tag:theconversation.com,2011:/global/topics/physical-and-emotional-wellbeing-22066/articlesphysical and emotional wellbeing – The Conversation2023-05-22T17:13:35Ztag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2030942023-05-22T17:13:35Z2023-05-22T17:13:35ZWhy surfing can be beneficial for people with brain injuries<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/525093/original/file-20230509-17-idwc3m.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C6596%2C3298&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Surfing has a range of health benefits. </span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/unrecognizable-surfer-waling-into-ocean-focul-2274501199">BART SADOWSKI PL/Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>Nothing quite beats riding a wave for the first time. And our research suggests you don’t have to be a pro to benefit from the power of the sea. <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0266388">We have found</a> that surfing can help people with brain injuries live more engaged and meaningful lives. </p>
<p>In addition to physical impairments, acquired brain injury can cause difficulties with processing information, regulating emotions and socialising. Many people with brain injuries can struggle to return to work or engage in exercise and can start to feel isolated. Critically, they don’t always have the confidence or connections required to engage with their local communities. </p>
<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.642093">We have been working</a> with a team of psychologists across different Welsh health boards to help survivors overcome these barriers and have studied the effects. </p>
<p>During our research, we teamed up with <a href="https://surfabilityukcic.org/">Surfability UK</a>, which is a surf school that aims to make the activity as inclusive as possible to disabled people. It offers adapted wetsuits, longer boards, beach buggies and developed the world’s first tandem seated surfboard to support those with mobility issues, including people with acquired brain injuries. </p>
<p>Accessing such opportunities can still be a challenge if you have a brain injury. So, to overcome this, psychologists join patients for a dip in the sea and provide them with therapeutic support in their wetsuits. </p>
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<img alt="Two people stand on a surfboard and ride a small wave." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/520525/original/file-20230412-16-o440sw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C1597%2C1058&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/520525/original/file-20230412-16-o440sw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/520525/original/file-20230412-16-o440sw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/520525/original/file-20230412-16-o440sw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/520525/original/file-20230412-16-o440sw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/520525/original/file-20230412-16-o440sw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/520525/original/file-20230412-16-o440sw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="caption">A team of experts deliver rehabilitation sessions on the south Wales coast.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Swansea University</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
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<p>We followed up by interviewing 15 patients who have undertaken surfing sessions as part of the neuro-rehabilitation programme run by the Swansea Bay and Hywel Dda university health boards to learn more about their experiences.</p>
<p>We found that providing brain injury survivors with an opportunity to immerse themselves in the dynamic elements of the tide, wind and sea can have a huge impact on their mental health and wellbeing. It enabled participants to reconnect with the outside world and feel respite from the everyday stressors of modern life. </p>
<p>Connecting people to nature <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272494419301185?via%3Dihub">has previously been shown</a> to improve wellbeing and promote an appreciation of the environment. But our patients reported some particular benefits to surfing. </p>
<p>In contrast to gardening, for example, one of the participants who shared their experiences described surf therapy as something which “doesn’t stay still”. It’s something which is constantly evolving – falling off the board is a part of the learning process. This can be uncomfortable and distressing at first, but persevering can often lead to feeling a sense of achievement.</p>
<p>Some of our participants reported that surfing had taught them that all types of emotions – whether positive or negative – are an important part of the human experience. Instead of trying to control them, accepting them can help people find meaning in their lives. </p>
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<a href="https://theconversation.com/why-learning-to-surf-can-be-great-for-your-mental-health-according-to-a-psychologist-196946">Why learning to surf can be great for your mental health, according to a psychologist</a>
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<p>Making room for difficult thoughts enabled some of our brain injury survivors to reconnect with their values and hobbies too. Surfing gave them meaning and a “valid reason for being alive”. It also showed them that “despite being a bit broken in some places,” they were still capable people. This helped them to renegotiate their identity.</p>
<p>Connecting with people in similar situations can also be crucial after brain injury. Many report that they don’t feel understood by family and friends. Yet <a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Sense-of-belonging-and-indicators-of-social-and-Hagerty-Williams/ac5ed15e943e8ef0d09905a07e047b96ccf66611">belonging</a> is a basic psychological need. </p>
<p>Being part of a group enabled our brain injury survivors to learn there were other people with similar experiences. They were able to create a network where they could share resources and experiences to help each other.</p>
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<figcaption><span class="caption">The seated tandem surfboard allows people who cannot sit unaided to participate in surfing.</span></figcaption>
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<p>The purpose of therapy is to induce sustained and meaningful change after brain injury. Along with immediate improvements in fitness, balance and coordination, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/15/9605">our follow-up research</a> found patients continued engaging in outdoor physical activity for up to ten months later. </p>
<p>Some stuck with surfing, while others took up paddleboarding or cold-water swimming. Research suggetss taking part in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/day103">purposefully designed water-based activities</a> can generate a similar sense of wellbeing as surfing. </p>
<p>Our research underlines how the power of the sea can offer patients benefits which typical clinical settings do not provide.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/203094/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Andrew H Kemp receives funding from Health and Care Research Wales. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Zoe Fisher receives funding from Health Care Research Wales </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Katie Gibbs does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Brain injury survivors report the sport can give constant opportunities for learning and a way to reevaulate emotions.Katie Gibbs, Research and Innovation Assistant and PhD Student of Psychology at Swansea University, Swansea UniversityAndrew H Kemp, Professor and Personal Chair, Swansea UniversityZoe Fisher, Consultant Clinical Psychologist, Swansea UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1361752020-04-23T19:59:57Z2020-04-23T19:59:57ZCaring for community to beat coronavirus echoes Indigenous ideas of a good life<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/328234/original/file-20200416-140719-1likaqc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C6798%2C2526&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Suz Te Tai (Ngati Manu)</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has reminded us our own well-being is intimately connected to <a href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/wellington-top-stories/120791996/coronavirus-thank-you-to-our-essential-workers">other people</a> and our natural environment. </p>
<p>For many people, living in a small lockdown bubble for weeks has put a heavy strain on <a href="https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2020/04/coronavirus-covid-19-lockdown-triggers-huge-increase-in-mental-health-issues.html">their mental health and relationships</a>. For others, it’s been a chance to <a href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/morningreport/audio/2018743585/coronavirus-multigenerational-bubbles-enjoying-lockdown">strengthen multi-generational ties</a>.</p>
<p>Māori and Indigenous peoples elsewhere have long called for social and political transformation, including a broader approach to health that values social and cultural well-being of communities, rather than only the physical well-being of an individual. </p>
<p>When our COVID-19 lockdowns end, we can’t afford to stop <a href="https://thespinoff.co.nz/parenting/moe/23-04-2020/together-apart-keeping-kids-connected-under-rahui/">caring</a> about collective well-being. New Zealand is well positioned to show the world how this could be done, including through the New Zealand Treasury’s <a href="https://treasury.govt.nz/information-and-services/nz-economy/higher-living-standards/our-living-standards-framework">Living Standards Framework</a> – but only if we listen more to Māori and other diverse voices.</p>
<h2>Relationships are at the heart of living well</h2>
<p>For many Indigenous peoples, good relationships are fundamental to a well-functioning society. In New Zealand, these connections are captured in Māori narratives charting our relationships with people and other parts of the natural world. The relationships are woven in a complex genealogical network. </p>
<p>Indigenous well-being begins where our relationships with each other and with the natural environment meet. These intersections generate responsibilities for remembering what has come before us, realising well-being today, and creating sustainable conditions for future generations.</p>
<p>Practices that enhance the importance of these relationships are central to Māori notions of “<a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/tz746/">manaakitanga</a>” (caring and supporting others) and “<a href="http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_109_2000/Volume_109%2C_No._4/Kaitiakitanga%3A_A_Maori_anthropological_perspective_of_the_Maori_socio-environmental_ethic_of_resource_management%2C_by_Merata_Kawharu%2C_p_349-370/p1">kaitiakitanga</a>” (caretaking of the environment and people). We find these <a href="https://www.teaomaori.news/iwi-leaders-partner-food-service-provide-kai-vulnerable-whanau-nationwide">commitments and practices</a> in <a href="https://maorimaps.com/">communities</a> and tribal groups across New Zealand.</p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/community-wellbeing-best-measured-from-the-ground-up-a-yawuru-example-64162">Community wellbeing best measured from the ground up: a Yawuru example</a>
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<p>Similarly, the Yawuru people of Broome in north-western Australia contend that good connections with other people and the natural environment play a central role in “<a href="http://www.yawuru.org.au/community/mabu-liyan-framework/?doing_wp_cron=1586926205.3619189262390136718750">mabu liyan</a>”, living a good life.</p>
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/329915/original/file-20200423-47815-1payatd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/329915/original/file-20200423-47815-1payatd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/329915/original/file-20200423-47815-1payatd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/329915/original/file-20200423-47815-1payatd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/329915/original/file-20200423-47815-1payatd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/329915/original/file-20200423-47815-1payatd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/329915/original/file-20200423-47815-1payatd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/329915/original/file-20200423-47815-1payatd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<span class="caption">The Yawuru conducted a well-being survey that highlighted the crucial role of connectedness.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">John Puertollano, used with permission</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/329917/original/file-20200423-47784-1lgp2qn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/329917/original/file-20200423-47784-1lgp2qn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/329917/original/file-20200423-47784-1lgp2qn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=542&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/329917/original/file-20200423-47784-1lgp2qn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=542&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/329917/original/file-20200423-47784-1lgp2qn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=542&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/329917/original/file-20200423-47784-1lgp2qn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=681&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/329917/original/file-20200423-47784-1lgp2qn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=681&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/329917/original/file-20200423-47784-1lgp2qn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=681&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<span class="caption">Ojibwe women wearing their healing (jingle) dresses: Robyn Copenance, Sharona Seymour, Rayanna Seymour.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
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<p>In North America, relationships as well as the need for cooperation and justice between all beings ground the Anishinaabe good-living concept of “<a href="https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/environment-and-society/9/1/ares090102.xml">minobimaatisiiwin</a>”. </p>
<p>In South America, reciprocity in human interactions with nature is fundamental to the Quechua people’s good living notion of “<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21683565.2018.1468380">allin kawsay</a>”. </p>
<p>For Indigenous peoples everywhere, navigating our complex responsibilities for people and other living things in ways that enrich our existence is fundamental.</p>
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/329951/original/file-20200423-47799-849iui.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/329951/original/file-20200423-47799-849iui.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/329951/original/file-20200423-47799-849iui.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=403&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/329951/original/file-20200423-47799-849iui.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=403&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/329951/original/file-20200423-47799-849iui.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=403&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/329951/original/file-20200423-47799-849iui.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=506&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/329951/original/file-20200423-47799-849iui.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=506&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/329951/original/file-20200423-47799-849iui.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=506&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<span class="caption">Mariaelena Huambachano and Quechua ladies from Choquecancha, discussing the importance of seeds for well-being.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Mariaelena Huambachano</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
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<h2>Living standards and well-being</h2>
<p>The New Zealand Treasury’s <a href="https://treasury.govt.nz/information-and-services/nz-economy/higher-living-standards/our-living-standards-framework">Living Standards Framework</a>, launched in late 2018, recognises that living well consists of many dimensions, including health, housing and social connections. It is based on 12 well-being indicators. </p>
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<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/272140/original/file-20190502-117570-m26iqf.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/272140/original/file-20190502-117570-m26iqf.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=468&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/272140/original/file-20190502-117570-m26iqf.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=468&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/272140/original/file-20190502-117570-m26iqf.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=468&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/272140/original/file-20190502-117570-m26iqf.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=588&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/272140/original/file-20190502-117570-m26iqf.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=588&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/272140/original/file-20190502-117570-m26iqf.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=588&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<p>Significantly, the framework has <a href="https://ojs.victoria.ac.nz/pq/article/view/5294/4649">some foundation</a> in what is known as the <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/capability-approach/">capability approach</a>, which argues the focus of well-being should be on what people are capable of doing and what they value.</p>
<p>The capability approach has been pivotal in moving discussions away from measures <a href="https://theconversation.com/new-zealands-well-being-approach-to-budget-is-not-new-but-could-shift-major-issues-116296">based purely on income</a> to a broader scope of concern: the ability to live well by relating to others and the natural environment, or by participating politically. </p>
<p>Indigenous peoples promote the centrality of collective well-being. They emphasise the importance of sustaining relationships over generations. Examples grounded in such thinking include the <a href="https://www.tpk.govt.nz/en/a-matou-mohiotanga/corporate-documents/tpk-annualreport-2007/online/4">Māori Potential Approach</a>, which focuses on Māori strength and success, <a href="https://www.tpk.govt.nz/en/whakamahia/whanau-ora">Whānau Ora</a> and many earlier innovations in Māori health policy. This Indigenous work is more important than ever <a href="https://www.tepunahamatatini.ac.nz/2020/04/17/estimated-inequities-in-covid-19-infection-fatality-rates-by-ethnicity-for-aotearoa-new-zealand/">for shaping policy to tackle inequities</a>.</p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/new-zealands-well-being-approach-to-budget-is-not-new-but-could-shift-major-issues-116296">New Zealand's well-being approach to budget is not new, but could shift major issues</a>
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<h2>Creating a fairer future for all</h2>
<p>When talking about New Zealand’s response to COVID-19, many people have been invoking the well-known Māori phrase <a href="https://twitter.com/WgtnCC/status/1250680323869863937">He waka eke noa</a> (we are all in this together).</p>
<p>But our social and political arrangements are not really equitable – and that can cost lives when it comes to a crisis like COVID-19.</p>
<p>Recent <a href="https://www.tepunahamatatini.ac.nz/2020/04/17/estimated-inequities-in-covid-19-infection-fatality-rates-by-ethnicity-for-aotearoa-new-zealand/">modelling</a> shows the COVID-19 infection fatality rate varies by ethnicity. In New Zealand, it is around 50% higher for Māori (if age is the main factor) and more than 2.5 times that of New Zealanders of European descent if underlying health conditions are taken into account. </p>
<p>In the face of so many challenges – COVID-19, climate change, poverty – we have significant opportunities. One is to learn from the current experience, which has shown everyone the importance of thinking beyond individual well-being, to develop a well-being framework that better reflects diversity. </p>
<p>At least in its current form, New Zealand’s Living Standards Framework is missing diverse voices, especially of our most vulnerable communities such as children, older people, Māori and Pasifika communities. </p>
<p>Around the world, work is underway on how to develop well-being indicators for <a href="https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9780230284814">children</a>, <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/activity/mds/projects/HaPS/HE/ICECAP/ICECAP-O/index.aspx">older people</a>, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875067211000320">people with disabilities</a>, and <a href="http://www.yawuru.org.au/community/mabu-liyan-framework/?doing_wp_cron=1586926628.5647659301757812500000">Indigenous communities</a>. </p>
<p>So too are well-being initiatives undertaken by local Māori communities. The tribal census undertaken by <a href="https://ngatiwhatuaorakei.com/">Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei</a> is an example of communities committed to the aspirations of their people. To do this, we need to rethink long-standing assumptions about what well-being is and how it is measured. </p>
<p>Beyond this current crisis, we need to apply the same collective approach – of <a href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/411097/covid-19-how-to-protect-yourself-and-others">protecting each other</a> to protect ourselves – to the other social and political challenges we face. By doing that, we could create a better future for all of us.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/136175/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Krushil Watene receives funding from The Royal Society of NZ, and the Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment. She is affiliated with Ngāti Manu, Te Hikutu, Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei, Tonga </span></em></p>When our COVID-19 lockdowns end, we can’t afford to stop caring about collective well-being. NZ is well positioned to show the world how it’s done – if we listen to Māori and other diverse voices.Krushil Watene, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Massey UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1356422020-04-08T04:29:40Z2020-04-08T04:29:40ZTime well spent, not wasted: video games are boosting well-being during the coronavirus lockdown<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/326352/original/file-20200408-108521-bnsblv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=48%2C54%2C4537%2C3389&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/uk-march-2020-nintendo-switch-games-1689791188">Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>The same week social distancing measures were announced in Australia (March 16 – March 22), sales of game consoles leaped 285.6%. Prior to this, sales were declining month on month. </p>
<p>We’ve also seen a 278.5% spike in physical game <a href="https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-03-28-what-is-happening-with-video-game-sales-during-coronavirus">sales</a>, spurred by the release of <a href="https://store.steampowered.com/app/782330/DOOM_Eternal/">Doom Eternal</a> and <a href="https://www.nintendo.com.au/catalogue/animal-crossing-new-horizons">Animal Crossing: New Horizons</a>. COVID-19 is clearly having an impact on our shopping habits beyond toilet paper. </p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1246708143653937152"}"></div></p>
<p>Looking at the games leaping up the UK charts in <a href="https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-03-30-strong-week-for-uk-physical-game-sales-despite-lockdown">late March</a>, the top five (which all enjoyed a 200%+ bump in sales) provide robust multiplayer experiences. Apart from Doom and Animal Crossing, we see the latest releases from Call of Duty, FIFA, and Mario Kart. These games aren’t simply about escaping reality, but about going somewhere <em>together</em>. </p>
<p>Yet, to those who aren’t already avid players, video games might be viewed as juvenile – a waste of time lacking redemptive qualities. In the era of the <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/innovation/data-overload-quantified-self-really-future-n189596">quantified self</a>, where we’re pushed to use technology to track and “optimise” ourselves endlessly, even those who do enjoy games may feel guilty for not being more “productive”. </p>
<p>On the contrary, we have found video games help satisfy fundamental psychological needs, and therefore have enormous value <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jan/05/why-grown-ups-should-play-more-video-games">for all ages</a>.</p>
<h2>What people need</h2>
<p>According to <a href="https://selfdeterminationtheory.org/theory/">Self-Determination Theory</a>, people have three psychological needs:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>autonomy</strong> is about feeling you have choices, can act in accordance with your values, and pursue meaningful goals</li>
<li><strong>competence</strong> is about feeling effective and capable of overcoming problems</li>
<li><strong>relatedness</strong> is about feeling connected to others. </li>
</ul>
<p>The satisfaction of these basic psychological needs <a href="https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01">leads to greater well-being and motivation</a>. If being stuck at home is reducing your happiness and well-being, this could be due to reduced satisfaction of one or more of these needs. For instance, your sense of autonomy may be undermined when forced to self-isolate, as you can’t partake in many of your usual activities.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/video-games-could-help-uncover-your-hidden-talents-and-make-you-happier-112103">Video games could help uncover your hidden talents – and make you happier</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Your sense of competence might have also taken a hit, by missing out on the daily “wins” that can come through leisure pursuits or problem-solving at work. You also likely can’t see your colleagues, neighbours, friends, and family as often, which can undermine feelings of relatedness. </p>
<p>Feeling powerless is also common <a href="https://epha.org/the-dangers-of-social-isolation-during-a-pandemic/">during pandemics</a>.</p>
<p>Fortunately, many of us have found other ways of satisfying these needs through technology, such as using webcams and microphones to have online interactions. It’s not the same as a face-to-face meeting, but it helps maintain connection and satisfies our desire for relatedness. </p>
<h2>What games provide</h2>
<p>Video games can also satisfy these needs and may be a great way to spend some time during this crisis. </p>
<p>Research shows games <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9051-8">help facilitate a sense of autonomy</a> by giving players freedom of choice and, depending on the game, a meaningful narrative for completing tasks. Well-designed <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019440">games also facilitate a feeling of competence</a> by presenting challenges that aren’t too hard or too easy and feel rewarding to overcome. </p>
<p>They offer a clearly defined “sense of progress and achievability”, as <a href="https://www.polygon.com/2020/4/2/21201065/animal-crossing-new-horizons-calm-mindfulness-coronavirus-quarantine">Jennifer Scheurle explains</a>. This is especially valuable during lockdown when your days may feel monotonous.</p>
<p>Games also offer <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019440">a sense of relatedness</a>. This could be through playing with friends, or even connecting with a stranger online (with whom you may be <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000145">battling a common enemy</a>). </p>
<p>Humans are hardwired for connection. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ppar/article/27/4/127/4782506">Plenty of literature</a> has established a link between loneliness and early death, and <a href="https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25663/social-isolation-and-loneliness-in-older-adults-opportunities-for-the">increased risk of disease for older people</a>.</p>
<p>Research suggests gamers can also feel a sense of <a href="https://doi.org/10.1386/jgvw.11.3.289_1">relatedness with virtual characters and the game world itself</a>, adding to the overall enjoyment of playing. Caring about a character and their plight (relatedness) motivates players to help them (autonomy), and enhances their sense of competence when they succeed. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/social-distancing-can-make-you-lonely-heres-how-to-stay-connected-when-youre-in-lockdown-133693">Social distancing can make you lonely. Here's how to stay connected when you're in lockdown</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>All good things in moderation</h2>
<p>While playing games is psychologically valuable, it’s important to do so in moderation. <a href="https://childmind.org/article/healthy-limits-on-video-games/">The Child Mind Institute recommends</a> about one to two (maximum) hours per day of gaming for children. For kids older than six, they encourage parents to “determine the appropriate amount of time”.</p>
<p>While there is no universal consensus on how much gaming is “too much” for adults, the answer is likely less to do with hours of play, and more to do with being aware of one’s susceptibility to <a href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/12/6/18050680/video-game-addiction-gaming-disorder-who">video game addiction</a>. That said, <a href="https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16020224">research suggests</a> only about 1-3% of gamers are at risk of addiction. If you are concerned, you can try <a href="https://do-i-play-too-much-videogames.com/survey/wznn9s7zcy7r/8yr8wul6lop4">this test</a> that was <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/hnewman/2019/05/31/researchers-release-new-test-for-video-gaming-addiction/#2363b85e279c">trialled</a> in a <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332428375_Measurement_and_conceptualization_of_Gaming_Disorder_according_to_the_World_Health_Organization_framework_The_development_of_the_Gaming_Disorder_Test">paper</a> published by the International Journal of Health and Addiction.</p>
<p>Eating healthy, <a href="https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/diet-and-mental-health">minimising alcohol consumption</a>, <a href="https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/exercise-and-mental-health">exercising</a>, and getting about seven to nine <a href="https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/sleep">hours of sleep</a> are also important for maintaining physical and mental health. </p>
<h2>In the virtual world, do virtually anything</h2>
<p>If life in lockdown is creating a sense of ennui for you, consider playing video games to keep your basic psychological needs satisfied. If you’re already playing, keep doing it (in moderation) without feeling guilty.</p>
<p>And if you see yourself as “not much of a gamer”, still consider giving it a try. The range of digital games is enormously broad, and there are many <a href="https://www.windowscentral.com/how-get-started-pc-gaming">online</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/feb/18/how-do-i-start-playing-video-games-a-beginners-guide">guides</a> for beginners wanting to get in on the action. </p>
<p>Whether you enjoy <a href="https://www.chess.com/article/view/the-best-chess-apps">chess</a>, want to explore the <a href="https://unknownworlds.com/subnautica/">ocean</a>, or live the island life <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/18/21184928/animal-crossing-new-horizons-nintendo-switch-interview-tom-nook">while working for a Japanese raccoon dog</a> – there’s something out there for you.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/135642/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>We live in the time of the ‘quantified self’. This means we’re constantly under pressure to use technology to ‘optimise’ ourselves, and may be why many people view gaming as a ‘waste of time’.Brad Elphinstone, Lecturer in psychology., Swinburne University of TechnologySteven Conway, Senior Lecturer - Games and Interactivity, Swinburne University of TechnologyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/841752018-04-25T12:55:45Z2018-04-25T12:55:45ZStimulating the pathway connecting body and brain may change chronic condition patients’ lives<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/216307/original/file-20180425-175054-veuzoe.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/young-girl-thinking-glowing-brain-illustration-216939148?src=OTG3nlqxSDhn4gfE87creg-1-94">ra2studio/Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>Health and wellbeing is something of a buzz phrase these days. It’s become almost an ideal state: if one takes care of their health and wellbeing, then they will be “healthy”.</p>
<p>But what exactly is health and wellbeing? The World Health Organization defines health as <a href="http://www.who.int/about/mission/en/">complete physical, mental and social wellbeing</a>. “Wellbeing” is defined in dictionaries as anything from the physical state of being comfortable, to health and happiness. However, these definitions suggest that patients with chronic diseases or lifelong injuries cannot be healthy and/or happy. </p>
<p>By contrast, some have argued that people with cancer <a href="http://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2016/07/19/richard-smith-what-are-the-causes-of-health/">might be considered healthy</a> if they have the following attributes: optimism, sense of control, purpose and meaning, positive social ties, and a nurturing family. </p>
<p>We also think that wellbeing in patients with chronic conditions can be improved – it just takes a different approach. At Swansea University’s <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2018/apr/24/guardian-university-awards-2018-the-winners">award-winning</a> <a href="http://www.swansea.ac.uk/hwa/">health and wellbeing academy</a>, we have been providing a unique service for brain injury patients – <a href="http://www.swansea.ac.uk/hwa/collaborations/positivepsychology/">“happiness” groups</a>.</p>
<p>Despite the name, this strategy is not just limited to making people “happy” again. Over eight weeks, the participants cover a variety of topics, such as positive health, positive emotions, and building meaning and purpose in life. We help them identify and focus on their strengths rather than their weaknesses, and to develop positive social relationships with other group members. In addition, we encourage patients to take part in different activities, such as technology projects and other <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/healthcare-network/2016/nov/16/construction-project-rebuilds-lives-brain-injury-mental-illness">outdoor skill building programmes</a>, through which clinicians weave neuro-rehabilitation and psychological therapies. </p>
<p>Our aim is to treat both physical health conditions and improve mental wellbeing by stimulating the <a href="https://theconversation.com/from-decapitation-to-positive-psychology-how-one-nerve-connects-body-brain-and-mind-70685">pathway that connects both body and mind</a>: the vagus nerve.</p>
<h2>What patients need</h2>
<p>Brain injury is a condition that leads to a <a href="https://theconversation.com/can-a-brain-injury-change-who-you-are-95081">change in one’s identity</a> for which little help is available. Patients usually have <a href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77958127620&origin=inward&txGid=202161a39ac2827510c99f209a199d80">psychological treatments</a> – such as cognitive behavioural therapy – as well as education and reassurance. While doctors typically focus on reducing impairment, we have found that this is not what what patients say they need. They want opportunities to use their strengths, to contribute and feel valued. </p>
<figure class="align-right zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/216249/original/file-20180425-175061-cv5w8v.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/216249/original/file-20180425-175061-cv5w8v.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/216249/original/file-20180425-175061-cv5w8v.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=800&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/216249/original/file-20180425-175061-cv5w8v.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=800&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/216249/original/file-20180425-175061-cv5w8v.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=800&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/216249/original/file-20180425-175061-cv5w8v.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=1005&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/216249/original/file-20180425-175061-cv5w8v.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=1005&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/216249/original/file-20180425-175061-cv5w8v.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=1005&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">3D rendering of the vagus nerve.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-illustration/3d-rendered-medically-accurate-illustration-vagus-729010903?src=9Uq-39aUhuyM8NcOmMgTGA-1-0">Sebastian Kaulitzki/Shutterstock</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>As researchers, <a href="https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa34132">we are especially interested</a> in the functioning of the <a href="https://theconversation.com/from-decapitation-to-positive-psychology-how-one-nerve-connects-body-brain-and-mind-70685">vagus nerve</a> and its role in social interactions and longevity. The vagus nerve is associated with our capacity to <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00261/full">regulate emotion</a>, to <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0044014">engage and connect</a> with others, and <a href="https://academic.oup.com/europace/article/15/5/742/673395">may even predict</a> whether or not we survive the next decade.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23649562">Studies</a> have shown that the increases in positive emotion which come from meditation, for example, are dependent on baseline vagal function. However, this research also shows that increases in positive emotion can lead to increased perceptions of social connectedness, which drive further increases in vagal function in an upward spiral relationship. These findings are especially interesting when one considers <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316">other evidence</a> that demonstrates positive social connections have greater effects on longevity than physical activity. And that they have a roughly equivalent effect to stopping smoking 15 cigarettes a day. </p>
<p>Friendship is now considered to be a <a href="http://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(17)30224-3">critical factor</a> impacting on health and wellbeing. Loneliness, meanwhile, significantly <a href="https://theconversation.com/loneliness-on-its-way-to-becoming-britains-most-lethal-condition-94775">increases the risk of premature death</a>. It is entirely possible that the vagus nerve mediates these outcomes, which is why we are taking such a different approach with our groups.</p>
<h2>A new approach</h2>
<p>To further explain what we are doing, we have recently developed a “<a href="https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa34132">GENIAL</a>” model, which highlights the effects that connecting with others has on vagal nerve function – and what augmenting vagal function might do to our social relationships – and health and wellbeing. </p>
<p>In English, the word “genial” means “friendly”, so this acronym helps to emphasise the important role of positive social relationships in health. We also use GENIAL as an acronym to refer to the fact that there is more than one way to achieve health and wellbeing. For example, it encompasses the ways that different genes interact with environmental stimuli, which in turn influences the vagal nerve function that underpins social interactions, and the downstream physiological cascade leading to longevity or premature mortality.</p>
<p>The model also helps to facilitate our group activities. Participants learn, for instance, that vagal function can be enhanced through a variety of positive health behaviours such as <a href="https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Fulltext/1997/06000/Physical_fitness_as_a_determinant_of_vagal.12.aspx">physical activity</a>, <a href="https://journals.lww.com/behaviouralpharm/Fulltext/2018/04000/Heart_rate_variability___a_biomarker_to_study_the.5.aspx">diet</a>, as well as techniques used in positive psychology such as <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23649562">meditation</a>.</p>
<p>Over the last decade, there has been much new knowledge generated by researchers on how to improve health and wellbeing. But while public health advocates remain focused on behaviours such as exercise, diet and alcohol consumption, <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-ignoring-mental-wellbeing-is-a-risk-to-public-health-40928">they miss other opportunities</a>. </p>
<p>Our model and group strategy, on the other hand, take a different approach. They were inspired by patient feedback and scientific evidence including developments in positive psychology. But this is not just about personal health and wellbeing. Ideas like ours have the potential to revolutionise the health service and communities, too.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/84175/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Zoe Fisher works as a clinical psychologist in NHS ABMU health board, as a Consultant Clinical Psychologist at Fieldbay ltd (a private complex care organisation) and as a partner in the company, Positive Neuro Rehab (private neuropsychology practice). The work described here relates solely to the collaboration between ABMU Health Board and Swansea University. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Andrew H Kemp is the Director of Research for the Health and Wellbeing Academy (HWA) at Swansea University, which was recently awarded the Guardian University Award (2018) for social and community impact: <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2018/apr/24/guardian-university-awards-2018-the-winners">https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2018/apr/24/guardian-university-awards-2018-the-winners</a>. The work by Dr Fisher and Dr Kemp on brain injury is being conducted in the HWA.</span></em></p>By focusing on one nerve, researchers have found a way to vastly improve chronic patients’ health and wellbeing.Zoe Fisher, Clinical Psychologist, Swansea UniversityAndrew H Kemp, Associate Professor, Swansea UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/605792016-10-05T14:04:27Z2016-10-05T14:04:27ZImproving with age – our perception of growing old needs some get up and go<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/140356/original/image-20161004-16660-1xbs8l5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Making waves.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-3117624/stock-photo-older-gentleman-in-action.html?src=0X5fzdRuBZPBpf386ACUSA-1-34">Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>“Weak”, “sick”, “immobile”, “decrepit”, “lonely”, “depressed”. If the prospect of growing old brings thoughts like these to mind, <a href="http://www.elsa-project.ac.uk/uploads/elsa/report06/ch11.pdf">you are not alone</a>. It seems that many people – of all age groups – have a preconceived idea of what being old will be like. And it’s generally not good.</p>
<p>These negative perceptions of ageing are <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1360786031000150702">hugely problematic</a>. They can support ageist attitudes, negatively impact on relationships with older adults and cause a deep anxiety about the future. So how do we find ourselves in a position where the later chapters of our life can often feel like a foregone conclusion of deterioration and misery?</p>
<p>The images of ageing that are encountered on a daily basis go some way to explain. Adverts, birthday cards, health information leaflets, even road signs all provide us with clues and cues as to what growing older apparently entails. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/140475/original/image-20161005-14212-1812sim.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/140475/original/image-20161005-14212-1812sim.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140475/original/image-20161005-14212-1812sim.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140475/original/image-20161005-14212-1812sim.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140475/original/image-20161005-14212-1812sim.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=501&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140475/original/image-20161005-14212-1812sim.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=501&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140475/original/image-20161005-14212-1812sim.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=501&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Signs of the times.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-114272338/stock-photo-elderly-people-road-sign-in-english-village.html?src=PRJTSLGoKp1IzI2PoFBLsw-1-2">Shutterstock</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>We read news stories warning of the burden that “baby boomers” are <a href="http://citywire.co.uk/money/how-long-can-babyboomers-expect-a-free-lunch/a886351">placing on pension reforms</a> and already stretched healthcare systems. Stereotypical images are widespread, showing the empty, haunted eyes of the Alzheimer’s patient, or the solitary, lonely figure who sits in the window gazing out wistfully. Loneliness, poverty, neglect and abuse. It’s all there. And <a href="https://theconversation.com/huge-cuts-have-made-elder-care-today-look-like-a-relic-of-the-poor-law-65577">these are real issues</a> which need attention and resolutions. </p>
<p>But what’s also needed is much greater acknowledgement and awareness of the diverse ways that people can, and do, grow older. As wise, experienced and knowledgeable elders, volunteering, caring, running marathons, travelling, mentoring, creating, falling in love, pursuing new hobbies and continuing with old ones. </p>
<p>It’s a long list and one that reflects a shift in what can be expected from a now extended middle age (or <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Cultures-Ageing-Self-Citizen-Body/dp/0582356415">“third age”</a>), particularly in Western societies. As those birthday cards remind us, “60 is the new 40”.</p>
<p>When it comes to running marathons – and less arduous sporting goals – our <a href="https://ageingpa.tumblr.com/post/140560298828/in-this-video-participants-from-the-esrc-funded">research</a> shows clearly that physical activity – walking, swimming, cycling, bowls – can have positive influences on people’s experiences of ageing. It has <a href="http://opus.bath.ac.uk/48719/">also shown</a> how physically active older adults can challenge other people’s negative perceptions of ageing. </p>
<p>How exactly does this happen? One way is via the “shock factor”, encountered when we see or hear about the older body doing something unexpected. This is an intention of professional photographer <a href="http://alexrotasphotography.co.uk/#home">Alex Rotas</a> with her <a href="https://ageingpa.tumblr.com/post/144289967618/re-imagining-the-ageing-body-with-alex-rotas">images of masters (or veteran) athletes</a>. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/140501/original/image-20161005-14246-1s8dw03.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/140501/original/image-20161005-14246-1s8dw03.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140501/original/image-20161005-14246-1s8dw03.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140501/original/image-20161005-14246-1s8dw03.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140501/original/image-20161005-14246-1s8dw03.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140501/original/image-20161005-14246-1s8dw03.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140501/original/image-20161005-14246-1s8dw03.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Hildegund Buerkle, born 1934, setting a new European Record for the women’s 100m sprint in her age band, 2014.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="http://alexrotasphotography.co.uk/portfolio/postcards/">Alex Rotas</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Then there is the work that veteran athletes themselves might do. <a href="http://opus.bath.ac.uk/48698/">Research</a> with mature natural (drug-free) bodybuilders has demonstrated the different ways that these older adults use their hyper-muscular physiques to resist stereotypical images of frailty and deep seated ideas about age appropriate behaviour. </p>
<h2>This sporting life</h2>
<p>Of course, people do not need to notch up a list of completed marathons or start pumping iron to loosen the hold of negative stereotypes.</p>
<figure class="align-right ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/140533/original/image-20161005-14232-13aes4w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/140533/original/image-20161005-14232-13aes4w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=902&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140533/original/image-20161005-14232-13aes4w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=902&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140533/original/image-20161005-14232-13aes4w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=902&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140533/original/image-20161005-14232-13aes4w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=1133&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140533/original/image-20161005-14232-13aes4w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=1133&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140533/original/image-20161005-14232-13aes4w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=1133&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">A walk in the park.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-90162979/stock-photo-senior-couple-walking-in-park.html?src=LievtdT0TB1vRbxS3gQuzA-2-0">Shutterstock</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Emphasising the many different <a href="http://opus.bath.ac.uk/48696/">feelings of pleasure</a> that being physically active can evoke – be it the “exhilaration” of zooming downhill on a bike, cake and coffee with fellow swimmers after a dip in the pool, or the process of documenting a favourite walk – can move discussions of older bodies within the context of physical activity, beyond the current fixation on disease and illness. </p>
<p>In a similar vein, we might stress how in certain physical activity settings (the culture of <a href="https://theconversation.com/parkrun-is-an-important-movement-and-should-remain-free-for-participants-58097">Parkrun</a> being a perfect example), growing older can bring a sense of liberation. An ability to care a little less about identities developed (or indeed imposed) long ago around “not being the sporty type” and give <a href="http://opus.bath.ac.uk/48715/">something new a try</a>. </p>
<p>Rethinking this life stage as a time where new skills, whatever they are, can be learned is helpful. It shifts the focus from loss to ideas of growth, interest, experience and wisdom. </p>
<p>All this is not to champion sport and physical activity – nor those who engage in it – as the cure for all real and perceived social ills that accompany growing older in the 21st century. Being physically active in older age can bring feelings of fulfilment to the lives of many who engage in its numerous forms. It can also act as a site for social change by enabling negative stereotypes of ageing to be challenged. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/140503/original/image-20161005-14219-usq4ia.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/140503/original/image-20161005-14219-usq4ia.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140503/original/image-20161005-14219-usq4ia.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140503/original/image-20161005-14219-usq4ia.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140503/original/image-20161005-14219-usq4ia.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140503/original/image-20161005-14219-usq4ia.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/140503/original/image-20161005-14219-usq4ia.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Over 75s hockey match.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="http://alexrotasphotography.co.uk/#portfolio">Alex Rotas</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>But to think about how sport and physical activity can impact upon perceptions and experiences of ageing, is to create and support lifelong opportunities. It is not to pursue a new template for “ageing well”, where those who don’t (or won’t) conform are less valued. </p>
<p>Striving for different ways of thinking about a life stage involves celebrating diversity, not replacing one damaging story with another.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/60579/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Cassandra Phoenix receives funding from the Economic and Social Research Council and the National Institute for Health Research. She is a member of the British Society of Gerontology. </span></em></p>Growing old gracefully with a spring in your step.Cassandra Phoenix, Reader (Associate Professor), Department for Health, University of BathLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/564212016-04-24T20:51:37Z2016-04-24T20:51:37ZMost people just park themselves, so how do we promote more healthy activity in public parks?<p>Parks are central to the concept of liveable cities. They are an important public resource that provide opportunities for people of all ages to be physically active, connect socially with family and friends, meet and interact with others, and for children to play freely. </p>
<p>Despite the opportunities parks present for physical activity, our Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition research, in partnership with Parks Victoria, Brimbank City Council, the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and City West Water, has shown that parks are generally under-utilised and most visitors are <a href="http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-015-1960-6">not very active in the park</a>.</p>
<p>It is predicted that Australia’s <a href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/lookup/3222.0Media%20Release12012%20(base)%20to%202101">population will double by 2075</a>, with most growth expected in capital cities. By 2026 it is expected that <a href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3222.0Main%20Features82012%20(base)%20to%202101?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3222.0&issue=2012%20(base)%20to%202101&num=&view=">two-thirds more people will live in Melbourne</a> alone. Similar growth is expected in <a href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3222.0Main%20Features32012%20(base)%20to%202101?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3222.0&issue=2012%20(base)%20to%202101&num=&view=">other major urban centres</a> across Australia. </p>
<p>This means more people living and working in higher-density neighbourhoods in the very near future. And, in turn, there will be more people needing to use parks to maintain their physical and mental health. </p>
<p>Thankfully, parks are available in most neighbourhoods, are generally free to use and are enjoyed by diverse population groups. But population growth will increase demand on existing parks and heighten the need to provide sufficient and appropriately designed parks. </p>
<p>The availability of high-quality parks will be critical for future generations. Unfortunately, local councils often need to justify keeping existing parks and providing for essential maintenance and refurbishment. </p>
<h2>Why do park activities matter?</h2>
<p>Inactivity is one of the top contributors to the burden of disease in Australia, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and is one of the drivers of the current obesity epidemic. A staggering 70% of children and adolescents and 60% of adults do not do enough physical activity. </p>
<p>This is where parks provide an important free venue where people can be active. Examples of this include walking, jogging, cycling, group fitness, ball sports and exercising the dog. Walking to parks provides further opportunities for people to be active. </p>
<p>Just last week an international study involving 14 cities in ten countries found that the more parks people had near home, the <a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)01284-2/abstract">more active they were</a>.</p>
<p>In our recent study, however, we observed activity levels of park visitors and found that, of 4,756 visitors, most (62%) were reclining, sitting or standing. Only 29% were observed in moderate-intensity activities such as brisk walking and 9% in vigorous-intensity activities such as jogging. </p>
<p>Although spending time in parks may benefit mental health, it is important to provide settings that encourage park users to engage in physical activity. This includes overcoming some of the barriers to visiting and being active in parks, such as: </p>
<ul>
<li><p>safety concerns about strangers in the park;</p></li>
<li><p>parents not allowing children to visit the park without parental supervision;</p></li>
<li><p>poor park quality, condition and attractiveness;</p></li>
<li><p>lack of suitable facilities and amenities;</p></li>
<li><p>unsuitable size for physical activity; and</p></li>
<li><p>poor access making parks difficult to reach.</p></li>
</ul>
<h2>So how can we promote more active use?</h2>
<p>Creating new parks or modifying existing parks to provide amenities and facilities that encourage visitors to engage in physical activity may be important long-term ways to increase physical activity in our community and enhance liveability. </p>
<p>However, to increase park visits and physical activity we need to know what features and amenities are needed for whom and what is most important. It is essential to understand these factors so we can design and create parks that meet the needs of our growing population.</p>
<p>Several natural experiments we have conducted have started to examine just this. We are conducting a study to examine the impact of installing a playscape <a href="http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-14-600">in a large metropolitan park</a>. </p>
<p>A previous study in a small park (25,000m²) found that modest improvements (installing a small playground, walking track, off-leash dog area and landscaping) resulted in increases of more than 400% in park use and 600% in people <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22608379">engaged in vigorous physical activity</a>. So even modest improvements can dramatically increase park usage and physical activity.</p>
<p>Parks are fundamental to vibrant and healthy liveable cities. Evidence-based planning and investment are needed to protect, maintain and improve our parks. This will enable parks to attract visitors, provide opportunities for a range of physical activities and meet the needs of a growing population in a changing urban landscape.</p>
<p>In particular, based on our research, we offer these conclusions: </p>
<ul>
<li><p>Government policy at all levels is needed to protect existing green space.</p></li>
<li><p>Government policy on access to green space must consider the quality and usability of the space.</p></li>
<li><p>Guidelines for optimal park size, placement and design are needed to maximise visitor numbers and enhance levels of physical activity and social connectedness.</p></li>
<li><p>Parks must be designed to be appealing and beneficial for people of all ages.</p></li>
</ul><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/56421/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Jenny Veitch is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship (ID 1053426). She has received relevant funding from the Australian Research Council, VicHealth and City West Water.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Anna Timperio is supported by a National Heart Foundation of Australia Future Leader Fellowship (Award 100046). She has received relevant funding from the Australian Research Council, National Health and Medical Research Council, US National Institutes of Health (sub-award), Department of Human Services, VicHealth, Healthway and City West Water. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Jo Salmon is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Principal Research Fellowship (APP1026216). She has received relevant funding from the Australian Research Council, National Health and Medical Research Council, US National Institutes of Health (sub-award), Department of Human Services, VicHealth and City West Water.</span></em></p>Parks are found in most neighbourhoods, generally free to use and are enjoyed by diverse groups. Although most visitors don’t use parks for physical activity, modest improvements can change that.Jenny Veitch, Senior Research Fellow, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin UniversityAnna Timperio, NHF Future Leader Fellow, Deakin UniversityJo Salmon, Alfred Deakin Professor, Deakin UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/491532015-10-27T04:14:19Z2015-10-27T04:14:19ZPoverty is driving a rise in the number of Nigerian child hawkers<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/99653/original/image-20151026-18426-13cbfyr.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">The number of child street hawkers is on the rise in Nigeria.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Reuters/Akintunde Akinleye </span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Child street hawking is common sight on streets in Nigeria’s cities. Children sell products such as boiled groundnut, fruit and chips that they carry on trays balanced on their heads.</p>
<p>In recent months, the practise has been on the <a href="http://www.aessweb.com/pdf-files/114-137.pdf">rise</a>. The increase is the result of spiralling <a href="http://www.interesjournals.org/full-articles/the-menace-of-street-hawking-in-aba-metropolis-south-east-nigeria.pdf?view=inline">poverty</a> and the worsening <a href="http://www.poverties.org/poverty-in-nigeria.html">economic situation</a>.</p>
<p>The International Labour Organisation estimates that in Nigeria about 14 million children between the ages of five and 14 are involved in a form of <a href="http://www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/viewProduct.do?productId=25517">economic activity</a>. </p>
<p>Globally there are <a href="http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/child-labour/lang--en/index.htm">168 million</a> children involved in child labour. Of these, 59 million are from sub-Saharan Africa.</p>
<p>Child street hawking is one of the main forms of child labour. Others include children working at building sites or on farms. Nigeria’s <a href="http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/nigeria-population/">population</a> is estimated at 183 million with about 50% below the age of 18. There is a need for the government to make adequate provisions for education, care and protection for this group, if the nation wants to progress.</p>
<p>In 2008, the Lagos state government <a href="http://www.nairaland.com/198652/lagos-bans-hawking-children-during">banned</a> child street hawking during school hours to reduce the practice. But since then, addressing child street hawking has not been on the government’s agenda. </p>
<p>Street hawking has huge implications for children’s physical and emotional <a href="http://www.sciedu.ca/journal/index.php/wje/article/download/783/383">well-being</a>. It exposes them to <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20695046">sexual abuse</a>, physical exhaustion, vehicle accidents, death and <a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?rh08027">malnourishment</a> and drug and <a href="http://www.sciedu.ca/journal/index.php/wje/article/download/783/383">substance abuse</a> and prostitution. </p>
<p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20695046">Research</a> shows that among the young girls who street hawk, there is a low awareness of pregnancy or the risk of sexually transmitted infections. </p>
<h2>Child exploitation</h2>
<p>Researchers have described child street hawking as an exploitative form of <a href="http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JSS/JSS-24-0-000-10-Web/JSS-24-3-000-10-Abst-PDF/JSS-24-3-189-10-972-Nseabasi-A/JSS-24-3-189-10-972-Nseabasi-A-Tt.pdf">child labour</a>. </p>
<p>There are three ways that children become street hawkers. First, most of them are <a href="http://www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/download.do;jsessionid=3099791ad77a320f85ead2e703a1418708dbdb1340d6511d9ecb7336792b219a.e3aTbhuLbNmSe34MchaRahaKah50?type=document&id=767">trafficked</a> from the rural communities to the cities for illicit businesses. </p>
<p>The second way is through their parents, who send them to the street to hawk to supplement their family income. In most cases, their families migrated to the city on their own but could not cope with the high cost of living. </p>
<p>Deplorable living conditions and the high rate of unemployment in rural communities because of the government’s focus on development projects in <a href="http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijpr/2013/610193/">cities</a> have given people no option but to migrate to the city. It fosters the notion that migrating to the city is the best way to break the <a href="http://www.bjournal.co.uk/paper/BJASS_16_2/BJASS_16_02_08.pdf">poverty</a> cycle.</p>
<p>Third, they are <a href="http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/download/89/94">orphans</a> who lost their parents either to disease or terrorist activity. They live on the street and hawk for survival.</p>
<h2>Against the law</h2>
<p>Child street hawking opposes the <a href="http://www.unicef.org/crc/files/Rights_overview.pdf">UN Convention on the Rights of the Child</a>. Nigeria is a signatory to the convention, which was established in 1989. The convention makes it an offence to involve children in an activity which impacts negatively on their health and well-being. The convention also emphasises the need for the government to protect children from exploitation.</p>
<p>In addition to the convention, Nigeria’s <a href="http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/WCARO_Nigeria_Factsheets_CRA.pdf">Child Rights Act</a> has similar provisions. It says children should be protected from trafficking and/or street hawking. But the implementation of these provisions has been abysmal to date. Children are still being trafficked and pushed into street hawking despite the many dangers associated with it.</p>
<p>In the past the government has provided some structural interventions. These include the <a href="http://ubeconline.com/">Universal Basic Education</a> programme. Introduced in 1999, it was intended to guarantee tuition-free compulsory basic education for all children in Nigeria. But due to poor infrastructure, inadequate funding and lowering education <a href="http://www.medwelljournals.com/fulltext/?doi=pjssci.2009.252.259">standards</a>, the impact is yet to be felt.</p>
<h2>Creating a protective environment</h2>
<p>Despite the emotional trauma and physical dangers these vulnerable children face, little is being done to protect them or to discourage such practices. Poverty alleviation, health education and protective child rights policies would decrease the prevalence of child street hawking.</p>
<p>The parents of children who street hawk should be empowered economically to be able to take care of them. But the government should also <a href="http://www.interesjournals.org/full-articles/health-problems-of-child-hawkers-in-uyo-south-south-nigeria.pdf?view=inline">create awareness</a> about child trafficking and provide affected children with support. </p>
<p>Constantly denying children their right to be protected and cared for has an impact on their effective development and well-being and is an injustice. A concerted effort should be made to implement the UN convention and the provisions of the Child Rights Act. </p>
<p>More importantly, the government must understand the psychological impact of this trade. It must tailor interventions to meet the needs of these children and to reduce the practice.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/49153/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Nzubechukwu Okeke does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Children who hawk goods on their heads on Nigeria’s streets face an array of health hazards and physical dangers. The government must take steps to reduce this practice.Nzubechukwu Okeke, PhD Student, Cardiff Metropolitan UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.