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How ‘hidden’ sugars are pushing up your daily dose

One mouthful and you’re closer to exceeding your daily sugar allowance. jenny downing/Flickr, CC BY-SA

The World Health Organization (WHO) recently released draft revised guidelines on daily sugar intake for adults and children. But if people are to follow the WHO’s advice, they need to start thinking about all the hidden sugar in their diet.

The draft guidelines are based on two reviews of research examining the links between consumption of sugars and health, specifically weight gain, and tooth decay. When finalised, they will provide recommendations aiming to reduce health problems associated with excessive sugar intake.

Current guidelines, published in 2003, recommend sugars provide less than 10% of total daily energy intake (that’s your kilojoule intake from one day). The new draft guidelines maintain that recommendation, but suggest a reduction to below 5% would carry additional health benefits.

An average adult within the healthy weight range has a total energy intake of about 8700 kilojoules per day. For this person, 10% of energy intake equates to approximately 50 grams (around 12 teaspoons) of sugar per day, while 5% is about 25 grams (around six teaspoons) of sugar.

People often overlook the contribution of their dietary sugar from sources such as juice. erik forsberg/Flickr, CC BY-NC

Hidden sugars

The suggested limits apply to sugars added to food by manufacturers, cooks or the consumer of the food, as well as sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, fruit juices and fruit concentrates.

The problem is that sugars in these latter (and many other) foods are “hidden” in the sense that people don’t always account for them when considering their sugar intake.

And there’s increasing concern that these kinds of sugar sources may displace more nutritious foods in the diet, thereby increasing the risk of ill health through conditions such as diabetes and heart disease.

Sugars also play a major role in the development of dental caries or cavities (tooth decay), which continues to cause pain and loss of function in many people.

Sugar plays a major role in tooth decay too. susan/Flickr, CC BY-SA

There are masses of hidden sugars in other common foods too. Most of the processed foods available in supermarkets today, for instance, contain added sugar – often in surprising quantities. This includes even those that don’t taste particularly sweet. Tomato sauce, for instance, is considered a savoury food, but one tablespoon contains approximately four grams (about one teaspoon) of sugar.

Watching your intake

High-sugar foods and drinks that provide little nutritional value are the ones to watch out for – these are mostly discretionary or junk foods (also known as “extras” or “sometimes foods”), such as sugary drinks, lollies, chocolate, biscuits, and cakes.

The Australian Dietary Guidelines point out that discretionary foods are not a necessary part of the diet – and there are good reasons why. The image below illustrates how much sugar is provided by one serve of some of these foods (recall that for an average healthy adult, 25 grams of sugar is 5% of daily dietary intake).

Quantities of sugar (in grams) in single serves of certain foods, calculated from FoodWorks Xyris 2007. The Author/The Conversation

It’s clear that adding just one serve of some of these foods (and others like them not described above) to an otherwise sugar-free diet means exceeding the WHO draft suggested limit of 5%. In some cases, it would even mean approaching the recommended upper limit of 10%!

What’s more, these serving sizes may not accurately reflect what most people eat. People don’t tend to use standard serving sizes and may eat even more than the quantity of sugar shown above.

Worth the struggle

Sugar is also commonly added to grain foods, especially breakfast cereals and bread. A standard 30-gram serve (two-thirds of a cup) of typical sugar-sweetened breakfast cereal, for instance, contains approximately eight grams of sugar. And a 40-gram slice of commercial white bread contains approximately one and a half grams.

White bread’s bad enough, but sugary sprinkles too? Justin Green/Flickr, CC BY-NC-SA

But unlike most discretionary foods, bread and breakfast cereal usually also provide valuable nutrients. Still, because they provide more essential nutrients, it’s better to choose mostly wholegrain or high-fibre (or both) cereals and bread, without added sugar.

Sugar has a place in a healthy diet, especially for encouraging consumption of nutritious foods by fussy eaters. Adding a teaspoon of honey to rolled oats to make breakfast more palatable, for instance, is better than not eating oats at all. Neither the Australian Dietary Guidelines nor the draft WHO guidelines recommend avoiding sugar entirely.

Although it may be difficult to meet such guidelines, they help raise awareness about the importance of a balanced diet, including the need to limit sugar intake. Don’t beat yourself up for exceeding the daily limit occasionally (or falling short for some other nutrient), but remember that it’s definitely worth the struggle to try to match the recommendations.

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