The use of unmanned aircraft in the War on Terror has been extensively covered by the media and academic hacks like me. We are accordingly quite used to stories of Predators loitering in the skies of Helmand Province or Yemen, waiting patiently for the chance to launch a cluster of Hellfire missiles into an al-Qaeda lieutenant…. Or a wedding procession, as the case may be.
But a couple of pieces of news that have seeped out in the last few days show that the sky-high campaign is more diverse and more geographically widespread than commonly imagined. From the halls of Mauritania to the shores of Entebbe, American attack and surveillance aircraft are keeping an eye on the fluid franchises of insurgency. And not all the flights are robotic.
The Washington Post has an illuminating article and map that describes the spread of American intelligence and strike operations in the last five or six years. Keeping up with the trend of Salafist gangs gestating in Saharan Africa, there appears to have been a concerted effort to put the eyeball on the men in the custom pick-ups as they tooled around places like Timbuktu.

Flying out of the sort of countries that you normally only hear about in trivia quizzes, aviation assets from the Special Operations Command of the US Air Force have been quietly at work either reconnoitring or just plain wrecking groups like al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, al-Shabab or the Lord’s Resistance Army.
Pilatus Punches
Of interest to the plane geeks will be that the humble Pilatus PC-12 (or U-28A) is taking the lion’s share of the work. Most commonly seen in Australia as the backbone of the Royal Flying Doctor Service, the PC-12 is a Swiss-made turbo-prop and known as a good all-rounder. Whatever you want to do with it, the PC-12 is probably up for. With a decent range and high service ceiling, it’s just the thing for circling over the Sahara looking for suspicious dust clouds in the desert.
But it’s way less sexy than a drone.

The use of piloted aircraft for recon missions may seem a bit retro, but it is probably indicative of the sheer spread of operations these days. The drones can stay up a long time, but they require a specialised support tail of operators, maintainers and electronic paraphernalia. There is only so much of this to go around, so centralising it in secret Saudi bases or major installations elsewhere is more efficient.
But if you need to set up a small operation in a place like Burkina Faso or southern Ethiopia, a regular aircraft is going to be easier to support.
The Post indicates though that in western Africa, this existing campaign of quiet surveillance may also start to get ramped up into one of attack. Discussions are underway with states such as Niger to eventually bring in the Reapers and Predators and start hunting.
But does it do any good?
A complex balance sheet
In the push to have John Brennan made Director of the CIA, the efficacy and repercussions of drone strikes have come under the microscope in Congressional hearings. Brennan has been the man overseeing the hit list of drone targets and advising President Obama on whether to approve a targeted killing; including those of US citizens working with terror groups. For a President looking to wind down ‘boots on the ground’ operations, drone warfare has been seen as an attractive option.

However other voices in Washington say that the drones are largely ineffective and serve to magnify loathing for America. Former General Stanley McChrystal has voiced concerns that whether they are carried out successfully or not, drone strikes have become a symbol of American arrogance, not just amongst those they affect, but all around the world. He warned that they should be part of any strategy, but not its sum.
High profile cases of botched drone strikes don’t help with this PR problem either, as does the perception that the majority of ‘kills’ are low level foot soldiers, whose deaths would have little bearing on the course of the campaign, either locally or globally.
And it’s that strategic concern that makes the growing African troubles, and the increasing deployments there, such a paradox. If drones are so effective, why has the problem spread?
Craig Minns
Self-employed
The drones are just the latest manifestation of the "gunboat diplomacy" that was so popular in the 19th century. Just as the powerfully-armed gunboats allowed their crews to remain safe whilst using that power to suppress and oppress, the drones isolate their crews from reprisal.
Just as the gunboats failed, so the drones will fail, because the essential difference between the crews and their targets is that one is very concerned about personal welfare and the other knows his life is worth very little.
It's hard to intimidate people who've got very little to live for.
Lynne De Weaver
Lynne De Weaver is a Friend of The Conversation.
Managing Director
Your article sure makes me hope that Australia doesn't become the next big US drone base!
Michael Shand
Michael Shand is a Friend of The Conversation.
Software Tester
Thank you soo much for sharing, great article, I hope to see more in the future
Geoffrey Edwards
logged in via email @gmail.com
Hi Mat,
OT post in relation to last weeks article.
I assume you have seen the latest image of the Qaher F313 'in flight'
http://www.theage.com.au/technology/technology-news/irans-laughable-fighter-jet-caught-out-in-photoshop-blunder-20130213-2ebwb.html
I don't actually think this is photoshopped. Microsoft Paint seesm the more likely candidate.
Geoffrey Edwards
logged in via email @gmail.com
Laughing at myself.
My assumption was correct, but maybe I should have looked at last weeks article before posting in this weeks.
Robert Jones
Retired
Drones are the future. As they become smaller and their range becomes greater they will become the hard edge of diplomacy. Apart from the obvious advantage they have in intelligence gathering and their ability to neutralise targets they represent the West's insurmountable technological supremacy.
I have no problem with their use against a cruel, repressive regime such as the Taliban. Perhaps, although it is unlikely, they will realise, as did Japan at the end of the Second World War, that trying to fight a technologically superior enemy is pointless.
Roll on the drones.
Bruce Tabor
Research Scientist at CSIRO
"... that trying to fight a technologically superior enemy is pointless." Yes the Vietnamese found that out too when they defeated the US and the Chinese when they kicked the US out of North Korea. Plus I have a nasty feeling at some time in the not-too-distant future we will be saying the Taliban found out the same thing after they regained power in Afghanistan.
Perhaps we should listen to the warnings of people like General Stanley McChrystal about "...drone strikes [being] a symbol of American arrogance".
Mat Hardy
Lecturer in Middle East Studies at Deakin University
"Plus I have a nasty feeling at some time in the not-too-distant future we will be saying the Taliban found out the same thing after they regained power in Afghanistan."
Which they were saying when they (and their similar groups) kicked the Soviets out in the first place!
Michael Ekin Smyth
Investor
The Taliban were first organized in 1994 and took power in 1996. Even for the Taliban it is a bit of a neat trick to them to kick out the Soviets - who completed their withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989 and ceased to exist in 1991. As for similar groups, maybe. What made the Taliban different in 1994 was that they were new - young and fanatic. They were taken straight from the Pakistani Madrasas serving Afghani refugees and it is highly unlikely that any but the eldest ever had anything to do with the Soviets.
Robert Jones
Retired
Well, wadya know. Americans arrogant. Who wooda guessed. Of course they're arrogant. They have much to be arrogant about. They are at the forefront of Western technology. They represent what the West is all about. Whether the Taliban or any other Middle East stone aged troglodytes will ever have the ability to be technologically superior to the West is debatable. Would you like them to be?
Gavin Moodie
logged in via LinkedIn
Please do not use the sexist term 'unmanned'. Commenters have correctly used the term 'drone' and unpiloted would be acceptable.
Geoffrey Edwards
logged in via email @gmail.com
I would have thought that those actively combating sexism would be happy that these vehilces have been 'unmanned'.
Gavin Moodie
logged in via LinkedIn
Such a position confuses anti sexism with being against men.
Geoffrey Edwards
logged in via email @gmail.com
Such a position is not borne of confusion, but facetiousness.
Mat Hardy
Lecturer in Middle East Studies at Deakin University
Nevertheless, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles or Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles is their proper term. Un-piloted is misleading, because many of these systems are indeed piloted; just remotely. Drone itself causes some disagreement too, since this is an older term that some feel is applied more accurately to those systems that are 'dumber' and simply follow a set flight path, which would include everything from cruise missiles to target drones to the simple way-pointing recon platforms like those of the 1960s.
So I'm sorry to disagree with what you consider "acceptable", but I will stick with the official nomenclature.
Gavin Moodie
logged in via LinkedIn
Change the nomenclature to one that is not sexist.
Gavin Moodie
logged in via LinkedIn
One should try to improve rather than repeat unacceptable practices from the past.
Geoffrey Edwards
logged in via email @gmail.com
"One should try to improve rather than repeat unacceptable practices from the past."
What, you mean like telling people what to do or what to think or what it is or is not possible to say?
I find that unacceptable so you should refrain, yeah?
I really despise the phrase "PC gone mad" that people often role out. But at times I understand the source of their frustrations.
I am not telling you to "pick your battles", but it is not an unreasonable piece of folk wisdom.
Gavin Moodie
logged in via LinkedIn
Some communications primarily express the communicator's emotions, but many communications and surely most if not all scholarly communications seek to change what the audience thinks.
I had hitherto believed that it was fairly well established that terms such as 'man' and its compounds are commonly understood to exclude women and that therefore to promote fairness they should be eschewed.
That point has been moderately well understood for 'mankind' and thus far I have read no good justification for 'unmanned aircraft'. The author seems to use 'drone' as an alternative to 'unmanned aircraft' and to use 'piloted' as an alternative to 'manned' which would have been much more usual decades ago.
Geoffrey Edwards
logged in via email @gmail.com
"I had hitherto believed that it was fairly well established that terms such as 'man' and its compounds are commonly understood to exclude women and that therefore to promote fairness they should be eschewed."
No. It is believed in certain circles that terms such as 'man' and its compounds exclude women and they should be eschewed.
Whether eschewing them actually promotes fairness is not something that all people believe and I don't even know it has been "well established". Accepted and implemented…
Read moreGavin Moodie
logged in via LinkedIn
The research is reported in Huddleston, Rodney and Pullamn, Geoffrey K (2005) A student's introduction to English grammar, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge at page 104 and I presume at greater length in its source Huddleston, Rodney and Pullamn, Geoffrey K (2002) The Cambridge grammar of the English language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Language must have shared meaning to be understood so I don't think one person's understanding is significant.
People used to call others 'spastic' and 'nigger' but this use has rightly been rejected by all but the most extreme.
Many words in English have multiple meanings.
Geoffrey Edwards
logged in via email @gmail.com
"Language must have shared meaning to be understood so I don't think one person's understanding is significant."
Shared meaning doesn't exclude the possibility of each of us having other different concepts attached beyond those shared aspects.
The word beach contains a set of abstract ideas that we both share, but also will contain very individualized content derived from our experience. What someone from the Gold Coast thinks upon hearing beach will share similarities with, but not be necessarily…
Read moreGavin Moodie
logged in via LinkedIn
It is the shared meanings that are significant for as Wittgenstein argued without shared meaning their can be no communication. Private language games interest only solipsists.
Geoffrey Edwards
logged in via email @gmail.com
Ignoring the fact that Wittgenstein is not the final word on language...
"Private language games interest only solipsists."
I am not talking about private language games. I am not denying either the possibility of, nor the requirement for shared meaning.
I am talking about the ideas that are associated with words we use, especially nouns in the concrete and the abstract.
When you here a word from the above category there are, in many cases, a range of ideas that are associated with it…
Read moreRobert Jones
Retired
I cannot believe this string of unmitigated blather. Who bloody cares if unmanned is sexist? Are you guys living on Planet Pedantis or Didacto. Get real.
Geoffrey Edwards
logged in via email @gmail.com
Who bloody cares what you think, Robert?
Experience now how my lack of concern for what you think neither impedes, nor limits your capacity to do so. You are even free to discuss what you think, despite my lack of concern.
Pretty cool, yeah?
Robert Jones
Retired
The fact that you have no concern for what I think, and give me leave to discuss what I think, is of little concern to me. What interests me is that a didactic pedant is just that. No matter how the words are shaped.
Geoffrey Edwards
logged in via email @gmail.com
"The fact that you have no concern for what I think, and give me leave to discuss what I think, is of little concern to me."
- Except for the fact that I didn't "give you leave" as it is obvious that my "giving you leave" is not required, that seems to be exactly the attitude you should have. This is the same attitude I have and thus in the future there is probably no need to even question who bloody cares. Quite the time saver, yeah?
"What interests me is that a didactic pedant is just that."
And what interest me and Gavin is whether "unmanned" is sexist.
So. All is well with the world. Neither of us cares what the other thinks and we are pursuing our interests.
Excellent! Glad that is sorted.
Mat Hardy
Lecturer in Middle East Studies at Deakin University
And hot off the press is that the US Govt has now instituted a Distinguished Warfare Medal for those increasing number of personnel engaging in combat operations from behind a keyboard or drone joystick.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Warfare_Medal
Geoffrey Edwards
logged in via email @gmail.com
Maybe they could have called it the
"Warfare Pwn4ge Medal"
My Latin sucks but maybe it could include
omnes substructiones tuos noster est
Bruce Tabor
Research Scientist at CSIRO
The Washington Post map has the subheading, "In response to the proliferation of extremist groups, the Pentagon has greatly expanded its base network for drones and other surveillance aircraft." One wonders if the direction of causality is the opposite of this. The widespread proliferation of extremist groups is the inevitable blowback (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowback_%28intelligence%29) of US meddling. I tend to agree with General Stanley McChrystal.