement in Australia is that hospital ARE, in general, providing a much better combination of "experience" and safety.
Sue Ieraci
Public hospital clinician
Ms Elias, I don't know what data you are referring to, but recent big studies show that HB carries approximately three times the neonatal death rate as hospital birth - for LOW RISK mothers. The reason, as explained above, is that the unpredictable emergencies just can;t be handled as well at home. No matter how well-trained your midwife is, they can't transfuse, repair cervical lacerations or do cesareans at home. Post-partum haemorrhage is not all about uterine atony - is it also about the trauma of vaginal birth. WHen you say "I will however say that cord compression is most often caused by premature rupture of membrane" - on what data do you base this assertion?
Deonn Paul
logged in via Facebook
The mortality rate for shoulder dystocia at home is not one hundred percent. That information is one hundred percent incorrect. I personally have attended an out of hospital birth where a shoulder dystocia occurred. The woman was re positioned using the Gaskin maneuver, and the baby was delivered. I also know other midwives who have experienced shoulder dystocia at home births. All of the babies were delivered without injury.
Read moreYes, home births have risks. Hospital births also have risks…
Suzy Gneist
logged in via Facebook
Great article on the perceptions of risks - I agree with the author.
Read moreMy own experience of a hospital birth for my first child (I was never in the high risk category, although there were attempts to fabricate a 'risk') was complicated and prolonged by several issues particular to the hospital system (a shift change midway through which disrupted labour, not being allowed to use the warm bath during labour - although provided to begin with - and after the disrupted labour, pressure to intervene…
Sue Ieraci
Public hospital clinician
A combination of errors and omissions in this study makes the conclusions questionable. Firstly, it is not true to say that home birth with midwife is as safe as hospital birth. The recent large "Birthplace Study" from teh UK showed that, even with a very high transfer rate, outcomes were still poorer for first-time mothers. As midwives,t eh authors should be aware of this data.
Secondly, the authors have not mentioned the unpredictable and catastrophic complications that can occur during labour…
Read morejim morris
logged in via email @yahoo.com
30 years ago I went along with the home birth because I had blind faith in the mid-wives.
After 20 hours of labor we finally drove 20 kilometers toward the nearest hospital but stopped off at another midwifes house instead. 3 hours later I finally took responsibilty by insisting we get my wife to the hospital.
There the doctors did a great job of completing the delivery of a healthy daughter. Only later did I realise that my wife and daughter were put in mortal danger because of a power struggle between midwives and doctors. It doesn't seem that much has changed since then.
Mychel Pendley Hefner
logged in via Facebook
I have had 2 hospital births and one unassisted VBAC at home. My HBAC was my least traumatic and I dare say safest birth. With my first, I was induced at 37.5 weeks for suspected PUPPS rash... which doesn't warrant an induction that early. Had I been given adequate information on the risks of induction, especially at 37.5 weeks gestation verses PUPPS and my discomfort at the time, I would have made an informed decision and said no, we'll wait. It turned out to be a food allergy. Thankfully my baby…
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