Rogue priests or a culture of abuse? Investigating paedophilia in the Catholic Church

For victims and their advocates, the Prime Minister’s announcement of a Royal Commission into the role of institutions in the abuse of children represents a long-awaited shift in the way Australia approaches child sexual abuse. Politicians, church leaders and other public figures are all vocal in their…

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Evidence shows sexual abuse is more likely to occur in particular kinds of institutional cultures, such as the Catholic Church. Roger Smith

For victims and their advocates, the Prime Minister’s announcement of a Royal Commission into the role of institutions in the abuse of children represents a long-awaited shift in the way Australia approaches child sexual abuse.

Politicians, church leaders and other public figures are all vocal in their condemnation of child abuse. This has become a fig leaf for the trenchant neglect of the needs and rights of child abuse survivors. Survivors are routinely unable to access effective mental health care. They find their complaints trivialised by police, the justice system and the churches.

The announcement was sparked by explosive evidence that sexually abusive Catholic priests have been concentrated in particular diocese such as Ballarat and the Hunter Valley. Investigations appear to have been stymied by both the church and the police.

The term “paedophile priests” has become common in media commentary. This suggests that the origins of clergy abuse lies with mentally disordered offenders who use their authority as clergy to molest children and avoid detection or prosecution. Sexual abusers can be highly motivated to abuse children and select their occupation accordingly. But it is too simple to blame institutional sexual abuse on a small number of prolific offenders.

Research shows that sexual abuse is more likely to occur in (and be ignored by) particular kinds of institutional cultures. In particular, male-dominated organisations that lack oversight and accountability can harbour a “barrack-yard” culture that promotes physical and sexual abuse. As Marie Keenan indicates in her 2012 book Child Sexual Abuse and the Catholic Church, organisational culture is a key reason the Catholic Church has a problem with the sexual abuse of children. The general mindset and power structure of the Church is feudal in origin and nature. Figures of authority are entitled to expect absolute deference from subordinates. Men have divinely sanctioned authority over women and children. There is little, if any, real interest in democratic decision-making.

By any measure, this creates a situation ripe for the development of cultures of abuse. In this environment, one or two charismatic perpetrators can draw adults and children within institutions into overlooking, colluding or perpetrating in the abuse. This can result in the development of clandestine networks of abusers within and across institutions and organisations that uphold the culture of sexual abuse. Hence sexual abusers can be incubated within institutions. A Royal Commission focused solely on identifying and hounding out “paedophiles” cannot fulfil the brief of protecting children and providing justice to victims. It must also address the institutional factors that promote sexual abuse.

It has been common for institutional authorities to silence children who complain of abuse, while protecting abusers. This becomes more complex in the case of clergy abuse. The religious affiliations of police, politicians and authority figures may draw them into the efforts of a church to suppress allegations. Some critics have described this pattern of institutional cover-up as evidence of “organised paedophilia”. The line between complicity and conspiracy is uncertain. Institutional sexual abuse may occur due disorganised rather than organised abuse: a lack of basic safeguards, protections or care that leave children vulnerable to repetitive sexual abuse.

But we cannot dismiss allegations of organised abuse and cover-ups out of hand. It is clear that institutions can harbour sexually abusive cultures and groups without detection. The report of the South Australian Mullighan Inquiry into children in state care was published in 2008. In the report, former state wards provided detailed accounts of groups of staff sexually abusing children in institutions and taking them to what Commissioner Mullighan described as “paedophile parties”. Priests, nuns and care staff were implicated. Like so many other inquiries of this nature, the report hinted at a degree of sexual abuse that has not received full public recognition.

It is rare that I agree with Fred Nile. However, he had a point when he suggested that the narrow terms of reference of the proposed NSW inquiry into alleged police protection of clergy abusers is the result of political “nervousness”. Allegations of institutional sexual abuse often implicate, in various ways, three of the most powerful organisations in society – political parties, the churches and police – while aggravating many others.

To put it bluntly, institutional sexual abuse is a political hornets’ nest. Julia Gillard should be congratulated for moving beyond the entrenched resistance to addressing the issue openly and transparently.

But the issues facing the proposed Royal Commission go beyond the challenge of screening for paedophilia and encouraging institutional responsiveness to sexual abuse. There are cultural problems within the church and other institutions, and indeed within the community more generally, that are linked to the abuse of children and need real, practical policy solutions.

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  1. Dania Ng

    Retired factory worker

    I am wondering why no one is asking why is it that in the instance where Catholic priests are involved, the vast majority of victims are male? http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=6506
    I am so very thankful that there is now going to be a royal inquiry into institutionalised child abuse; this is the most heinous of crimes. There will be space for all voices to be heard, and hopefully some real justice will be afforded to those so shamelessly exploited by the vilest and cunning of predators. I do also hope that the real nature of organised pederasty in the Catholic church and elsewhere will be exposed.

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    1. Colin MacGillivray

      Retired architect

      In reply to Dania Ng

      Dania- I guess it's because the church, and almost all religions are male dominated. A deviant young man might enroll to be a priest not driven by faith in the catholic god but to get at young boys. Few occupations gave so much latitude and tolerated abuse as the catholic church. Let's hope it's not possible now.

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    2. Dania Ng

      Retired factory worker

      In reply to Dania Ng

      Colin, it could be, but we should keep asking. There is value in looking at the stats of this crime, we do not have full access to them, but from what we do have there seem to be particular trends and associations. For example, pederasty (rather than pedophilia) seems to be more common in particular organisations. That is, boys in a certain age range are involved, we have no clear explanation why this is so, and it is likely that the explanation may prove quite uncomfortable for certain radical interest groups holding the high political ground at the moment. I could be wrong, but I would like to be proven so with reference to open sets of data relevant to this issue. Besides, if there's nothing to hide ....

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    3. Michael Salter

      Lecturer in criminology at University of Western Sydney

      In reply to Dania Ng

      Diana - The over-representation of teenaged boys as victims of Catholic clergy is well recognised in the literature. The most comprehensive study in this area was undertaken by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice at the request of a review board of Catholic bishops (http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/churchstudy/main.asp) which found that 81% of allegations involved male victims.

      The Church has since used this study in an attempt to conflate homosexuality and paedophilia, and I think you are trying to allude to the same argument. However the authors of the study have repudiated this claim, and the literature on sexual offences does not support a link between sexual orientation and sexual abuse. It is worth noting that, by the Vatican's own figures in 2010, almost one third of allegations of sexual misconduct and assault by Catholic clergy over a fifty year period involved the abuse of adult women.

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    4. Dania Ng

      Retired factory worker

      In reply to Dania Ng

      Michael, many thanks for taking an interest in, and providing a direct response to my question. My research indicates that there is a persistent theme and pattern within the abuse of children in Catholic-run institutions; your response seems to lend further support to the thesis that boys are more often the victims. Does not the figure of eighty-one percent which you quote tickle your scholar's sense of curiosity? Is it so easily dismissed by a finding that a third of allegations of misconduct by…

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    5. roy harrold

      labor

      In reply to Dania Ng

      Dania - the self-professed 'boy-lovers' that you referenced, don't perceive themselves to be Gay or even bi-sexual. Their beliefs about themselves have been expressed in great detail by J Z Eglinton (aka Walter Breen) in "Greek Love" published 1965 - and long before this by the likes of Adolph Brand & Benedict Friedlander. They claim to be normal, ordinary heterosexual men - many have been married and had children of their own - and that their sexual relationships with boys initiates them into heterosexual masculinity and "makes a man of them". They are often ultra-macho, viciously mysoginistic, and violently intolerant of males with effeminate characteristics. Gay youth are often the "victim of choice" for their sexual predation.

      Predatory behaviour by androphiles - i.e., men attracted exclusively to other men - is too rare to even rate a separate statistic.

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  2. Lynne Newington

    Lynne Newington is a Friend of The Conversation.

    Researcher

    Michael, one of the saddest things I became aware of was through Richard Sipe. Richard spent 18yrs as a Benedictine monk serving the church as a priest trained specifically to deal with mental health problems with clergy, has since left and married.
    He wrote an article, a true story: Never Another Pat.
    You may also find interesting: Pedophilia (as spelt) and Celibacy.

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  3. Sean Lamb

    Science Denier

    I grew up with the Christchurch Civic Creche case where a group of child care workers were accused of mass rape of pre-schoolers (a gay man ended up being convicted - many believe unjustly) and also the wide spread panic over satanic child abuse. As such I learned from a very young age the potential of humans to engage in moral panics and create false memories.

    As such I see enormous potential for people who are suffering combinations of mental illness and drug addiction to bring false accusations…

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    1. Michael Shand

      Michael Shand is a Friend of The Conversation.

      Software Tester

      In reply to Sean Lamb

      Thats disgusting, the reason we need a Royal Commission is because well intentioned people like you fail to understand how sexual abuse works.

      This is victim blaming and for you to suggest that the investigation has gotten this far all due to a witch hunt - well this is the same hypocrisy and ignorance that George Pell is putting forward at the moment.

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    2. Sean Lamb

      Science Denier

      In reply to Sean Lamb

      Errr....what precisely is disgusting? Presumably my suggestion that preventive interviewing and broadbased interviewing of children to get the earliest disclosure of abuse at specific age points.

      This is what I find fascinating about a subsection of people who have strong views on this. They seem to rather enjoy the discomfort of the Catholic church, they enjoy it so much that one sometimes get the feeling that the abuse of children is an acceptable price to pay. A symptom of such people is…

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    3. Alice Kelly

      sole parent

      In reply to Sean Lamb

      Sean, Most victims take a very long time to talk. The abuse being talked about is repeated, systematic, by groups, organised, protected by people with social power, violent , threats of violence, and also now a couple of small boys who were murdered. Many have had significant problems with substance abuse and depression. I can't talk about your experience, and you can't talk about the victims of abuse being discussed. How would you prove that there will be "enormous potential" for "false accusations". Is this because you believe people who have mental illness and substance abuse problems can't be trusted to tell the truth. Do Royal Commissions rely on falsehoods, or check.

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  4. Geoff Taylor

    Consultant

    Dania makes some points but as to blaming Kinsey for the sexual revolution, no.
    Kinsey simply tried as best he could to collect accurate data on human sexual life. His collection techniques weren't perfect, but after all it was difficult task he faced.
    Dr Gregory Pincus invented the pill, but not the revolution - that after all was the result of many people each making an individual decision in the light of the pill.

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    1. Dania Ng

      Retired factory worker

      In reply to Geoff Taylor

      Well, Kinsey is referred to as the 'father of the sexual revolution' by just about anyone familiar with the topic. And his methods are abhorrent to researchers everywhere, they are not simply imperfect (all social research methods are imperfect, in my view), they were unethical and extremely biased. Here is an online summary I like (for its simplicity): http://www.culture-war.info/Kinsey.html Or, if you prefer a more sympathetic one to Kinsey, here's one from the NY Times (a book review): http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/11/02/reviews/971102.02rhodest.html
      Make no mistake about it, Kinsey's so-called "work" on sexuality (he was also an expert on wasps) has had extraordinary impact in changing society and culture. I compare the magnitude of its effects to that of Marxism, though not many people are as aware of its impact on their lives.

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  5. Michael Shand

    Michael Shand is a Friend of The Conversation.

    Software Tester

    Whilst I recognise its a complex issue, I think religion creates an environment which not only harbours but fosters sexual abuse, teaching people to feel guilty for normal healthy expressions of sexuality, equating sexual expression with eternal damnation.

    I think Stephen Fry said it best, "The only people that have a eating disorder are those either obsessed with food or who deprave themselves of food, in the same vein of thought the church creates sexual disorders"

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  6. Peter Andrew Smith

    Retired

    I think the institutional history of the Catholic Church (see an example below) has a far greater relevance than the work of Alfred Kinsey.
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

    Bernard Francis Law (born November 4, 1931) is an American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He is the Archbishop emeritus of Boston, a member of the Roman Curia,archpriest emeritus of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, and titular Cardinal Priest ofSanta Susanna…

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    1. Jack Arnold

      Director

      In reply to Peter Andrew Smith

      Hi Peter; I am afraid that Ratzinger has a policy of covering up to protect the reputation of the Roman church. Read Geoffrey Robertson QC,"The Case of the Pope" to discover the official policy. Then get hold of Hungry Beast Series 2(?) second last episode that documented 1,000 years of pedophyle activity by priests.

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  7. Judy Courtin

    PhD Student, Faculty of Law at Monash University

    Congratulations Michael. I appreciate and respect your insight into these issues. The announcement of the Royal Commission is a momentous occasion for survivors and their loved ones. The entrenched 'cultural' problems of which you speak and the intellectual arrogance of the church have been comprehensively displayed by Cardinal Pell over the last few days. At last survivors have, in the commission, an equal match for the adversarial and legalistic church. But more than the commission, survivors now have the public being aware of the deep-rooted injustices and crimes of the church. Well done Michael.
    Judy

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  8. Jeff Haddrick

    field manager

    Michael - your analysis of the types of institutions where abuse is likely to occur and the merging or the interests of politics, police and church sound spot on.
    Having heard a Melbourne researcher on the ABC yesterday saying that the number of cases involving the RCC is six times the number of all other churches combined made me wonder if there were religious conduct differences that may contribute to the RCC being a standout in this abysmal activity. I'm not really familiar with the differences between them all but two things sprang to mind.
    Celibacy - a potentially frustrating state.of being.
    Confession - handing over your conscience for someone else to deal with rather than facing up to the physical world results of your actions..

    Any thoughts, anyone?

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    1. Ernest Bennett

      Mr (retired)

      In reply to Jeff Haddrick

      Are we not discussing the abuse of power, particularly where no or very little recourse is available to the victims?
      When I was growing up in the 50's the scoutmaster was the bad guy (pace Tom Lehrer) and the summer camp director (in USA, pace Alan Sherman). And teachers of very small children.
      In the 70's I had two daughters at a Catholic parish school where the parish priest molested several girls who reported this to their parents. The girls were slapped down, some literally, but little else…

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  9. Darron Wolf

    Darron Wolf is a Friend of The Conversation.

    Analyst

    Michael, I agree with and respect your analysis of the history and related factors that incubated the institutional abuse of minors. This abuse has not been limited to children: the uneducated, the disabled, the disenfranchised, the poor and those who don’t share the sexual preferences of the (public face of the) church have also been victims of abuse fostered, promoted and protected by the church. This Royal Commission, long delayed by pressure from religious bodies, the churches and certain sections…

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  10. Linus Bowden

    management consultant

    The whole things is a tragic catastrophe. OTOH, a civilisation builds/creates a caste of priests, who are by training and election, better able than the rest of us to help the rest of us muck through life with less fear, hate, hassle, poverty, and with a bit more cheer, consideration, love, and reflection. Faustian pact is is these priests have to turn their backs on the one thing that largely plays into out own individual imperfectness - jiggery-pokery. Problem is, for men at least, from the ages…

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    1. Darron Wolf

      Darron Wolf is a Friend of The Conversation.

      Analyst

      In reply to Linus Bowden

      Linus Bowden’s comments appear to be confused: a civilisation (or society) plays host to the religion which, as a consequence of its need to appeal to or be accepted as non-threatening to the dominant group or individual within the society, is obliged to be a conservative or retarding force in that society.

      Hence the call to mythology & tradition in contemporary matters such abortion, divorce, same-sex relationships, the status of women and related modern issues.

      The role of the cleric in…

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  11. Russell Krass

    logged in via Facebook

    This is an interesting article and a warning to all who are jumping for glee due to the calling of the Royal Commission. Institutional Paedophile networks will be hard to infiltrate and more difficult to bring change to. The author speaks of more stringent policy solutions, however it is very difficult if the paedophiles currently advising members of parliament and writing policy related to children are not weeded out. With 1 in 3 females and 1 in 6 young males being sexually abused in Australia the numbers are very high. If the average paedophile's victims is correct at 84 the problem engulfs our society. It must be accepted that the culture as is stated in this article will infiltrate many sectors of society. Where this culture is rooted must be examined to find the ultimate solution.

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  12. Seren Rose

    Nurse

    @ Dania, I have a Catholic aunt who believes that the current crisis in the Catholic Church has been deliberately exaggerated by the media because it is dominated by homosexual men.
    I am genuinely curious as to why a discussion of sexual voilence perpetrated against children so quickly turns to a kind of expose of a dark (and indefensible) truth of homosexuality. Both for Dania and for my aunt, though in very different ways - one suggesting that the violent offenders are actually homosexual Keinseists, the other suggesting it is homosexual individuals who have invented the scandal.

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    1. Dania Ng

      Retired factory worker

      In reply to Seren Rose

      Seren
      Sorry for the delayed response. I am not saying that the abusers are Kinseyans, but that the values of society have been influenced by Kinsey, and this has provided a context in which abusers may feel justified in their disgusting acts. The idea that children have sexual rights is out there, thanks to Kinsey, who helped promote it by providing so-called 'scientific proof' in support. This provides a reason for child abusers who call their abuse 'love' to go on and abuse children. After all…

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    2. Seren Rose

      Nurse

      In reply to Seren Rose

      I'm sorry, Dania, I can't continue this conversation. To have the gay friends I know and love deeply slurred in this way is too difficult to comprehend.
      I will try and hope against hope that I am able to make some difference by stating my belief - stemming from meeting real people who are homosexual - that homosexual love is a beautiful expression of human care and devotion, in no way connected or similar to the rape of a twelve year old boy by an adult into whose care they are entrused.

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  13. Pat Moore

    gardener

    Firstly the word paedophile/pedophile is wrong & reflects the values of its originating patriarchal Roman/Latin culture. This is not love of children but abuse, so the word should be paedoabusus? What else IS this institutionalized abuse encultured within patriarchal monotheistic religions other than effective, even if occulted defacto RINGS of paedoabusus? Marie Keenan is right about feudal male dominance. This is a contextual story. The church is one patriarchal institution. Patriarchal means…

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    1. Jeff Haddrick

      field manager

      In reply to Pat Moore

      Quite a fusillade there Pat, but. Rape is most commonly but not exclusively perpetrated by males.

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  14. Pat Moore

    gardener

    Well, sorry...i've seemed to kill the conversation with that "fusillade" as Jeff described it but how else to position an argument without historical & cultural context?..& i didn't even mention the millions of exterminated women this same church tortured & burnt alive only a few hundred years ago! (was THAT a holocaust?..no, didn't happen, 'cause witches don't exist). Jeff, for your comment "but Rape is most commonly but not exclusively perpetrated by males." i have two words: denial and diversion…

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