tag:theconversation.com,2011:/global/topics/bonfire-night-32653/articlesBonfire Night – The Conversation2022-11-01T13:11:35Ztag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1914722022-11-01T13:11:35Z2022-11-01T13:11:35ZFireworks: growing evidence they distress animals builds case to restrict use<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/487753/original/file-20221003-24-f229kf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=37%2C0%2C4113%2C3111&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Are fireworks really worth the panic and fear they cause for animals?</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/crowd-watching-fireworks-celebrating-309130616">NDAB Creativity/Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>The crackle, fizz and bang of fireworks exploding overhead in a shower of intense colours is considered the highlight of many festivals and celebrations. But have you ever taken a moment to imagine how your local wildlife feels about it? </p>
<p>Fear, including the fear of loud noises, is deeply rooted in the evolutionary history of all animals. Shying away from dangerous situations increases survival. For example, hiding away from loud thunderstorms and running away from the noise of falling rocks might save an animal’s life. </p>
<p>But there is nowhere to hide from fireworks. What must it be like for the wild animals that delight us on walks and picnics to be confronted with such an inescapable barrage of sound?</p>
<p>Unfortunately, scientists don’t know much about exactly how fireworks impact animals as they’re difficult to observe at night. But what we have learned is alarming. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/conphys/article/10/1/coac050/6649843?searchresult=1">Our recent study</a>, one of the first to study how fireworks affect wildlife, showed how physically distressed animals – in this case geese – were made by New Year’s firework celebrations. </p>
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<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/487720/original/file-20221003-12-l6ktb2.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/487720/original/file-20221003-12-l6ktb2.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=408&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/487720/original/file-20221003-12-l6ktb2.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=408&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/487720/original/file-20221003-12-l6ktb2.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=408&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/487720/original/file-20221003-12-l6ktb2.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=513&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/487720/original/file-20221003-12-l6ktb2.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=513&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/487720/original/file-20221003-12-l6ktb2.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=513&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="caption">Greylag goose taking flight.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Claudia Wascher</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
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<p>Physiological responses can be good measures of emotional arousal in animals, allowing <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2020.0479">researchers to assess</a> whether animals are relaxed or frightened. Heart rate and body temperature increases are reliable measures of stress. In the long term, increased emotional stimulation is an indicator of poor animal welfare. </p>
<p>Our study investigated the physiological responses of wild greylag geese in response to New Year’s Eve fireworks in a rural area of Austria. We fitted 20 greylag geese with transmitters, which recorded two minute averages of heart rate and core body temperature. </p>
<p>Daily heart rate and body temperature patterns were compared between every hour of December 31, January 1, average values for the month of December and average values for January. In the first hour of the year (when firework displays peak) the geese’s heart rates and body temperature surged. </p>
<p>Compared with average values during December, hourly mean heart rate increased from 63 to 124 beats per minute (a 96% increase). Hourly mean body temperature increased from 38°C to 39°C. Heart rate returned to baseline levels between 2am and 3am on January 1, whereas body temperature didn’t drop until around 5am. </p>
<p>Physiological responses may be because of geese taking flight during the fireworks. They circled over their roosting area, until eventually landing again - a severe disturbance of their night time rest. It’s also a waste of precious energy during a time of year food is scarce. </p>
<p>Interestingly, there were pronounced differences between some subjects and some geese showed no increase in heart rate and body temperature in response to the fireworks. This suggests that like dogs, some wild animals are less fearful than others. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/487722/original/file-20221003-20-l1d9q2.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/487722/original/file-20221003-20-l1d9q2.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/487722/original/file-20221003-20-l1d9q2.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/487722/original/file-20221003-20-l1d9q2.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/487722/original/file-20221003-20-l1d9q2.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/487722/original/file-20221003-20-l1d9q2.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/487722/original/file-20221003-20-l1d9q2.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="caption">Greylag geese couldn’t escape firework noise even in remote places.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Claudia Wascher</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
</figcaption>
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<p>Our results echo other examples of how fireworks may affect birds. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/22/6/1173/218852?fbclid=IwAR0JDjfdaMVZ6azah8TN5IrIle1YMDgMaE4xErPItYQd5tBZ7Oz8EyWGiug">One study showed</a> thousands of birds taking flight to altitudes of 500 metres for 45 minutes after New Year’s Eve fireworks in the Netherlands between 2007 and 2010, well above their daytime flight elevation which shows how disruptive the fireworks were. </p>
<p>In 2021, <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-europe-55511016">hundreds of dead starlings</a> were found after New Year’s Eve celebrations in Rome. The exact reasons why they died are unknown, but <a href="https://winapps.umt.edu/winapps/media2/wilderness/toolboxes/documents/sound/radle_effect_noise_wildlife.pdf">we know loud noises</a> cause animal panic responses which could be deadly if they hit obstacles or got lost and separated from their flock. </p>
<p>We also know <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0649">wild animals</a> suffer chronic stress, fertility problems and change their migration routes in response to noise. Animals can also be more sensitive to noise than humans and have different hearing ranges. </p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/noise-pollution-is-hurting-animals-and-we-dont-even-know-how-much-186408">Noise pollution is hurting animals – and we don't even know how much</a>
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<h2>Fireworks and pets</h2>
<p>Many pet owners are acutely aware of the effects of sounds and light on their companions. In a <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0218150">2019 study</a> using an online survey, 52% of dog owners said their pets were fearful of fireworks, displaying behaviours like panting, trembling, hiding and running away.</p>
<p>Noise sensitivity can develop in dogs as puppies but can also have a genetic basis, with some breeds being more affected than others. For example, great Danes were found to be among the least fearful of loud noises and the Norweigan buhund was among the most frightened breeds in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168159115002233">a 2015 study</a> comparing 17 breeds. </p>
<p>Research has also found that <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00480169.2010.69403">cats</a>, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/6/3/20">horses</a>, <a href="https://hartpury.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/owner-perceptions-of-the-effects-of-fireworks-on-rabbits-and-guin">rabbits and guinea pigs</a> are scared of fireworks. </p>
<p>Effects of fireworks on the welfare of less common pets like parrots, reptiles and amphibians or even fish have not been scientifically studied at all. </p>
<h2>Wildlife friendly alternatives</h2>
<p>Given what we’re learning about fireworks’ affect on wildlife, it’s not surprising that some places are banning them altogether</p>
<p>In 2021, the popular UK vacation company <a href="https://www.centerparcs.co.uk/breaks-we-offer/school-holiday-breaks/new-year-holidays.html">Centre Parcs</a> decided to permanently cancel all firework displays to protect wildlife and instead light up their holiday camp forests with an Enchanted Light Garden. <a href="https://www.gloucestershirelive.co.uk/news/regional-news/fireworks-face-ban-council-land-6575335">Herefordshire Council</a> banned noisy fireworks launched from council owned land in January 2022, partly in response to concerns about animal welfare.</p>
<p>There has also been increasing acceptance of firework alternatives, such as laser or drone shows. The worldwide market for drone light shows was valued at <a href="https://www.maximizemarketresearch.com/market-report/drone-light-shows-market/148130/">is expected to grow 18.2% until 2027</a>. Perhaps as fireworks’ impact on animals becomes clearer, such technological solutions will become even more popular.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/191472/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Claudia Wascher does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>A first of its kind study shows greylag geese are stressed by fireworks.Claudia Wascher, Associate Professor in Behavioural Biology, Anglia Ruskin UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1710232021-11-02T17:04:54Z2021-11-02T17:04:54ZFive ways to help your pets cope with fireworks<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/429722/original/file-20211102-19-1ao0qgi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C4961%2C3104&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/timelapse-photography-of-fireworks-40663/">Pixabay</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>Fireworks can be a spectacular addition to many of our annual celebrations. But sadly they can cause serious distress to our pets. </p>
<p>Many animals show an instinctive fear response to sudden and unexpected loud noises. The bangs, crackling and whistling sounds made by fireworks can be particularly terrifying, especially when displays last for more than a few minutes.</p>
<p>Some pets will adapt and become used to them, but others can develop more deep-seated distress responses. One of my own dogs reacts badly, and this has become progressively worse as she has got older.</p>
<p>With several festive celebrations potentially involving fireworks on the horizon, now is a good time to consider how best to help our pets remain as calm and happy as possible. </p>
<p>Here are some ways to help your pets cope with the noisiest night of the year.</p>
<h2>1. Use reassurance to help them feel safe</h2>
<p>The advice is often to ignore your scared pet because you might be “rewarding” the fear. But fear is an emotion and <a href="https://www.patriciamcconnell.com/theotherendoftheleash/you-cant-reinforce-fear-dogs-and-thunderstorms">cannot be reinforced</a> in the same way that behaviour can be. </p>
<p>Fear is an <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(12)01435-2?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982212014352%3Fshowall%3Dtrue">essential protective mechanism</a> to help animals avoid or cope with frightening or dangerous situations. </p>
<p>Animals will often show fight, flight or freeze responses when fearful. We can help our pets cope by providing safety and security when they are afraid. </p>
<p>If your pet seeks comfort from you, be kind, supportive and reassuring through vocal communication and physical touch. But be sure to remain relaxed and upbeat. If you are worried and anxious, you might <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01678/full">transfer that to your pet</a> as they are often adept at picking up on our emotions. </p>
<p>Snuggling up with the TV or radio on to drown out the noise from outside often works for many dogs and cats. Some cats might prefer a quiet, den-like space. </p>
<p>For outdoor pets such as rabbits, consider bringing them indoors or finding other ways to limit their firework exposure.</p>
<h2>2. Use food, toys and games to distract and calm</h2>
<p>Providing food, treats or toys can be a great way to distract your worried pet. You might even build positive associations with fireworks by doing this. Training or other fun activities can also be useful. </p>
<p>Dogs can benefit from the use of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168159119301868?via%3Dihub">scented toys</a> and sniffing games. There is research to suggest that using their noses can even make them <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168159118304325?via%3Dihub">more optimistic</a>. Many cats love toys filled with catnip, which can have a significant <a href="https://www.cats.org.uk/derby/cats-and-catnip">calming effect</a>.</p>
<p>Puzzle or activity feeding toys might be useful in prolonging the delivery of treats as well as giving your pet something else to think about – these are available for cats, dogs, rabbits and other pets.</p>
<h2>3. Keep your pets indoors after dark</h2>
<p>Every year, pets go missing when scared by fireworks. On bonfire night, the number of dogs that go <a href="https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/media-centre/2021/october/missing-dogs-doubles-during-fireworks-season/">missing doubles</a>. </p>
<p>Simple measures, including checking garden and fencing security, can play a large part in reducing the risk of a scared animal escaping. Ensure that your pet’s microchip details are up to date so that if the worst does happen, they have a much better chance of being returned to their home. </p>
<p>Collars with identity tags are a simple but effective measure, and, in the UK, are also a <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1992/901/article/2/made">legal requirement</a> for dogs in public places. It is worth ensuring that your dogs are exercised in daylight, before the fireworks start. If you do need to go out when it’s dark, keeping them on lead will reduce the risk of them bolting if suddenly scared. But it’s best to avoid going out during fireworks displays if at all possible.</p>
<p>Cats should always be kept indoors on bonfire night, so call them in well before dusk - and lock their cat flap if they have one so they cannot sneak out. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/429729/original/file-20211102-19-1kr0gjt.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/429729/original/file-20211102-19-1kr0gjt.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429729/original/file-20211102-19-1kr0gjt.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429729/original/file-20211102-19-1kr0gjt.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429729/original/file-20211102-19-1kr0gjt.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429729/original/file-20211102-19-1kr0gjt.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/429729/original/file-20211102-19-1kr0gjt.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="caption">Reassuring your cat will help calm its nerves.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/person-holding-gray-and-white-tabby-cat-7516103/">RODNAE Productions / Pexels</a></span>
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</figure>
<h2>4. Consider medication, alongside behavioural support</h2>
<p>If your pet shows severe fear responses, then seeking veterinary and qualified behavioural advice is essential. </p>
<p>Your vet is the best person to advise you and might be able to prescribe a tranquilliser to support your pet. </p>
<p>Medications are often best used alongside a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/vnj.12183">behaviour modification plan</a>, so working with an experienced trainer who uses positive reinforcement or an animal behaviourist is a good longer-term strategy.</p>
<p>Animals in pain might also show <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00017">increased noise reactivity</a> so it is important to seek veterinary advice to help pets who suffer from other conditions, especially with older animals.</p>
<h2>5. Train your pet to get used to loud noises</h2>
<p>Exposing young animals to a range of sights and sounds is a simple way to minimise potential noise-reactivity problems. The use of CDs or podcasts with frightening noises, paired with food, treats or other fun things can be a useful and effective longer-term approach to managing firework-fear through gradual <a href="https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/desensitisation-and-counter-conditioning">counter-conditioning and desensitisation</a>. </p>
<p>This can also work for older animals as part of a managed training and support plan, often with the help of a suitably <a href="http://www.apbc.org.uk/">qualified behaviourist</a>.</p>
<p>Fireworks can be frightening for our pets. But with a few practical steps, you can help to make it a little less stressful, both now and in years to come.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/171023/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Jacqueline Boyd is affiliated with The Kennel Club (UK) through membership, as Chair of the Activities Health and Welfare Subgroup, member of the Dog Health Group and Chair of the Heelwork to Music Working Party. Jacqueline also writes, consults and coaches on canine matters on an independent basis.</span></em></p>Fireworks can be frightening to pets: here’s how to help them stay calm and happy.Jacqueline Boyd, Senior Lecturer in Animal Science, Nottingham Trent UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1055332018-11-02T10:27:06Z2018-11-02T10:27:06ZAnimal welfare: how to keep your pet happy during thunderstorms and fireworks<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/243451/original/file-20181101-83629-pq6hc7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Bang!</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/two-dogs-lay-on-pillow-bed-761412886?src=9R7if99IZ33jtBBWfpPRcw-1-0">dezy/Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>Fireworks are a brilliant way to celebrate special occasions such as New Year’s Eve and Guy Fawkes Night, as well as big sporting events and independence days – right? Not if you happen to be an animal. All animals, domesticated and wild, are hardwired by evolution to find loud noises frightening. It is an <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166432897022961">automatic response</a> to an unidentified threat, which may cause the animal to bolt before the brain has had time to process the information the ears are presenting. The only way in which the response can be changed or reduced is by training, desensitisation or habituation to the noise.</p>
<p>It’s easy to see why fireworks and thunder are so frightening to animals. They are loud, sudden and send shock waves through the air and the ground. In technical terms they activate the auditory startle response. You might expect that dogs, cats and other domestic animals would be better able to tolerate the scary nature of fireworks since they are used to sudden loud noises, but many dogs and cats spend Bonfire Night and New Year’s Eve in a state of terror. A <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016815911200367X">study in the UK</a> found that up to 49% of owners reported that their dogs were afraid of noises, and fireworks were the number one cause. Thunderstorms and gunshots were the next two most common issues.</p>
<p>But the news might not be all bad for fearful animals. We can sometimes help our pets to overcome fear, or prevent them from developing it, with training and management techniques. Dogs and cats that have been properly introduced to unexpected events of all kinds in the early part of their lives may not be worried by loud noises. </p>
<p>The most important time for socialising dogs with people and other dogs, and for getting them used to other “scary stuff”, <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=sps-CgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=Scott,+J.P.,+Fuller,+J.L.,+1965.+Dog+Behavior,+the+Genetic+Basis.+Univ.+of+Chicago+Press,+Chicago&ots=hYQhNVvUHg&sig=vDBWGZ3MVqiORFcIX0KVficGSjw#v=onepage&q=Scott%2C%20J.">is the first 12 weeks</a> of life, known as the socialisation period. For kittens, the <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279405839_The_Domestic_Cat">window is even shorter</a> at up to seven weeks. During this time, they need to get used to the idea that unexpected, loud, bright, confusing things may happen and they are nothing to worry about. </p>
<p>If you have been able to do this with your pet during those first crucial weeks, then you may have no problems. If for any reason you have not done that, or your pet is frightened in spite of all your efforts, there are still a number of things you can do to help them during fireworks or thunderstorms.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/243454/original/file-20181101-83657-7gppk7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/243454/original/file-20181101-83657-7gppk7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=387&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/243454/original/file-20181101-83657-7gppk7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=387&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/243454/original/file-20181101-83657-7gppk7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=387&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/243454/original/file-20181101-83657-7gppk7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=486&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/243454/original/file-20181101-83657-7gppk7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=486&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/243454/original/file-20181101-83657-7gppk7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=486&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">A cozy hiding spot could help anxious dogs and cats.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/hidden-cat-112921084?src=WUNcXP8XjWZv1tp6azAqHA-1-37">Richard Schramm/Shutterstock</a></span>
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<p>Dogs and cats often feel more secure if they have a small, enclosed space to hide in when they are afraid, so providing a den can help. This can be as simple as an area between two armchairs, or a small table with a blanket draped over the top. Cats will often get under the bed or behind the sofa. For really severe cases you may want to ask your vet to <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb11976.x">prescribe medication</a> and to recommend a pet behaviour counsellor to help with desensitising the animal to sounds. This is not something to be done without professional guidance as you can make things worse if you don’t do it correctly.</p>
<p>Make sure that both cats and dogs are indoors well before the fireworks start, to prevent them running away in a panic and getting lost or injured. If you can, it’s best to stay at home with your companion animal to give them added security and help them to stay calm.</p>
<p>Larger animals, including horses, can be more difficult to deal with. Being flight animals, their reaction to loud noises is to run as fast as possible in the opposite direction – and they will not stop to look what’s in their way. As with all animals, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2746/042516406778400574">desensitisation</a> to the loud noise beforehand is the best solution. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/243469/original/file-20181101-83632-1vvoloj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/243469/original/file-20181101-83632-1vvoloj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=397&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/243469/original/file-20181101-83632-1vvoloj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=397&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/243469/original/file-20181101-83632-1vvoloj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=397&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/243469/original/file-20181101-83632-1vvoloj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=499&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/243469/original/file-20181101-83632-1vvoloj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=499&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/243469/original/file-20181101-83632-1vvoloj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=499&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Desensitisation to loud noises can prevent horses from injuring themselves during fireworks events.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/scared-young-horse-1067179304?src=bE_UMOZcu0WXfBbpNjausQ-1-0">Emilija Juskove/Shutterstock</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p><a href="https://www.bhs.org.uk/advice-and-information/riding-out/common-incidents/fireworks">Managing horses</a> during fireworks events is crucial, but it can be a difficult decision whether to leave your horse out or bring it into the stable. Some prefer to run around outdoors while others feel more secure inside. Either way, it is very important to ensure that fencing is secure and there is nothing that could cause injury. Staying with the horse will also ensure it stays safe. </p>
<p>We usually know when our pets are afraid, but we don’t see the fear that farm animals or wild animals can experience. We can help our pets overcome their fear or give them some comfort with training and management techniques, but there is little we can do to reduce the distress of wild animals. If we really are a nation of animal lovers, we need to tackle the problems caused by fireworks. Perhaps reducing the decibel level of displays to a more reasonable level, or even removing the bangs altogether is the answer. Would fireworks be any less beautiful if they were silent?</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/105533/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Jan Hoole does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Evolution can explain why animals are scared – but what can we do to help?Jan Hoole, Lecturer in Biology, Keele UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/867302017-11-03T13:35:37Z2017-11-03T13:35:37ZRemember, remember: why ceremonial bonfires are fun (and not just on November 5)<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/193081/original/file-20171102-26456-attt9n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Andrew Dunn</span>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>If the BBC’s drama series Gunpowder, about the original Gunpowder Plot, has achieved anything, apart from turning people’s stomachs with its graphic, <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-bloody-truth-why-bbcs-gunpowder-had-to-be-so-violent-86264">though accurate, portrayal of 17th-century torture practices</a>, it has surely opened people’s eyes to the reality behind our annual firework fest on November 5. We may recite: “Remember, remember the fifth of November” but the truth is that, as a nation, Britain has long forgotten the seriousness of the event that, as it were, sparked it off. </p>
<p>The Gunpowder Plot was <a href="https://theconversation.com/forget-gory-gunpowder-jacobean-england-had-a-bloodcurdling-appetite-for-violence-86647">a Catholic terrorist conspiracy</a> whose consequences, had it succeeded, hardly bear thinking of. Not only would the king and almost the entire apparatus of the state have been blown to pieces, but it would almost certainly have been the catalyst for civil war, possibly foreign invasion, and the deaths of many thousands of people. </p>
<p>The annual bonfire in November was not a celebration of key conspirator Guy Fawkes, as many people seem vaguely to imagine, but a condemnation of a murderous villain and an outpouring of relief at what the country had been saved from. </p>
<p>But that was in 1605. Does it make sense to continue the tradition 400 years later? The anti-Catholic aspect of it may have disappeared, but burning effigies still has the potential to stir up trouble. In Lewes, Sussex, home of the country’s <a href="http://www.lewesbonfire.co.uk/">most celebrated and elaborate bonfire celebrations</a>, they gave up burning the Pope some years ago, but they have moved on to more contemporary bogey figures, including Osama bin Laden, Sepp Blatter and Donald Trump, while this year’s star turn is a giant effigy of Harvey Weinstein. </p>
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<p>The inclusion of an effigy of the then Scottish first minister, Alex Salmond, in 2014 <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-30033577">prompted a police inquiry</a>. This year’s celebrations have provoked controversy because one of the processions includes a group blacked up as Zulu warriors, prompting accusations of racism from some, though <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/30/lewes-bonfire-blacking-up-not-racist-says-zulu-performer">an actual Zulu representative defended the practice</a> and said the men looked surprisingly convincing.</p>
<p>At a time when statues of <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/opinion/confederate-statues-trump.html">Confederate Civil War leaders are being torn down in the States</a> and there are calls for the removal of images of prominent British imperialists, is it time to cool things down a bit and give the bonfires a rest? </p>
<h2>Staring at the flames</h2>
<p>Staging celebratory and symbolic bonfires has a long history behind it. Even before Fawkes, <a href="https://theconversation.com/uk/topics/protestant-reformation-38255">Martin Luther</a> – whose defiance of the Pope marks its 500th anniversary this year, staged a public bonfire of Catholic writings into which he also cast the papal bull proclaiming his excommunication – it was a practice emulated by the Nazis in their public burnings of books by Jewish and left-wing authors. </p>
<p>In late Victorian Cambridge a series of <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/2051453014Z.00000000014">huge bonfires lit by undergraduates</a> celebrating the defeat of the proposal to grant degrees to women and British victories in the Boer War presented a serious public order challenge to the town and university authorities. Bonfires seem to speak to a primeval reverence in people for fire itself, like a thanks offering to Prometheus, who had to steal fire from the gods, who were keeping it to themselves, and was suitably punished by them for his action.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/193176/original/file-20171103-26444-c8wvvu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/193176/original/file-20171103-26444-c8wvvu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/193176/original/file-20171103-26444-c8wvvu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=603&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/193176/original/file-20171103-26444-c8wvvu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=603&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/193176/original/file-20171103-26444-c8wvvu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=603&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/193176/original/file-20171103-26444-c8wvvu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=758&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/193176/original/file-20171103-26444-c8wvvu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=758&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/193176/original/file-20171103-26444-c8wvvu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=758&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Penny for the Guy: sectarian? Or simply a bit of fun for children?</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Geoff Charles via Wikimedia Commons</span>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Perhaps the gods were wise. Bonfires do excite powerful emotions and can literally inflame situations. Think of a possible modern-day equivalent to Guy Fawkes night – if, say, an Islamist attack or the defeat of Islamic State in Syria were to set off any celebratory bonfires in Britain, it is not difficult to conceive of the seriously divisive impact it would have.</p>
<p>On the other hand, banning traditional bonfires is a sure (surefire?) way of instilling resentment. November the fifth was for years an anti-Catholic festival – marking not just the Gunpowder Plot, but also the landing on that date in 1688 of the Protestant <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/glorious_revolution_01.shtml">William of Orange</a> to overturn the Catholic King James II. But over time it lost its sectarian nature and became just an enjoyable winter festival with fireworks and jacket potatoes. After all, the practice of lighting bonfires at this time of years has <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/oct/31/halloween-traditions-pagan-rituals-bonfire-night">pagan origins</a>, going way back before Guy Fawkes.</p>
<p>Even in Lewes, <a href="https://www.lewesbonfirecelebrations.com/">the annual festival</a> is more about the town’s special identity because of the <a href="https://www.lewesbonfirecelebrations.com/lewes-sussex-protestant-martyrs-reformation-1/">12 Protestant martyrs</a> burned there during the reign of Bloody Mary. There are seven different local bonfire societies who maintain a friendly rivalry to stage the most elaborate procession with the most impressive effigy. Periodic attempts to regulate it always provoke angry local responses.</p>
<p>Guy Fawkes night survives despite the onslaught of the heavily Americanised <a href="https://theconversation.com/uk/topics/halloween-7672">Halloween celebrations</a>. It is a distinctively British tradition and it has survived by evolving and becoming domesticated, as perhaps only the British know how. Bonfires burn brightly and fiercely but even the biggest of them eventually burn themselves out and leave the smoking embers for the morning after. Perhaps fusses over bonfires should be treated the same way.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/86730/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Sean Lang does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>What started as an anti-Catholic sectarian celebration is now a harmless festival to provide light and warmth on a winter’s night.Sean Lang, Senior Lecturer in History, Anglia Ruskin UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/863302017-10-31T14:30:50Z2017-10-31T14:30:50ZBrexit to Bonfire Night: why the Reformation still matters<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/192617/original/file-20171031-18689-1l7wkg8.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Monument of Martin Luther in Eisleben, Germany, the town of his birth. </span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/monument-martin-luther-on-town-square-586275236?src=xuKu_SmTjTS_ksq1zEi2_Q-1-10">Shutterstock/dugdax</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>Five hundred years ago <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-martin-luthers-reformation-tells-us-about-history-and-memory-85058">Martin Luther</a>, a German monk, attacked the Catholic Church in a move that sparked the <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/english_reformation_01.shtml">Protestant Reformation</a>. The effects are still being felt in Britain today – from the celebrations of Bonfire Night to the <a href="https://theconversation.com/law-expert-where-the-brexit-battles-over-the-repeal-bill-will-be-fought-in-parliament-80980">powers that parliament</a> have to deal with Brexit. </p>
<p>In parts of Europe Reformation Day commemorates the moment Martin Luther produced his <a href="http://www.history.com/topics/martin-luther-and-the-95-theses">95 Theses</a> that criticising the Catholic Church. As Luther and his followers developed their ideas, they created Protestant churches independent of the Pope in Rome. </p>
<p>Although almost 60% of people identified themselves as <a href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/articles/religioninenglandandwales2011/2012-12-11">Christians in the 2011 census</a> in Britain only 5% of the population regularly <a href="https://faithsurvey.co.uk/download/gb-church-attendance-1980-2015.pdf">attend church</a>. But the Reformation affected more than people’s religious lives. When Henry VIII used some of Luther’s ideas to break away from Rome, he created <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-henry-viiis-break-with-rome-tells-us-about-parliaments-role-in-brexit-70078">new powers</a> that are still relevant today.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/192619/original/file-20171031-18686-1x6ksv2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/192619/original/file-20171031-18686-1x6ksv2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=816&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/192619/original/file-20171031-18686-1x6ksv2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=816&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/192619/original/file-20171031-18686-1x6ksv2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=816&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/192619/original/file-20171031-18686-1x6ksv2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=1026&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/192619/original/file-20171031-18686-1x6ksv2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=1026&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/192619/original/file-20171031-18686-1x6ksv2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=1026&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Henry VIII engraved by W.T.Fry and published in Lodge’s British Portraits encyclopedia, United Kingdom, 1823.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/henry-viii-14911547-engraved-by-wt-81842377?src=jN8kZi_uloq9Es5C2Un0MQ-1-1">Shutterstock/GeorgiosKollidas</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Henry VIII became interested in creating an independent church in England when the Pope refused Henry a divorce to allow him to marry <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/anne_boleyn/">Anne Boleyn</a>. In 1529, Henry VIII and <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/zttdjxs">Thomas Cromwell</a> called parliament to pass legislation that transferred all the powers and wealth of the Pope and the Catholic Church into the hands of the King. </p>
<h2>Henry’s power-grab</h2>
<p>Over the next few years, as Henry dismantled the power of Catholicism, a new rhetoric of English independence emerged. In 1533, parliament argued that “this realm of England is an empire”, with no political or legal obligations to the European Church. Taxes that went to Rome now stayed in England, and Henry declared himself Supreme Head of the Church. His successors, Edward VI and Elizabeth I used many of those powers to make that church Protestant. </p>
<p>The process of breaking with Rome also granted Henry VIII huge powers. In 1539 Henry effectively transferred these to himself with an act that allowed the King – without parliament – to amend or make new laws. This is the basis of the <a href="http://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/henry-viii-clauses/">“Henry VIII powers” in the Brexit Repeal Act</a>, which allow ministers to adopt European laws without parliamentary scrutiny. </p>
<p>The ripples of that power-grab from 1539 were felt in Westminster in August when Ministers were urged to put extra checks in place to limit “<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40868285">sweeping powers</a>” included in the EU Withdrawal Bill. The bill aims to repeal the European Communities Act and convert EU law into UK law. It also enables the government to make changes further down the line without presenting new legislation to Parliament – known as “delegated powers”. Labour’s Hilary Benn, chairman of the Brexit select committee, suggested this could amount to “a blank legislative cheque”.</p>
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<p>The Reformation did more than change our relationship with Europe and the Catholic Church – it changed how the English viewed themselves. In the conflicts of 16th-century Europe, religious identities were politically charged. Protestantism became part of the national identity, contrasted with Catholicism that the Elizabethans portrayed as dangerous and foreign. </p>
<p>When the Spanish Armada <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/adams_armada_01.shtml">failed to invade</a> in 1588, the English claimed they were saved by a Protestant wind. When Robert Catesby (played by Kit Harrington in <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-bloody-truth-why-bbcs-gunpowder-had-to-be-so-violent-86264">Gunpowder</a>) and Guy Fawkes failed to blow up parliament, once again it was argued that God was looking after the English. Celebrations on November 5 over the following decades celebrated God’s protection from foreign and treacherous Catholicism. As Gunpowder shows, the truth was far from this simple. But Bonfire Night became an indelible part of the national calendar. </p>
<p>Events are being held throughout Europe in 2017 to mark the 500-year anniversary. It is a national holiday in Germany, with <a href="https://www.luther2017.de/en/">concerts, pageants</a> and church services planned. At Westminster Abbey, the Church of England is celebrating “the start of the Reformation” <a href="https://www.churchofengland.org/media-centre/news/2017/09/2017/10/archbishop-to-mark-agreement-with-catholic-and-lutheran-churches-on-500th-anniversary-of-the-reformation.aspx">in a service</a> that includes an act of reconciliation between Lutheran and Catholic Churches. The BBC is showing a range of programmes, including a documentary by David Starkey and a drama about Catholic plotters in <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p05j1bc9">Gunpowder</a>. </p>
<p>Not only did the Reformation change English politics it changed the perception that the English had of themselves. While church attendance may have <a href="https://faithsurvey.co.uk/uk-christianity.html">declined</a>, we can see the legacy of the Reformation in many areas of our lives in 2017.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/86330/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Rosamund Oates does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Martin Luther’s Reformation resulted in Henry VIII making law changes which are still having an effect on today’s Brexit negotiations.Rosamund Oates, Senior Lecturer in History, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/862642017-10-31T12:02:32Z2017-10-31T12:02:32ZThe bloody truth – why BBC’s Gunpowder had to be so violent<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/191823/original/file-20171025-25518-155sy58.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">BBC Images</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>With its explicit scenes of execution and torture, the eagerly anticipated <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p05j1bc9">BBC drama Gunpowder</a>, starring Kit Harington, has left some viewers shocked. </p>
<p>“Accuracy” is often demanded of dramas and yet in this instance, scenes that had been carefully researched and that are grounded in history have been regarded by some <a href="http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2017-10-22/viewers-were-turned-off-by-the-brutal-execution-scenes-in-kit-haringtons-gunpowder/">critics and viewers</a> as “unnecessarily gratuitous”. </p>
<p>These debates about Gunpowder’s interpretation of the 1605 plot reveal the distance that often remains between popular and academic perceptions of the past. It seems that despite a high profile afforded to Tudor and Stuart history in the UK’s cultural landscape – in terms of dramas, exhibitions, historic houses, and the school curriculum – many people have cauterised their historical memory and forgotten the bodily brutality of the age. </p>
<p>One way to try and bridge this gap is the involvement of historical experts in such dramas, both prior to and during filming. </p>
<h2>Questions of the past</h2>
<p>As historical advisers to Gunpowder, we met key members of the crew and some of the cast to address any emerging questions or concerns before the start of filming. Overall, the nature of our involvement on the show was pretty typical of most dramas. We read the scripts shortly before filming and sent in notes and thoughts about points of detail – including some supporting contextual information and suggestions of more unusual historical specifics that could be used to enhance visual or narrative details.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/191824/original/file-20171025-25516-193k7py.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/191824/original/file-20171025-25516-193k7py.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/191824/original/file-20171025-25516-193k7py.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/191824/original/file-20171025-25516-193k7py.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/191824/original/file-20171025-25516-193k7py.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=424&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/191824/original/file-20171025-25516-193k7py.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=424&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/191824/original/file-20171025-25516-193k7py.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=424&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">And, action.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">BBC images</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>In the case of the Gunpowder scripts though, we barely had a chance to remove the lid from our red pens, as the scriptwriter’s own expert knowledge was very evident – <a href="http://www.irishnews.com/news/2017/10/24/news/-gunpowder-writer-ronan-bennett-defends-torture-scenes-after-complaints-there-s-an-off-button--1169736/">Ronan Bennett holds a PhD in 17th-century history</a>. He is also the author of a historical novel set in the same period. </p>
<p><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0599791/">Grant Montgomery’s immersive</a> production design also helped Gunpowder to reach some history high notes. Montgomery is the brains behind numerous striking period visuals in recent years and his genuine passion for history and scrupulous research is worked through every element of his designs.</p>
<h2>Historical consultant</h2>
<p>The role of a historical consultant can sometimes feel like sitting a surreal exam. One that tests all of your knowledge and command of the period – from milestone political events to everyday personal interactions and gestures such as bows, nods, handshakes and winks. </p>
<p>Why did Fawkes fight in Spain? Were only women burnt at the stake? How diverse was London society? How did someone pray, take a seat, pay for something, greet a friend or cold shoulder a rival? Who removes the royal poo? How do you pronounce <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/gunpowder-cast-characters-real-history-pictures/anne-vaux-liv-tyler/">Anne Vaux’s</a> surname? For reference, as “Vorx”, but pronounced as “Vaugh” on screen in this production to prevent any distracting confusion with “Fawkes”. </p>
<p>These kinds of questions are typical of the queries that pop up both before and after cameras start to roll. Such testing, though, is itself a useful academic exercise. It makes us think carefully about what we already know, why we know it, what we don’t know but should know and, perhaps most importantly, where the gaps still reside in broader historical knowledge. </p>
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<iframe width="440" height="260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/r5X1vyCPA-U?wmode=transparent&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
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<p>It is also rewarding to be able to share some of the latest academic research and see elements of that work unfurling on screen. For Gunpowder we could provide access to a recently completed digital reconstruction of the interior of the House of Commons. This was <a href="https://www.virtualststephens.org.uk/">researched and developed at the University of York</a>, and has given historians a much richer understanding of the appearance and layout of the Palace of Westminster. </p>
<h2>Horrible history</h2>
<p>Yet Gunpowder has shown that the line between fact and fiction is not easily drawn. The much discussed opening scene of the execution of Lady Dorothy Dibdale is a case in point. </p>
<p>Dibdale is a fictitious character, and so some might say “inaccurate”. And yet she is representative of real women of this period – most famously <a href="http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/tudor-stuart/margaret-clitherow">Margaret Clitherow of York</a>. She was slowly, painfully and publicly crushed to death in 1586 for her refusal to testify when accused of harbouring Catholic priests. Dibdale’s character is therefore richly informed by historical “fact” while also being a fiction. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/191825/original/file-20171025-25544-6ccmgr.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/191825/original/file-20171025-25544-6ccmgr.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/191825/original/file-20171025-25544-6ccmgr.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/191825/original/file-20171025-25544-6ccmgr.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/191825/original/file-20171025-25544-6ccmgr.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=501&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/191825/original/file-20171025-25544-6ccmgr.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=501&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/191825/original/file-20171025-25544-6ccmgr.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=501&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">An execution scene from Gunpowder.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">BBC images</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>In this way, the discussions about accuracy that instantly begin to swirl after the screening of a drama rarely get to the “truth” about the historical content – or point toward a more sophisticated understanding of history. They are, however, a useful barometer of how a contemporary audience perceives the past. And in the case of Gunpowder, it is clear how uncomfortable viewers can become if their collective certainties are challenged or unsettled in some way.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/86264/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Hannah Greig acted as historical consultant to Gunpowder</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>John Cooper acted as historical consultant to Gunpowder. He receives funding from the Arts and Humanities Research Council. </span></em></p>Gunpowder, treason and plot: historical consultants to BBC drama explain their role on the show.Hannah Greig, Senior Lecturer in Early Modern History, University of YorkJohn Cooper, Senior Lecturer in HistoryLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/681892016-11-04T11:15:45Z2016-11-04T11:15:45ZGuy Fawkes night: celebrating the most famous act of counter-terrorism in history<p>With the terrorism threat level remaining at “severe” (meaning an attack is highly likely), and the head of MI5, Andrew Parker, warning that <a href="https://theconversation.com/guardian-interview-finally-brings-an-mi5-boss-in-from-the-cold-but-why-68107">“there will be terrorist attacks”</a> in Britain, there is a climate of continuous public concern.</p>
<p>And yet this November 5, like every other, the British skyline will be filled with explosions and the public will look on in delight. The story behind this annual celebration can become muddled, but it’s worth remembering that Guy Fawkes night marks the most famous counter-terrorism mission in history. Counter-terrorism is going on around us at all time – we just aren’t usually allowed to know about it. </p>
<p>Many, if not most, of the families attending fireworks displays on this weekend will know the <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/bonfire-night-2016-who-was-guy-fawkes-and-why-do-we-celebrate-wi/">story of Guido “Guy” Fawkes</a>. Fawkes, along with his 12 co-conspirators, tried to assassinate King James I of England and IV of Scotland by blowing up the Houses of Parliament with 36 barrels of gun powder. This was a planned <a href="http://nottspolitics.org/2015/11/05/remember-rememberits-about-counter-terrorism/">act of terrorism</a> to take place at the opening of Parliament on November 5 1605.</p>
<h2>Religious motivations</h2>
<p>Similar to a number of terrorist groups today, the plotters were driven by <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2014/nov/18/religious-extremism-main-cause-of-terrorism-according-to-report">religious motivations</a>. Under Protestant Queen Elizabeth I, many Catholics had suffered religious persecution. King James was also Protestant but his mother – Mary Queen of Scots – had been Catholic, leaving many hopeful that he would be a more religiously tolerant monarch.</p>
<p>Upon his coronation in 1603 King James failed to reverse the anti-Catholic laws. Instead he began to order Catholic priests to leave the country and increased oppression further by introducing legislation which refused Catholics the right to receive rent or make wills.</p>
<p>In response, Robert Catesby, an English Catholic and the leader of the gunpowder plot, started to plan King James’ assassination. He thought that killing the King would incite a popular revolt whereby the throne would be returned to a Catholic – James’ daughter Princess Elizabeth.</p>
<p>Catesby began to assemble a group of like-minded individuals who had the will and expertise to carry out his ideas. Guy Fawkes was recruited in April 1604 by Catesby’s cousin, Thomas Wintour, in Flanders. He was enlisted for his specific skill set – he was an explosives expert who had been fighting for the Spanish army.</p>
<h2>Successful counter-terrorism</h2>
<p>After a few changes of plan, one of the plotters, Thomas Percy, rented a vault under the House of Lords, where the gunpowder was stored. But the opening of Parliament was delayed a number of times – largely due to fear of the plague – leading to a need for further funds. As a result, additional wealthy individuals were recruited, including Catesby’s cousin Francis Tresham.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/144406/original/image-20161103-25359-19rcpvd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/144406/original/image-20161103-25359-19rcpvd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/144406/original/image-20161103-25359-19rcpvd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/144406/original/image-20161103-25359-19rcpvd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/144406/original/image-20161103-25359-19rcpvd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=565&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/144406/original/image-20161103-25359-19rcpvd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=565&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/144406/original/image-20161103-25359-19rcpvd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=565&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Discovery of the Gunpowder Plot, by Henry Perronet Briggs.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fawkes#/media/File:Guy_fawkes_henry_perronet_briggs.jpg">Wikipedia</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>On October 26, Tresham’s brother-in-law, Lord Monteagle, received an anonymous <a href="http://www.parliament.uk/education-resources/Parliament%2520explained%2520articles/lord-monteagle-letter-pdf.pdf">letter</a> warning him not to attend the opening of Parliament. The letter was passed to the King and the authorities searched the cellars of the Palace of Westminster. The gunpowder was discovered and the plot foiled.</p>
<p>Guy Fawkes, who had been given the responsibility of managing the explosives and lighting the fatal fuse, was found in the early hours of November 5 1605. He was captured, questioned and eventually tortured to extract a confession. The other plotters were summarily rounded up, killed or arrested and later hung, drawn and quartered.</p>
<h2>Marking the day</h2>
<p>The year after the failed plot, Londoners were encouraged to light bonfires to commemorate King James’ survival. This tradition continues each year with Guy Fawkes – Britain’s most famous terrorist – annually punished through effigies (“Guys”) that are burnt on the top of bonfires. </p>
<p>The noise and spectacle of bonfire (or fireworks) night serves as a regular reminder of what might have been had the terrorist attack succeeded. Therefore the event is, in part, about religious terrorism and the actions of a terrorist group.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/144407/original/image-20161103-25362-12ulogp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/144407/original/image-20161103-25362-12ulogp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/144407/original/image-20161103-25362-12ulogp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/144407/original/image-20161103-25362-12ulogp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/144407/original/image-20161103-25362-12ulogp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=505&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/144407/original/image-20161103-25362-12ulogp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=505&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/144407/original/image-20161103-25362-12ulogp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=505&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Lighting up the night sky.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/cpjobling/3006544906/in/photolist-5zFk49-5AXmyn-4jZc19-dr7137-4jSnec-4jVYb2-4jW8Bb-3U63A3-awhsmq-4jSmmM-4jS7Tv-hjzbwz-awxYCS-fiGngo-sCJVm-4jW4WM-5AXySk-4jWwWC-4jWnuW-4jWoet-aCbX2B-aHKQr8-sbJmk-4jWydQ-bmgM43-sCJRG-6nzRM-dreJdE-3RmrGx-7Kp89P-pX2Jon-q6rK2G-8Rrk3u-hjzHb1-jVf8uc-kWwz8c-nacTGs-dr6PHc-6kmpy-7uk2Gy-b6cSL4-bijTdF-bikh4z-6BGKpU-43VHwe-aDXhHd-rYBVy-dr4anH-6dUEM-aQ7G7a">Chris Jobling</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>But the fires actually represent the blaze that never was. Similarly, the fireworks and their associated bangs represent the gunpowder that did not explode. Furthermore, the “Guys” only exist because Guy Fawkes became notorious once he was caught. Consequently, the events are less about remembering terrorism and more about celebrating successful counter-terrorism.</p>
<p>The nature of contemporary counter-terrorism means that successful operations are rarely known, let alone celebrated. There have reportedly been <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/nov/01/andrew-parker-mi5-director-general-there-will-be-terrorist-attacks-in-britain-exclusive">12 terror plots</a> thwarted in the UK in the past three years but the details of these operations often remain secret within the security services.</p>
<p>But in an environment of concern over the threat of terrorism, it is perhaps even more important – and perhaps reassuring – to remember that the festivities this weekend recognise a long tradition of successful counter-terrorism. And that’s even more reason to join in the celebrations.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/68189/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Louise Kettle does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>These days, we aren’t often told when a terrorist plot is foiled, but Brits still set off fireworks to remember the one they do know about.Louise Kettle, Assistant Professor, University of NottinghamLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/674022016-10-27T13:45:30Z2016-10-27T13:45:30ZHow dogs are really affected by fireworks – and what you can do to help<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/143301/original/image-20161026-11265-1xnf3ye.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Not the best day for dogs.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-186662729/stock-photo-cute-dog-with-big-nose-looking-to-the-side-with-suspicion-excitement-white-background-studio-shot.html?src=XPEYeO4RaCkR1_A02CSN7w-1-4">Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>Whether it’s Bonfire Night, Thanksgiving, or just an everyday celebration, every winter, as soon as the clocks go back, the fireworks begin. And while some aren’t affected in the slightest, around <a href="http://www.appliedanimalbehaviour.com/article/S0168-1591(12)00367-X/abstract">45% of dogs have a firework phobia</a>, something that is becoming an increasingly serious welfare concern. However, with the right training you can help your dog to become more confident during firework season. </p>
<p>First, a brief word on what we really shouldn’t be administering to our fearful dogs. Sedatives are all too often prescribed to firework phobic dogs. ACP (acepromazine) is one such drug – but it has been demonstrated to actually <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702027673500117">increase noise sensitivity</a> in dogs while also decreasing their ability to physically respond. In other words, the drug can make your dog more aware of the noise but less able to respond to it. Imagine for a moment that you are really scared of spiders. Now imagine you’re locked in a room full of spiders. And then imagine that you’ve been sedated so you cannot move. An outsider may think, because you’re not reacting, that you are fine. Yet inside, you most certainly are not. </p>
<p>More recently, sedatives such as <a href="http://www.noahcompendium.co.uk/?id=-463484&template=template_printview">dexmedetomidine</a> are being advertised to vets and dog owners for fearful dogs, yet these can pose serious health risks even at low doses – for example, <a href="http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/management_and_nutrition/pain_assessment_and_management/analgesic_pharmacology.html?qt=dexmedetomidine&alt=sh">by reducing the amount of blood being pumped around the body</a>. Indeed, <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Animal-Formulary-British-Veterinary-Association/dp/1905319339">the Small Animal Formulary (an encyclopedia for medicine)</a> states that oxygen supplementation is advisable when administering these drugs in all animals. </p>
<p>On the flip side, there are medications that safely can reduce anxiety – some also decrease a dog’s ability to remember the event the next day, <a href="http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/toxicology/toxicities_from_human_drugs/tranquilizers_antidepressants_sleep_aids_and_anticonvulsants_toxicity.html?qt=benzodiazepines&alt=sh">such as benzodiazepines</a>. However, studies suggest that if owners are using medication during firework season they are <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/vnj.12183?needAccess=true">less likely to follow a behaviour modification plan</a> so this needs to be considered carefully. </p>
<h2>What you can do</h2>
<p>With that in mind, instead let’s focus on what we can do to help our dogs during this potentially stressful period. Prevention is always better than treatment so it’s best to start these protocols in advance of firework season, ideally when your dog is still a puppy. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/143470/original/image-20161027-11278-1aamqs9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/143470/original/image-20161027-11278-1aamqs9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/143470/original/image-20161027-11278-1aamqs9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/143470/original/image-20161027-11278-1aamqs9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/143470/original/image-20161027-11278-1aamqs9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/143470/original/image-20161027-11278-1aamqs9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/143470/original/image-20161027-11278-1aamqs9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Ensure your dog has a safe place to go.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="http://www.shutterstock.com/dl2_lim.mhtml?src=lDnSb6ipYz0goEIBW83r0w-1-4&id=222755026&size=medium_jpg">Shutterstock</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>First, think about your dog’s environment. Dogs need a place where they can feel safe and secure and you can create this in a number of ways. The use of <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168159105002509">dog appeasing pheromones</a> has been proven to <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168159106003777">reduce anxiety in dogs</a> and can help create a safe environment. </p>
<p>You can also create a den in your house which is a sheltered, quiet space for your dog that they can access whenever they want. In addition to this, when there are fireworks, ensure your dog is fed and walked before dark; they can begin to associate darkness with fireworks and will become more aware of the noises – just as after watching a scary film, you notice every single noise in your house. </p>
<p>Ensure the television or radio is turned on as a comforting distraction and shut the curtains to limit the noise and lights from the fireworks. If your dog does need to go out after dark, keep them on a lead – reports of lost dogs <a href="http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/press-releases/2013/october/missing-pet-calls-increase-by-40-on-bonfire-night/">increase by 40% over firework season</a>.</p>
<p>Second, and this is where it is best to start with puppies, introduce them to the sounds of fireworks in a controlled, safe way. You can do this through <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168159106003777">specific CDs</a> (or indeed YouTube), but carefully control the volume. Initially, put the volume on the lowest setting, ensuring that your dog notices the sound – for example, by moving their ear towards the noise – <a href="https://positively.com/dog-training/understanding-dogs/canine-body-language/">but is not frightened by it</a>. </p>
<p>At this point, either feed your dog their favourite food or play their favourite game. You want to keep the session short and fun – the idea is to change how your dog feels when they hear fireworks. Over time, you can gradually increase the volume of the CD – but don’t rush this phase, remember you only want them to notice the sound. </p>
<p>Finally, it is worth remembering that you <a href="http://www.patriciamcconnell.com/theotherendoftheleash/you-cant-reinforce-fear-dogs-and-thunderstorms">cannot reinforce fear</a>. If your dog is frightened and comes to you for comfort, comfort them. Tell them they are amazing, look after them and remain your cheerful, relaxed self. Trust science when it says you won’t make them feel any more scared.</p>
<p>If your dog’s fear of fireworks is particularly bad, please seek the advice of a <a href="http://www.apbc.org.uk/">qualified animal behaviourist</a> who will be able to tailor a programme specifically to help your dog, in conjunction with your vet. </p>
<p>So, remember, when the fireworks start, use science to support your dog.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/67402/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Emily Birch works for Nottingham Trent University and is currently funded by The Kennel Club as a research fellow in human canine interactions. </span></em></p>It can be a scary time for pets – but science has some valuable solutions.Emily Birch, Research Fellow in Human Canine Interactions, Nottingham Trent UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.