Having our cake and eating it too – the big picture on food security

Although Australia is a food exporting country, about 5% of Australian families suffer food insecurity – inadequate access to or supply of food, or inadequate food preparation. Many suffer diet-related health problems, such as obesity, because of inadequate food, and things are getting worse. But our…

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When we’re thinking about food security, it’s not enough to just think about subsistence; we also need creativity and participation. Alicia Rosello Gene

Although Australia is a food exporting country, about 5% of Australian families suffer food insecurity – inadequate access to or supply of food, or inadequate food preparation. Many suffer diet-related health problems, such as obesity, because of inadequate food, and things are getting worse. But our current single-issue approach – tackling either obesity, climate change or water security, for example – is unlikely to solve things.

The growing public interest in food security and sovereignty (control of production) isn’t spawned by a single issue. Australians are worried about vulnerability to climate change, population growth, foreign ownership of land and water resources, oil price rises, social inequities, food waste, diet-related health problems, early deaths in Indigenous Australians, fertiliser price rises and availability, land degradation, river health, biodiversity loss, declining growth in agricultural productivity, ageing population, urbanisation, and globalisation (with the increasing influence of international markets and the increasing power of multinational agribusinesses).

The diversity of these concerns reflects the reality of humans' principal interaction with the environment of the planet: production of food. The diversity of concerns also ensures the public’s interest in food security will grow as these concerns grow.

While most food related research is aimed at improving profits in agribusinesses – including supermarkets – the wide scope of people’s concerns ought to be addressed in publicly funded research. Much of this public-funded research will be spent on individual concerns, such as “climate change and food security”, "population growth and food security” or “GM and food security”. While such focused research may answer specific problems it will fail to address the many interacting factors that are bearing down on our ability to feed ourselves adequately and maintain things we value such as native habitat and animals.

To get a multi-disciplinary or trans-disciplinary approach we need to frame food security and sovereignty using two ideas: systems and securities.

First, systems. The food system is part of larger social-ecological systems where people interact with the world’s biophysical landscapes and processes. So research into food security should be undertaken within the frame of social-ecological systems.

The ‘food system’ is part of a larger ‘ecological system’. buiversonian/flickr

People do not want the food system to “fail”, so resilience may be a useful approach for food security research. Agribusinesses improve their profitability by increasing the efficiency of the operation of the food supply chains. This reduces the resilience of the food systems to keep delivering when circumstances change. The notion in resilience is that system failure (losing the things we value that the system produces) might be avoided if we can transform the system, or parts of it, to keep the benefits coming and the failure point somewhere in the future.

Second, securities. Bread might be the staff of life but life is more than just “bread”. Food is not the only thing people want to “secure” for their current and future well-being and welfare. Food security is only one “security” among other “securities” we have to have to live full lives. In obtaining a satisfactory diet we shouldn’t deny ourselves or future generations the ability to fulfil all of our (or their) needs.

So what are these other “securities”? I think they relate to the full range of “needs” we all have.

Manfred Max-Neef lists nine fundamental human needs as follows:

  • subsistence
  • protection
  • affection
  • understanding
  • participation
  • leisure
  • creation
  • identity and
  • freedom.

Max-Neef’s notion is that people or societies are “poor” when one or more of these needs are not met. “Security” is about ensuring each of these needs will always be fulfilled in the future.

We need a new, more integrated approach to get us on the track to food security. martin_vmorris/Flickr

Most of these needs are psychological, but to achieve them we have to use materials and establish social arrangements and processes. For example, leisure requires places for recreation as well as the social acceptance of free time.

Instead of trade-offs between needs, the needs approach asks us to seek synergies so that one action can secure as many human needs as possible. For example, welfare payments may provide relief but when used as a permanent solution (as is government policy), such payments prevent the recipients from satisfying important psychological needs; welfare swaps “food poverty” for “participation poverty”.

The production of food is quite rapidly becoming a black box; very few Australians understand the operation of any of the numerous food supply chains. This lack of understanding makes it hard for us weigh up our competing needs. We have an inability to participate effectively in decisions about what we eat (really eat) and hence an inability to protect our families' welfare and protect things that as a nation we are supposed to cherish, like equity (a fair go), native biodiversity and our ability to choose our futures.

A systems approach for food security research provides a way of studying social-ecological systems so that changes can be made to reduce food insecurity in ways that maintain the full range of securities that families need for a healthy and productive life. The current modest level of food insecurity in Australia provides an opportunity to experiment, at minimal social and economic cost, to find new ways of improving food security in preparation for future problems.

A fuller description of these ideas is available in Food Security in Australia: Challenges and Prospects for the Future.

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23 Comments sorted by

  1. Ian Donald Lowe

    Seeker of Truth

    Welcome to Spring. (Doesn't feel like it, does it?) It may be of some interest to note that Spring is also known as the time of "the green famine", or it once was, as winter stores would be depleted and although new plantings may be showing growth and a promise of abundance soon, the larder and root cellar could be looking pretty bare.
    The system that relies on agribuisness is doomed to failure. The only real food security is what you have on hand, what you can grow and what you can procure from…

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    1. Tim Scanlon

      Debunker

      In reply to Ian Donald Lowe

      Ian, you continue to comment upon agriculture as a blight, yet I bet you still eat more than your fair share of food paying as little for it as possible. Your hypocrisy is palpable.

      Next point, you talk about farmers making the "easy money" off the "fat of the land", what a load of crap. The rate of return on the best farms is less than just about any other investment. Farming has always been spoken of as a lifestyle as much as a business, for this very reason, they aren't in it solely to make…

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    2. Steve Williams

      logged in via Facebook

      In reply to Tim Scanlon

      [Steve sighs as yet again the Facebook sign-in fails and his comment is lost. Try again …]

      Leaving aside the gratuitous rudeness, you make some interesting points, Tim.

      On the other hand, there is nothing 'natural' about a denuded paddock. I'm not a farmer, just a vegetable gardener, but even I understand the importance of keeping my soil covered, if I don't want it leached of nutrients, dried out and blown into my neighbour's paddock.

      A food production system which leads farmers to maltreat their soil in that way has to be profoundly dysfunctional.

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    3. Tim Scanlon

      Debunker

      In reply to Steve Williams

      The gratuitous rudeness is due to an ongoing attack that Ian and a few others have been making upon agriculture and people who work within agriculture. This is also why he made the qwip "here comes the red".

      Steve, it is hard to compare your system that uses "water from the tap" from the areas that you are referring to that are either mostly rainfed or have no water allocation. Nothing grows without water. As I pointed out in my post, the periods of dry have enhanced the breakdown of what little…

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  2. James Jenkin

    EFL Teacher Trainer

    When the article suggests obesity can be caused by inadequate food, is that describing isolated populations who literally can only access certain types of food - not, say, populations in suburban areas who (for whatever reason) choose to eat certain types of food?

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    1. Ian Donald Lowe

      Seeker of Truth

      In reply to James Jenkin

      James, many of the 'cheaper' foods are laden with fats and sugars and are highly processed (low GI), whereas fresh vegetables, fruit and meat (real meat, not sausages or patties or factory-farm chicken) has probably never been more expensive. So no, it's not just isolated communities and it's not even really about choice. It is about what is affordable and what will sate hungry children and adults at a budget price. When poor families go out, they don't go to a restaurant with a salad bar. They go to MacDonalds or Burger King or some other cheap and deadly fast food outlet.

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  3. Tim Scanlon

    Debunker

    I just wanted to comment upon this point: "While most food related research is aimed at improving profits in agribusinesses – including supermarkets – the wide scope of people’s concerns ought to be addressed in publicly funded research."

    I would actually restate this as most of the food related programs, such as the new agri-food plan, are aimed at improving tertiary agribusiness profits. Whilst there is plenty of research aimed at improving cultivars and production systems, this is usually funded…

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  4. Dale Bloom

    Analyst

    I have had a quick read of “HUMAN SCALE DEVELOPMENT…CONCEPTION, APPLICATION AND FURTHER REFLECTIONS”

    http://www.max-neef.cl/download/Max-neef_Human_Scale_development.pdf

    It is interesting, and contains lines such as “Fundamental human needs …are the same in all cultures and in all historical periods. What changes, both over time and through cultures, is the way or the mean by which the needs are satisfied.”

    Seems plausible, but if there are nine fundamental human needs (subsistence, protection…

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    1. Quentin Farmar-Bowers

      Research fellow, rural studies at Deakin University

      In reply to Dale Bloom

      Hi Dale
      Max-Neef is worth a closer read. He explains the issue of 'too much' like too much protection becomes a police state where your freedoms are lost.

      Concentrationg on food production can get you into trouble. For example, clearing land for food production can mean that you lose native biodiversity ...perhaps one of the most important needs is 'understanding' ...you require it to earn a living (the subsistence need), for protection (knowing how to protect your health), for participation (knowing how to read and write) and so on.

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  5. Michael Croft

    logged in via LinkedIn

    Quentin, I look forward to reading your book and I am pleased you have approached the food from a complex meta-systemic perspective.

    However I am disappointed that this article explained food sovereignty in such simplistic and reductionist terms as "control of production". Food sovereignty is a systemic critical analysis (and solutions) of the human right to food. Perhaps a simple link to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_sovereignty would have been a better response?

    A comment or two about…

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    1. Quentin Farmar-Bowers

      Research fellow, rural studies at Deakin University

      In reply to Michael Croft

      Thanks Michael

      The book has quite a lot of information on food sovereignty but in a short article there is not much scope for explanation. You probably know but Raj Patel has written some nice pieces on food sovereignty and many are available on the internet. As for resilience, well resilience describes how systems respond to change ...one of the problems with the current food system is that it is too resilient making it very difficult for people to change it for the better.

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    2. james rohan

      logged in via LinkedIn

      In reply to Quentin Farmar-Bowers

      Quentin,

      Systems change even when they appear too resilient and as often not for the better. In the US there are reports that the price of stock feed, driven by local drought, has forced farmers to make unlikely choices. The media often picks extreme cases or from questionable sources but should the trend continue, what we have now may seem less than robust. see http://www.vancouversun.com/health/farmers+turn+gummy+worms+fruit+loops+feed+cows+after+corn+shortage/7287131/story.html.

      Today, we have a story that goes to the heart of the issue. If feed makes businesses unviable, farmers change to non food crops. (http://insidescoopsf.sfgate.com/blog/2012/07/20/soul-food-farm-announces-its-closure-it%E2%80%99s-heartbreaking/) Having built intellectual capital, networks and brand integrity, the farm disappears due to economics. Nature cares little about currency even if it is how we participate in the supply chain.

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    3. Michael Croft

      logged in via LinkedIn

      In reply to Quentin Farmar-Bowers

      Hi Quentin, I hope to see Raj in Italy week after next, and possibly Vandana Shiva too. They both have good things to say about food sovereignty.

      There are a couple of problems with the view "that the current food system is too resilient" and therefore difficult to change. That the system is large and has inertia to change does not mean it is resilient, merely resistant. Meta systems change slowly due to inertial resistance, so longitudinal studies of change are decades long. Case in point…

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    4. Quentin Farmar-Bowers

      Research fellow, rural studies at Deakin University

      In reply to Michael Croft

      Thanks Michael
      I have a lot of respect for Vandana Shiva she has written some great stuff over the years so it would be good to talk with her. I hope your intended meeting works out for you.
      You are right, the food system is very complex and is mainly driven by arrangements that reward the production of materials that can be sold; hence the huge increase in production over the years and the rhetoric about having to double production by 2050 to feed the 9 billion (although I think that projection…

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    5. Michael Croft

      logged in via LinkedIn

      In reply to Quentin Farmar-Bowers

      Quentin, if ever you are in Canberra please get in touch, I have a few ideas to share, as I am sure you have too.
      Cheers, Michael

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  6. Rosemary Stanton

    Nutritionist & Visiting Fellow at University of New South Wales

    The population may take more notice of the problems of food insecurity if we used numbers rather than percentages. 5% of the Australian population doesn't sound like much to many people but it means that over a million Australians are food insecure. That's a lot of people.

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    1. Quentin Farmar-Bowers

      Research fellow, rural studies at Deakin University

      In reply to Rosemary Stanton

      Thanks Rosemary
      Yes it is a lot of people. It is likely to be more. The AIHW report suggests 5 – 8 %. This report is available at http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications-catalogue/?taxonomy_id=6442451339,6442451121,10737418463 (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2012. Australia’s food & nutrition 2012. Cat. no. PHE 163. Canberra: AIHW). There are other studies on particular groups of people (such as the old) that indicate a much higher levels of food insecurity. I think we need to collect data on a systematic and comprehensive basis.

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  7. Peter Davies

    Bio-refinery technology developer

    A timely article on a real issue the majority of the population in developed countries seldom would give even passing thought to, until supermarket shelves have empty spaces appearing. Access to affordable food, like power and water is taken as a right, and any deficiency a failure by "others" punishable at the ballot box.

    Yet any informed observer knows this seeming abundance runs on a ever decreasing narrow strip of adequacy with a yawning abyss on either side. It is a little like the old story…

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    1. Quentin Farmar-Bowers

      Research fellow, rural studies at Deakin University

      In reply to Peter Davies

      Hi Peter
      I liked your story. The bottom line is in the stats for ill health and death. It’s quite surprising how many deaths in Australia are linked to poor diets....over half ...you can check that out with the health departments. Food security is a problem now and as you suggest will get worse in future. Although individuals cannot do much on their own they can find out about what constitutes a good diet and make sure that their family is well fed (if you can afford the fruit and veg). Many people run cafe and restaurants that do not serve the kind of meals we need to eat. Lots of cafes and food halls at Universities serve low nutrition foods ...even at Universities teaching nutrition. However Harvard University has decided to do something about improving their students’ diets to improve their academic performance. They have a ‘food literacy project’ which you can check out on their website

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  8. james rohan

    logged in via LinkedIn

    Quentin,
    I am still thinking of your securities. The concept probably fits with Maslow's hierarchy and the idea of culture is therefore relevant. Our culture has rituals which almost program our diet. There may be many substitutes that might amicably replace iron, proteins, trace elements etc in our diets yet we almost define food insecurity as a more defined outcome lacking cultural awareness. Reading UNFAO/USAid from mid 1990's(eg For Hunger-proof Cities
    Sustainable Urban Food Systems Edited…

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