tag:theconversation.com,2011:/global/topics/timeline-12716/articlesTimeline – The Conversation2018-06-11T20:38:02Ztag:theconversation.com,2011:article/969172018-06-11T20:38:02Z2018-06-11T20:38:02ZIs Russia worthy of hosting the World Cup?<p><em>This article is the first in our World Cup series exploring the politics, economics and social issues behind the world’s most popular sport event.</em></p>
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<p>With the <a href="http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/">FIFA World Cup</a> just days away, I have been chatting with people on my travels through central and northern Europe to gauge their opinions about Russia being the host. </p>
<p>Several people have simply sighed, resigned to the fact that nefarious FIFA politics won the day. One Prague taxi driver, remembering the <a href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/soviet-invasion-czechoslavkia">Soviet-led invasion of his country in 1968</a>, hated the idea, but another Czech shrugged and said that most people, especially those too young to remember Communist rule, would just focus on the football. </p>
<p>Indeed, many football fans will be thinking only of stoppage-time goals, dubious penalties and defence-splitting passes when the tournament kicks off on Thursday. But it’s also worth reflecting on Russia and the ethics of selecting hosts for major events in today’s commercially driven and politicised sports world.</p>
<h2>The case against Russia</h2>
<p>Every time there is a contest to host a World Cup or Olympics, <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Sport-Media-and-Mega-Events/Wenner-Billings/p/book/9781138930391">debate ensues about the criteria</a> for selection. These include technical matters like the economic and infrastructural capacity to stage a massive spectacle, and an overarching belief in spreading sports like football to new corners of the world. </p>
<p>But non-sporting matters also come into consideration. Organisers always consider the potential that awarding hosting rights to the wrong country could bring a major sporting event into disrepute.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-23/rowe-should-russia-host-the-2018-fifa-world-cup/6414236">Cases have been made against a string</a> of host cities and countries over the years. These include the 1978 Argentina World Cup (military coup), the 1968 Mexico City and 1988 Seoul Olympics (popular demonstrations and violence), the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics (bribery), the 2008 Beijing Olympics (human rights and crackdowns in Tibet) and the 2010 South Africa and 2014 Brazil World Cups (financial mismanagement and lack of preparedness).</p>
<p>So, Russia is by no means the first country to be <a href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-21/russia-world-cup-critics-should-stay-at-home-sepp-blatter/6407902">faced with threats of boycotts or being stripped of its hosting rights</a>. But it is something of a standout case, because of the spectrum of its egregious behaviour since being awarded the World Cup (and 2014 Winter Olympics). What’s remarkable is that Russia has stains on its record both in and outside the sporting world. </p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/russia-how-western-condemnation-lets-putin-off-the-hook-94595">Russia: how Western condemnation lets Putin off the hook</a>
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<p>Inside sport, Russia is most notorious for its wide-ranging state-sponsored doping programme, which included <a href="https://www.bbc.com/sport/36823453">swapping positive-testing urine samples</a> for negative ones through a “mouse hole” in the wall of the anti-doping laboratory at the 2014 Sochi Games. Russian athletes were subsequently <a href="https://theconversation.com/russias-humiliating-ban-from-the-winter-olympics-is-the-right-move-to-protect-integrity-in-sport-88689">banned from flying their national flag</a> and competing under the Team Russia name at the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics and Paralympics. </p>
<p>When it comes to Russia’s misdeeds outside the sporting world, the list is lengthy:</p>
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<p>For foreign football fans visiting Russia, there are additional concerns over hooliganism and the “racism, nationalism, homophobia and sexism” <a href="http://farenet.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/FINAL-SOVA-monitoring-report_2018-6.pdf">that has been well-documented</a> in Russian football.</p>
<h2>FIFA’s culture of money and influence</h2>
<p>Russia, of course, has furiously denied everything, making much outraged noise while pointing out the hypocrisy of its most vocal detractors. The latter reaction has some legitimacy – Russia does not have a monopoly on external aggression, calculated corruption and internal repression. </p>
<p>And although the process by which Russia and Qatar won their World Cup bids was undeniably flawed, there is more than a whiff of hypocrisy among the losers who played their part in the whole charade. Few of the bidding countries for the 2018 and 2022 tournaments came out of American prosecutor Michael Garcia’s <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2017/jun/28/michael-garcia-report-russia-qatar-laughs-not-outrage-fifa">lengthy but imperfect investigation of the decisions unscathed</a>. This includes Australia, which <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-player-played-frank-lowy-and-australias-failed-world-cup-bid-50007">burned a cool $AU45 million</a> of public money on a futile attempt to work its levers of access and persuasion. </p>
<p>But Russia’s sheer effrontery in recent years makes it an especially conspicuous target for those wondering what it would take for a country to be barred from hosting the world’s largest sports party on ethical grounds.</p>
<p>That it hasn’t been stripped of the World Cup says much about global sport’s intensely commercial and political imperatives. Nothing exemplifies this state of affairs more than the emergence of FIFA as <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Football-Corruption-and-Lies-Revisiting-Badfellas-the-book-FIFA-tried/Sugden-Tomlinson/p/book/9781138681774">a machine of money, influence and subterfuge</a> under the presidencies of João Havelange and Sepp Blatter from 1974 to 2015.</p>
<p>FIFA’s moment of truth came with the <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soccer-fifa-arrests/world-soccer-rocked-by-u-s-swiss-arrests-of-officials-for-graft-idUSKBN0OC0B020150527">arrests of a coterie of top officials</a> at its 2015 Zurich congress – a very different image of the organisation than the one propagated in FIFA’s absurdly self-aggrandising 2014 docudrama film <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2814362/">United Passions</a>.</p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/how-to-manage-russia-becomes-one-of-the-most-pressing-questions-in-us-and-world-affairs-71221">How to manage Russia becomes one of the most pressing questions in US, and world, affairs</a>
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<p>Blatter and many of his associates have since been swept away. But there’s been little appetite for voiding the controversial Russia and Qatar victories and re-opening the bidding process, despite the <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/11064794/Ukraine-crisis-Britain-wants-Russia-stripped-of-right-to-host-World-Cup-2018.html">efforts of politicians</a> like former British Prime Minister David Cameron. </p>
<p>Nor have there been realistic calls for team boycotts of the 2018 World Cup. <a href="https://theworldgame.sbs.com.au/foreign-minister-bishop-responds-to-australia-world-cup-boycott-talk">Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop briefly flagged</a> the idea of a World Cup-related action against Russia, but said a boycott was not under consideration. So far only a few countries have confirmed boycotts by dignitaries, such as <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/world/europe/britain-royals-boycott-world-cup-russia.html">the UK</a>, <a href="http://thenews.pl/1/10/Artykul/359353,MEPs-urge-EU-govts-to-boycott-World-Cup-in-Russia-report">Poland</a> and <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soccer-iceland-worldcup-diplomats/icelands-leaders-to-boycott-russia-world-cup-over-salisbury-attack-idUSKBN1H22SH">Iceland</a>.</p>
<h2>New standards for selecting hosts</h2>
<p>Has FIFA reformed itself sufficiently under new President Gianni Infantino to ensure that a country like Russia will never again be rewarded after fuelling so much international condemnation with its actions?</p>
<p>We may soon get an idea. On June 13, the day before the opening match, the 68th FIFA Congress meets in Moscow to decide the 2026 World Cup host. <a href="https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/hgopypqftviladnm7q90.pdf">There are new rules in place</a>, including a more stringent bid appraisal process and an open ballot of all FIFA member associations. Among the stipulations are:</p>
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<p>Whoever ends up hosting the FIFA World Cup must prove that they know and have what it takes to deliver the tournament. Not only that, they must also formally commit to conducting their activities based on sustainable event management principles and to respecting international human rights and labour standards according to the United Nations’ Guiding Principles.</p>
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<p>There are only two bids for 2026 – Morocco and a North American joint bid submitted by Canada, Mexico and the United States. The former has its <a href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/morocco/western-sahara">own human rights issues</a>, while the latter has US President Donald Trump’s <a href="https://theconversation.com/4-ways-the-supreme-court-could-rule-on-trumps-travel-ban-79247">proposed travel bans</a> and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/30/sports/soccer/trump-world-cup-bid.html">implied threats to countries who do not support the bid</a>.</p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/mixing-politics-and-play-russian-protests-and-sporting-boycotts-17300">Mixing politics and play: Russian protests and sporting boycotts </a>
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<p>Will the new process result in a fair, transparent outcome? Not according to Bonita Mersiades, the whistle-blowing former head of corporate and public affairs at Football Federation Australia and author of <a href="https://www.fairplaypublishing.com.au/product-page/whatever-it-takes-the-inside-story-of-the-fifa-way">Whatever It Takes: The Inside Story of the FIFA Way</a>, and her fellow campaigners at the <a href="http://www.newfifanow.org/">reform advocacy group New FIFA Now</a>.</p>
<p>New FIFA Now, and the recently formed <a href="https://www.ffsi.org.uk/">Foundation for Sports Integrity</a>, argue that a new FIFA governance model under the control of fans and players is required. Among New FIFA Now’s <a href="http://www.newfifanow.org/guiding-principles.html">guiding principles for FIFA reform</a> is this recommendation on selecting future hosts:</p>
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<p>Establish a one-off committee of relevant experts from around the world to investigate and recommend on the staging of future men’s World Cup tournaments. The objective would be to ameliorate the World Cup as a vehicle for geopolitical soft power and brand building of nation states, as well as the construction of ‘white elephants’ and the demands of government guarantees made by FIFA to host nations that compromise and jeopardise international and domestic law.</p>
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<p>Reformist proposals like these are gaining traction as part of widespread push-back against the <a href="https://theconversation.com/major-sports-events-are-they-worth-it-80691">excessive demands and massive costs of hosting mega sport events</a>. The questions posed by Russia’s winning bid should only add to the calls for change. </p>
<p>It’s expected that over 3 billion people will catch at least some of this year’s World Cup over the next month. Let’s hope they look beyond the spectacle to ponder how the beautiful game made its way to Russia at this point in its history and whether it was worth the ethical price.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/96917/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>David Rowe does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Scandal-plagued FIFA says it’s committed to reform. Changing the way World Cup hosts are selected would be a start.David Rowe, Emeritus Professor of Cultural Research, Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sydney UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/509702015-12-06T19:18:32Z2015-12-06T19:18:32ZTimeline: key events in the history of thalidomide<p><em>The timeline below is best viewed on a full screen browser window. To navigate the timeline, click on the arrow on the right to move forward (and on the left to move back).</em></p>
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Documents reveal thalidomide’s manufacturer was warned about possible harms as early as 1956.Emil Jeyaratnam, Data + Interactives Editor, The ConversationSasha Petrova, Section Editor: EducationLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/441342015-07-02T20:15:04Z2015-07-02T20:15:04ZPoison pill? Key events in the history of Greece and the eurozone<p><em>To navigate the timeline below, hover your mouse on the right and click on the arrow to move forward (and on the left to move back).</em></p>
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Greece’s membership of the eurozone has been problematic from the beginning.Charis Palmer, Deputy Editor/Chief of StaffEmil Jeyaratnam, Data + Interactives Editor, The ConversationLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/391172015-03-20T05:58:24Z2015-03-20T05:58:24ZKey events in the life of Malcolm Fraser<p><em>To navigate the timeline below, hover your mouse on the right (and on the left to move back).</em></p>
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From overseeing conscription during the Vietnam War to blocking government supply, Malcolm Fraser tread a rocky path.Charis Palmer, Deputy Editor/Chief of StaffEmil Jeyaratnam, Data + Interactives Editor, The ConversationDiana Hodgetts, EditorLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/383022015-03-03T10:45:00Z2015-03-03T10:45:00ZMedicare co-payment timeline<p>After a couple of days of speculation and hints, Health Minister Sussan Ley has announced the government is dropping its plan to introduce a co-payment for visiting GPs. The policy, announced in last year’s budget, reflected the government’s determination to introduce a price signal for health care and went through several incarnations before its much-anticipated death.</p>
<p><em>To navigate the timeline below, hover your mouse on the right (and on the left to move back).</em></p>
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Finally abandoned on March 3, 2015, the GP co-payment has been something of an albatross around the Coalition government’s neck. Here are some highlights from the 14-month old policy’s short life.Reema Rattan, Global Commissioning EditorFron Jackson-Webb, Deputy Editor and Senior Health EditorEmil Jeyaratnam, Data + Interactives Editor, The ConversationLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/338902014-11-11T19:30:57Z2014-11-11T19:30:57ZKey events in the G20 push on tax avoidance<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/63919/original/89qy3hf3-1415324913.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Pressure is building ahead of the Brisbane G20 Leaders' Summit for action on tax avoidance by multinationals.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Andrew Sutherland/Flickr</span>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>Tax avoidance by multinational enterprises is not new. But the current level of political will and public outcry on the issue is uncommon in the history of taxation. </p>
<p>The upcoming G20 meeting in Brisbane promises to keep the momentum and reiterate the determination of political leaders to address base erosion and profit shifting by corporate groups.</p>
<p>The timeline below reviews the development and key events of the anti-corporate tax avoidance movement so far.</p>
<p><em>To navigate the timeline below, hover your mouse on the right (and on the left to move back). If you can’t see the timeline, click refresh on your browser.</em></p>
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<p><strong>Further reading</strong></p>
<p><a href="https://theconversation.com/irelands-move-to-close-the-double-irish-tax-loophole-unlikely-to-bother-apple-google-33011">Ireland’s move to close the ‘double Irish’ tax loophole unlikely to bother Apple, Google</a></p>
<p><a href="https://theconversation.com/g20-host-australia-faces-hard-truths-of-multinational-profit-shifting-31514">G20 host Australia faces hard truths of multinational profit shifting</a></p>
<p><a href="https://theconversation.com/information-is-power-oecd-tax-plan-puts-apple-and-google-on-notice-31472">Information is power: OECD tax plan puts Apple and Google on notice</a></p>
<p><a href="https://theconversation.com/whats-needed-for-australia-to-seriously-tackle-tax-avoidance-32272">What’s needed for Australia to seriously tackle tax avoidance</a></p>
<p><a href="https://theconversation.com/multinationals-unfazed-by-g20-tax-crackdown-23421">Multinationals unfazed by G20 tax crackdown</a></p>
<p><a href="https://theconversation.com/apple-itax-made-in-ireland-designed-in-the-us-24061">Apple iTax: made in Ireland, designed in the US</a></p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/33890/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Antony Ting does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Tax avoidance by multinational enterprises is not new. But the current level of political will and public outcry on the issue is uncommon in the history of taxation. The upcoming G20 meeting in Brisbane…Antony Ting, Associate Professor, University of SydneyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/332272014-10-21T02:15:31Z2014-10-21T02:15:31ZKey events in the life of Gough Whitlam<p><em>To navigate the timeline below, hover your mouse on the right (and on the left to move back).</em></p>
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To navigate the timeline below, hover your mouse on the right (and on the left to move back).Charis Palmer, Deputy Editor/Chief of StaffEmil Jeyaratnam, Data + Interactives Editor, The ConversationSarah Olle, EditorLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/323282014-10-06T19:35:29Z2014-10-06T19:35:29ZKey events in the 10-year journey towards a China-Australia FTA<p><em>The clock is ticking down to the end of year deadline Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott has given for sign off on a free trade agreement with China. In this China-Australia FTA series we explore what it’s taken to get to this stage, what’s still standing in the way, and what the signed deal will mean for Australian business.</em></p>
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<p><em>To navigate the timeline below, hover your mouse on the right (and on the left to move back).</em></p>
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<p><strong>Further reading</strong></p>
<p><a href="https://theconversation.com/bar-set-low-for-a-do-no-harm-china-australia-fta-32038">Bar set low for a ‘do no harm’ China-Australia FTA
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<p><a href="https://theconversation.com/an-fta-with-china-in-12-months-is-a-big-ask-18957">An FTA with China in 12 months is a big ask</a></p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/32328/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>James Laurenceson does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>The clock is ticking down to the end of year deadline Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott has given for sign off on a free trade agreement with China. In this China-Australia FTA series we explore what…James Laurenceson, Deputy Director and Professor, Australia-China Relations Institute (ACRI), University of Technology SydneyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/317902014-09-18T03:58:24Z2014-09-18T03:58:24ZKey events in the tumultuous life of the floated Aussie dollar<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/59365/original/795c4skm-1411012766.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Punching above its weight? The Aussie dollar has captured the attention of Australians and international investors alike. Rebecca Le May/AAP</span> </figcaption></figure>
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<h2>Further reading</h2>
<p><a href="https://theconversation.com/the-float-australia-had-to-have-21361">The float Australia had to have?</a></p>
<p><a href="https://theconversation.com/intervene-or-wait-the-rba-faces-tricky-path-to-a-lower-dollar-20091">Intervene or wait? The RBA faces a tricky path to a lower dollar</a></p>
<p><a href="https://theconversation.com/reasons-why-we-should-expect-a-lower-australian-dollar-15386">Reasons we should expect a lower Australian dollar</a></p>
<p><a href="https://theconversation.com/the-boom-has-made-the-dollar-a-dazzler-but-australia-is-hardly-a-safe-haven-8047">The boom has made the dollar a dazzler, but Australia is hardly a safe haven</a></p>
<p><a href="https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-a-strong-australian-dollar-actually-means-699">Explainer: what a strong Australian dollar actually means</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/confs/1993/pdf/blundell-wignall-fahrer-heath.pdf">Major influences on the Australian dollar exchange rate</a> - Reserve Bank of Australia</p>
<p><a href="http://www.treasury.gov.au/%7E/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2012/Economic%20Roundup%20Issue%202/Downloads/03_Appreciation_of_the_Aust_dollar.ashx">Understanding the appreciation of the Australian dollar and its policy implications</a> - Australian Treasury</p>
<p><a href="http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfx13fx.pdf">Triennial central bank survey: Foreign exchange turnover in April 2013</a> - Bank for International Settlements</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/31790/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
To navigate the timeline below, hover your mouse on the right (and on the left to move back). Further reading The float Australia had to have? Intervene or wait? The RBA faces a tricky path to a lower…Charis Palmer, Deputy Editor/Chief of StaffEmil Jeyaratnam, Data + Interactives Editor, The ConversationLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/289782014-07-20T20:28:03Z2014-07-20T20:28:03ZKey events in the short history of HIV/AIDS<p><em>To navigate the timeline below, hover your mouse on the right (and on the left to move back).</em></p>
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To navigate the timeline below, hover your mouse on the right (and on the left to move back).Reema Rattan, Global Commissioning EditorEmil Jeyaratnam, Data + Interactives Editor, The ConversationWarren Clark, EditorLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.