tag:theconversation.com,2011:/uk/topics/building-on-heritage-46804/articlesBuilding on heritage – The Conversation2017-11-30T19:04:25Ztag:theconversation.com,2011:article/838052017-11-30T19:04:25Z2017-11-30T19:04:25ZInner-city neighbourhood shows the way in protecting heritage of centuries past<p><em>This article is part of our <a href="https://theconversation.com/au/topics/building-on-heritage-46804">Building on Heritage</a> series on preserving heritage buildings and places while making them as sustainable as possible.</em></p>
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<p>Conservation of built heritage protects buildings and spaces, but can also lead to confusion, contention or resentment. Property owners and planners clash when conservation strategies are perceived to unreasonably impede development. Effective community participation in conservation decisions can reduce these conflicts, as our research found in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandon,_Cork">Shandon</a>, an inner-city district of Cork, Ireland.</p>
<p>Shandon dates back to the 1600s. It is a high-density urban area, with an intriguing mix of architectural styles and <a href="http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?county=CC&name=john+redmond+street&town=&townland=&type=quick&page=2">rich built heritage</a>. </p>
<p>Conserving urban ensembles like Shandon is an increasing urban planning priority. “Ensemble conservation” protects clusters of buildings, streetscapes, or entire districts. </p>
<p>By preserving cultural capital for future generations, conserving these areas can promote inter-generational equity. The inclusion of urban ensembles as the largest category in the <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/">UNESCO World Heritage List</a> is evidence of their importance. </p>
<p><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275116302633">Our research</a> in Shandon shows how competing values shape conservation decisions. We found high levels of community support for the conservation of ensembles, but the issue is also highly political.</p>
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<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/188145/original/file-20170929-21094-4gict0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/188145/original/file-20170929-21094-4gict0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/188145/original/file-20170929-21094-4gict0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/188145/original/file-20170929-21094-4gict0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/188145/original/file-20170929-21094-4gict0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/188145/original/file-20170929-21094-4gict0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/188145/original/file-20170929-21094-4gict0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="caption">Shandon streetscapes.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Tony Matthews</span></span>
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<h2>Planning for ensemble conservation</h2>
<p>Planners play an important role in identifying, regulating and conserving built heritage. The first step is to work with local communities to identify ensembles worthy of conservation. These decisions are based on aesthetic, economic and historic factors, making them contested and value-laden. </p>
<p>Determining what and whose heritage is worth preserving is particularly contentious. Community involvement is essential in shaping decisions and minimising conflicts. </p>
<p>In Irish planning, a conservation ensemble is known as an Architectural Conservation Area (ACA). ACA status provides statutory protection to existing building stock and urban features, and applies strict design and materials standards to new developments. Protections prohibit works with negative impacts on the character of buildings, monuments, urban design features, open spaces and views.</p>
<p><audio preload="metadata" controls="controls" data-duration="1268" data-image="" data-title="The Urban Squeeze S1Ep12 - Urban Heritage Protection" data-size="10141824" data-source="Tony Matthews" data-source-url="https://soundcloud.com/user-764909442/sets/dr-tony-matthews-the-urban" data-license="Author provided" data-license-url="">
<source src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/audio/908/ep-12-heritage-protection-urban-squeeze-w-opener.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
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<div class="audio-player-caption">
The Urban Squeeze S1Ep12 - Urban Heritage Protection.
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" rel="nofollow" href="https://soundcloud.com/user-764909442/sets/dr-tony-matthews-the-urban">Tony Matthews</a>, <span class="license">Author provided</span><span class="download"><span>9.67 MB</span> <a target="_blank" href="https://cdn.theconversation.com/audio/908/ep-12-heritage-protection-urban-squeeze-w-opener.mp3">(download)</a></span></span>
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<h2>Shandon becomes an ACA</h2>
<p>Local residents, traders and artists were influential in the process to gain ACA status for Shandon. The process began informally with early consultations between the community-based <a href="https://www.facebook.com/shandonarea/">Shandon Area Renewal Association (SARA)</a> and Cork City Council. This led to Shandon being designated an ACA under the Cork City Development Plan 2009-2015. </p>
<p>The <a href="http://www.corkcitydevelopmentplan.ie/">Cork City Development Plan 2015-2021</a> maintains broad conservation protections for the Shandon ACA. It also specifically protects 24 keynote buildings and seven protected monuments and places. These include graveyards, churches and views towards St Anne’s Church.</p>
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<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/188146/original/file-20170929-19819-q5rldg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/188146/original/file-20170929-19819-q5rldg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/188146/original/file-20170929-19819-q5rldg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/188146/original/file-20170929-19819-q5rldg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/188146/original/file-20170929-19819-q5rldg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/188146/original/file-20170929-19819-q5rldg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/188146/original/file-20170929-19819-q5rldg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="caption">Keynote buildings in Shandon (clockwise from left): St Anne’s Church, The Firkin Crane, The Butter Exchange.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Tony Matthews</span></span>
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<h2>The politics of becoming an ACA</h2>
<p>A significant concern for the Shandon community was that ACA status could harm private property rights and reduce property values. Sensitive mediation was needed to reassure residents that tighter development standards in ACAs <a href="http://www.corkcity.ie/media/Architectural_conservation_area.pdf">often increase property values</a> in these areas.</p>
<p>Others were concerned that ACA status could turn Shandon into a living museum, or that a focus on tourism would affect the local sense of place. Quite the opposite occurred. Shandon has since become the backdrop for large cultural events championed by the local community. These contribute significantly to the local economy and are a source of pride and connection to the local area. </p>
<p>These events are designed to take advantage of Shandon’s built heritage. For example, heritage buildings were used to great effect as the canvas for a series of <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-murals-helped-turn-a-declining-community-around-74979">reverse graffiti murals</a> depicting past and present citizens of Shandon. It’s also the backdrop for the annual <a href="http://www.dragonofshandon.com/">Dragon of Shandon</a> Samhain Parade led by <a href="http://ccal-v2.weebly.com/">Cork Community Art Link</a>, a local community arts organisation. </p>
<h2>Reflections on the Shandon experience</h2>
<p>The objectives of ensemble-scale heritage conservation can be highly political – sense of place, ownership of space and local politics come together in this process. Achieving ACA status does not necessarily result in the same outcomes for all communities. </p>
<p>Despite being subject to the same statutory protections as Shandon, the neighbouring ACA of Blackpool has been identified as “<a href="http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/artsfilmtv/local-historian-says-protecting-corks-historical-heritage-is-a-must-239967.html">a real cause for concern</a>” due to its many poorly maintained and derelict buildings.</p>
<p>Shandon’s experience as an ACA is more successful. An important difference between the two ACAs has been the active involvement of community members, local businesses and residents in the stewardship of heritage assets. This difference in outcomes underscores the importance of local participation in realising the objectives of heritage protection.</p>
<p>Ensuring Shandon benefits fully from its ACA status requires ongoing communication between planners, residents and other stakeholders. Shandon’s experience suggests this is a worthy but at times difficult pursuit.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/83805/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Tony Matthews receives external funding from the Australian Research Council, as well as internal funding from Griffith University. He is affiliated with the Shandon Area Renewal Association, Royal Town Planning Institute and the Planning Institute of Australia.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Deanna Grant-Smith receives funding from National Centre for Student Equity in Higher Education. </span></em></p>A suburb in the Irish city of Cork sets the standard for involving the community in heritage building conservation. Public engagement is the key to managing the inevitable conflicts.Tony Matthews, Lecturer in Urban and Environmental Planning, Griffith UniversityDeanna Grant-Smith, Senior Lecturer, Queensland University of TechnologyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/839752017-11-29T19:10:26Z2017-11-29T19:10:26ZSustainable re-use and recycling work for heritage buildings and places too<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189705/original/file-20171011-2024-1k5frf9.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">The old Pratt Street power plant in Baltimore in the US is now home to commercial uses. But the heritage preservation is compromised by advertising that is not sympathetic to the building style and design.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BaltimorePowerPlant.JPG">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></figcaption></figure><p><em>This article is part of our <a href="https://theconversation.com/au/topics/building-on-heritage-46804">Building on Heritage</a> series on preserving heritage buildings and places while making them as sustainable as possible.</em></p>
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<p>The desire to preserve the special character and historical significance of unique places and buildings is at the heart of heritage preservation. But should heritage be “frozen in time”? Or can it sometimes be adapted for re-use in sustainable ways? </p>
<p>Safeguarding heritage for future generations can celebrate urban histories. But it can also <a href="https://www.heritage.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/61533/Sustainability_Heritage_tech_-leaflet.pdf">make environmental sense</a>. This includes <a href="http://theconversation.com/heritage-building-preservation-vs-sustainability-conflict-isnt-inevitable-83973">conserving the embodied energy</a> in buildings and retaining examples of <a href="https://theconversation.com/sublime-design-the-queenslander-27225">design suited to the local environment</a>.</p>
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<p><em><strong>Further reading:</strong> <a href="http://theconversation.com/heritage-building-preservation-vs-sustainability-conflict-isnt-inevitable-83973">Heritage building preservation vs sustainability? Conflict isn’t inevitable</a></em></p>
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<p>However, some may see heritage protection as an imposition. This might include owners who wish to add modern sustainability features to a heritage building. </p>
<p>Say, for example, a home owner wants to improve thermal performance and energy efficiency by using double-glazing and solar panels. Would a council heritage officer reject such improvements? </p>
<p>If done well, heritage protection can add value to buildings, neighbourhoods and communities. The <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308954707_Managing_ensemble_scale_heritage_conservation_in_the_Shandon_Architectural_Conservation_Area_in_Cork_Ireland">benefits can include</a>:</p>
<ul>
<li>preserving cultural and architectural assets</li>
<li>defining the character of places</li>
<li>contributing to social and community well-being</li>
<li>improving the overall built environment.</li>
</ul>
<h2>What is old is new again</h2>
<p>Many of the world’s cities need to accommodate population growth and activities within existing urban areas. Even places and buildings that are treasured for their cultural value can face mounting <a href="https://theconversation.com/saving-sirius-why-heritage-protection-should-include-social-housing-81670">pressure for demolition and redevelopment</a> to accommodate growth. </p>
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<p><em><strong>Further reading:</strong> <a href="https://theconversation.com/saving-sirius-why-heritage-protection-should-include-social-housing-81670">Saving Sirius: why heritage protection should include social housing</a></em></p>
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<p>Environmental challenges like climate change are also driving efforts to adapt built environments to be more sustainable and liveable. </p>
<p>How best to protect built heritage then becomes a key question. Fortunately, we can often sustainably modify built heritage for new uses. </p>
<p>Indeed, we have been recycling old places <a href="https://theconversation.com/reinventing-heritage-buildings-isnt-new-at-all-the-ancients-did-it-too-70053">since the first cities were created</a>.</p>
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<p><em><strong>Further reading:</strong> <a href="https://theconversation.com/reinventing-heritage-buildings-isnt-new-at-all-the-ancients-did-it-too-70053">Reinventing heritage buildings isn’t new at all – the ancients did it too</a></em></p>
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<p>“Adaptive re-use” is the process of repurposing built heritage for new functions. It’s based on the idea of “preservation through transformation”. </p>
<p><audio preload="metadata" controls="controls" data-duration="1268" data-image="" data-title="The Urban Squeeze S1E12 – Urban Heritage Protection" data-size="10141824" data-source="Tony Matthews" data-source-url="" data-license="Author provided" data-license-url="">
<source src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/audio/925/ep-12-heritage-protection-urban-squeeze-w-opener.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<div class="audio-player-caption">
The Urban Squeeze S1E12 – Urban Heritage Protection.
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Tony Matthews</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span><span class="download"><span>9.67 MB</span> <a target="_blank" href="https://cdn.theconversation.com/audio/925/ep-12-heritage-protection-urban-squeeze-w-opener.mp3">(download)</a></span></span>
</div></p>
<h2>Sustainably retrofitting heritage buildings</h2>
<p>The possibilities created by adaptive re-use can easily capture the imagination. Could a <a href="http://heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/research-projects/industrial-heritage-case-studies/1-fennell-street/">former chocolate factory</a> be converted into retail spaces? Or a <a href="http://www.tate.org.uk/about/projects/constructing-tate-modern">power station</a> be turned into a bookstore, cafe, restaurants or museum? Or a <a href="http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=CC&regno=20512014">market building</a> be transformed into a museum and studios for artisans?</p>
<p>Adaptive re-use offers potential social, economic, cultural and environmental returns. There are now <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/architecture-design-blog/2016/oct/13/preserving-historical-buildings-the-most-sustainable-thing-is-not-to-build-new-stuff">many successful examples</a> of this. For example, London’s iconic <a href="http://www.tate.org.uk/about/projects/constructing-tate-modern">Tate Modern</a> gallery is housed in a former power station. </p>
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189732/original/file-20171011-16686-1se7f7f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189732/original/file-20171011-16686-1se7f7f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189732/original/file-20171011-16686-1se7f7f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189732/original/file-20171011-16686-1se7f7f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189732/original/file-20171011-16686-1se7f7f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189732/original/file-20171011-16686-1se7f7f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189732/original/file-20171011-16686-1se7f7f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189732/original/file-20171011-16686-1se7f7f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">From power station to art gallery: the Tate Modern in London.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/reservasdecoches/3661674044">Alquiler de Coches/flickr</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
</figcaption>
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<p>Commentators have noted how since the 1970s formerly disparaged inner-city areas <a href="https://theconversation.com/preserving-cities-how-trendies-shaped-australias-urban-heritage-66515">have become trendy</a> around the world. Preserving heritage while allowing buildings and districts <a href="https://theconversation.com/lessons-in-living-heritage-from-tokyo-to-adelaide-52957">to evolve organically</a> in response to current needs is possible. </p>
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<p><em><strong>Further reading:</strong> <a href="https://theconversation.com/lessons-in-living-heritage-from-tokyo-to-adelaide-52957">Lessons in living heritage from Tokyo to Adelaide</a></em></p>
<hr>
<p>Buildings are not the only heritage assets that can be adaptively re-used. There are many examples internationally where sites such as cemeteries have been re-used for parks and gardens. One may be seen in the Shandon Architectural Conservation Area in Cork, Ireland.</p>
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<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189724/original/file-20171011-16660-1yvg06y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189724/original/file-20171011-16660-1yvg06y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189724/original/file-20171011-16660-1yvg06y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189724/original/file-20171011-16660-1yvg06y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189724/original/file-20171011-16660-1yvg06y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189724/original/file-20171011-16660-1yvg06y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189724/original/file-20171011-16660-1yvg06y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">This historic, heritage-protected graveyard in Shandon has been adapted into a pocket park.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Tony Matthews</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p><em><strong>Further reading:</strong> <a href="https://theconversation.com/inner-city-neighbourhood-shows-the-way-in-protecting-heritage-of-centuries-past-83805">Inner-city neighbourhood shows the way in protecting heritage of centuries past</a></em></p>
<hr>
<p>In Sydney, the <a href="http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/explore/facilities/parks/major-parks/paddington-reservoir-gardens">Paddington Reservoir Gardens</a> are a recycled former water storage reservoir. It’s now a beautiful urban park. As well as recreation and relaxation, the park offers urban cooling.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189707/original/file-20171011-2038-1uu94bj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189707/original/file-20171011-2038-1uu94bj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189707/original/file-20171011-2038-1uu94bj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189707/original/file-20171011-2038-1uu94bj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189707/original/file-20171011-2038-1uu94bj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189707/original/file-20171011-2038-1uu94bj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=505&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189707/original/file-20171011-2038-1uu94bj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=505&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189707/original/file-20171011-2038-1uu94bj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=505&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Paddington Reservoir Gardens in Sydney were formerly a water storage reservoir.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paddington_Reservoir_Gardens_2010.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Adaptive re-use is different to “facadism”, where only the external shell of a building is saved. Adaptive re-use attempts to preserve the interior of building too (wherever possible), sometimes incorporating old fittings in playful ways. Facadism is a less elegant and useful version of heritage protection.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189702/original/file-20171011-2038-1bj2o0l.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189702/original/file-20171011-2038-1bj2o0l.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189702/original/file-20171011-2038-1bj2o0l.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189702/original/file-20171011-2038-1bj2o0l.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189702/original/file-20171011-2038-1bj2o0l.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189702/original/file-20171011-2038-1bj2o0l.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189702/original/file-20171011-2038-1bj2o0l.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189702/original/file-20171011-2038-1bj2o0l.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">An example of ‘facadism’ – only the shell of the building is retained.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/newtown_grafitti/6835379279">Newtown grafitti/flickr</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>So what is allowed in adaptive re-use?</h2>
<p>Given the many possibilities for repurposing buildings and places, we need to keep in mind what steps can be taken to preserve heritage and improve sustainability. Legal, practical and financial questions are central to decisions on adaptive re-use. </p>
<p>A raft of international and national laws, conventions and organisations have emerged in recent decades to guide heritage management. These include the <a href="http://www.icomos.org/en/">International Council on Monuments and Sites</a> (ICOMOS), the <a href="http://australia.icomos.org/publications/charters/">Burra Charter</a> and the <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/">UNESCO World Heritage List</a>. And practical guidance to protect built heritage while sustainably adapting it is becoming more common.</p>
<p>The European Union has developed <a href="http://www.3encult.eu/en/deliverables/Documents/WP2_D2.3_20140111_P21_Proposal%20of%20generic%20replicable%20factors.pdf">guidelines and best practice examples</a> for local governments. These provide guidance for achieving ambitious energy efficiency standards when renovating historic buildings. This is seen as a way for heritage buildings to become beacons of sustainable development at the community level.</p>
<p><a href="http://australia.icomos.org/resources/australia-icomos-heritage-toolkit/energy-sustainability/">ICOMOS Australia</a> also has a range of information about guidelines for sustainability retrofits and adaptive re-use of heritage buildings. </p>
<p>For example, let’s return to our earlier example of fitting solar panels to a heritage building. In South Australia the <a href="http://australia.icomos.org/wp-content/uploads/Solar-Panel-Guidelines-Colonel-Light-Gardens-State-Heritage-Area-SA-DEWNR.pdf">use of solar panels on heritage buildings</a> needs to ensure they are not visible from the street. Hobart City Council has <a href="http://australia.icomos.org/wp-content/uploads/Heritage-Solar-Technology-Guidelines-Hobart-City-Council.pdf">very specific guidelines</a> for incorporating solar in heritage buildings. In Queensland, <a href="http://australia.icomos.org/wp-content/uploads/Building-Services-Upgrades-and-Installation-QLD-DEHP.pdf">sustainability upgrades</a> must not damage or obscure views of the heritage building, must not damage the “significant fabric” of the building, and must be sympathetic in size, scale, colour, materials etc. </p>
<p>Adaptive re-use offers great potential to protect built heritage while meeting principles of sustainability. Practices that combine built heritage protection and sustainable development are gaining momentum in many cities. Comprehensive, integrated and strategic guidance is the first and best step towards supporting the exciting possibilities.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/83975/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Jason Byrne receives funding from the Australian Research Council for two research projects on: (i) climate change and social innovation and (ii) green space and health. He is a member of the Planning Institute Australia and Institute of Australian Geographers. He is affiliated with the Gold Coast and Hinterland Environment Council and donates to environmental groups (e.g. Australian Conservation Foundation). Jason is an avid fan of mid-century modern design and has solar panels on his roof. He is transitioning to a new post as Professor of Human Geography and Planning at the University of Tasmania.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Tony Matthews receives external funding from the Australian Research Council, as well as internal funding from Griffith University. He is affiliated with the Shandon Area Renewal Association, Royal Town Planning Institute and the Planning Institute of Australia.</span></em></p>Adaptively re-using buildings can preserve heritage while enabling new uses that help make cities more liveable and sustainable.Jason Byrne, Professor of Human Geography and Planning, University of TasmaniaTony Matthews, Lecturer in Urban and Environmental Planning, Griffith UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/839732017-11-28T19:07:27Z2017-11-28T19:07:27ZHeritage building preservation vs sustainability? Conflict isn’t inevitable<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/196581/original/file-20171127-2021-1crx22v.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">The Tower of London has altered greatly in its 900-year history as a castle, home, museum, prison and tourist attraction.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/tower-london-seen-river-thames-uk-294865154">Claudio Divizia/Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure><p><em>This article is part of our <a href="https://theconversation.com/au/topics/building-on-heritage-46804">Building on Heritage</a> series on preserving heritage buildings and places while making them as sustainable as possible.</em></p>
<hr>
<p>Contemporary preservation philosophy in Western cultures has been around for 140 years, and sustainable development for 30. Are the principles compatible or in conflict?</p>
<h2>What’s a heritage building?</h2>
<p>Heritage building does not have an unequivocal definition. It has several components, which co-exist to varying degrees. These include:</p>
<ul>
<li>cultural and historic</li>
<li>intrinsic and in use values</li>
<li>symbolic</li>
<li>the relationship between the building and location. </li>
</ul>
<p>A building may have little heritage value as a property but have value because a momentous event transpired there. Heritage buildings fulfil important demands for cultural experiences and leisure, and create benefits for tourism. Heritage buildings also have other <a href="https://theconversation.com/preserving-cities-how-trendies-shaped-australias-urban-heritage-66515">positive economic impacts</a>, such as generating higher rental and occupancy levels. </p>
<hr>
<p><em><strong>Further reading:</strong> <a href="https://theconversation.com/preserving-cities-how-trendies-shaped-australias-urban-heritage-66515">Preserving cities: how ‘trendies’ shaped Australia’s urban heritage</a></em></p>
<hr>
<h2>Let’s be clear about what we mean</h2>
<p>Many words – preservation, renovation, restoration and conservation – are used when talking about heritage. What do they mean? And what conditions and responsibilities do they engender? </p>
<p><strong>Renovation</strong> means “to make new again”. In buildings subjected to numerous interventions, the question is: to which period do we renovate? Outcomes depend on available documentation of original construction methods, materials and layouts.</p>
<p><strong>Preservation</strong> aims to halt deterioration and ensure no further changes occur. It places requirements on materials and methods, as final appearance is no longer the most important factor. Rather, the aim is to retain as much of the building fabric as possible.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189711/original/file-20171011-2020-1jovip1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189711/original/file-20171011-2020-1jovip1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189711/original/file-20171011-2020-1jovip1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189711/original/file-20171011-2020-1jovip1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189711/original/file-20171011-2020-1jovip1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189711/original/file-20171011-2020-1jovip1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189711/original/file-20171011-2020-1jovip1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189711/original/file-20171011-2020-1jovip1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">The Mansions is a heritage-listed group of six three-storey buildings in Brisbane CBD, Australia.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/mansions-heritage-listed-group-six-3storied-50713807?src=He1x-KlFdoLHk7Y4ejAfkw-1-1">Tupungato/Shutterstock</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p><strong>Reversible repairs</strong>: all repairs or additions must be reversible and removable. The work should not affect the condition of the original material now and in the future.</p>
<p>Preserving buildings means the building dictates choices on how it is treated; this does not involve artistic choices or material experimentation. In this understanding of the term, interventions that change performance with regard to water and energy use may be limited. It also excludes changes that alter the building fabric or appearance. </p>
<p>It is important to understand these definitions and that the lines between definitions change with the circumstances and buildings involved.</p>
<h2>Inherent sustainability in heritage buildings</h2>
<p>Heritage buildings tend to be inherently environmentally sustainable, with high levels of embodied energy.</p>
<p>Buildings from pre-industrial periods are likely to contain more natural, low-energy, less chemical-based material. However, they predate concerns about energy and water use, so this may be high. Opportunities do exist to optimise water and energy use in heritage buildings. </p>
<p>Many older buildings were designed and built to work with local climate. The traditional Queenslander house is a good example, with a design that allows air flow below the building to keep it cooler. In other areas, high thermal mass kept buildings cool in summer and warm in winter.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189103/original/file-20171006-25742-1s7fodp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189103/original/file-20171006-25742-1s7fodp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189103/original/file-20171006-25742-1s7fodp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189103/original/file-20171006-25742-1s7fodp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189103/original/file-20171006-25742-1s7fodp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189103/original/file-20171006-25742-1s7fodp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189103/original/file-20171006-25742-1s7fodp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189103/original/file-20171006-25742-1s7fodp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">The traditional Queenslander home allows a cooling air flow under the house.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/typical-queenslander-residential-home-this-underfloor-621865283?src=VeqgBjtm52HmMl2-Y728XA-1-3">Ines Porada / Shutterstock</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p><em><strong>Further reading:</strong> <a href="https://theconversation.com/sublime-design-the-queenslander-27225">Sublime design: the Queenslander</a></em></p>
<hr>
<p>Preservation reduces landfill waste, demolition energy use and new construction. Adaptive re-use concepts, renovations for less energy use, maintenance and type of use also affect heritage building sustainability.</p>
<p>Applying circular economy principles to renovations can improve sustainability. Combining energy and material use, quality and adaptability, sustainability can be discussed and the integral sustainability of heritage buildings measured.</p>
<hr>
<p><em><strong>Further reading:</strong> <a href="https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-the-circular-economy-23298">Explainer: what is the circular economy?</a></em></p>
<hr>
<p>Equally, we need to consider social and economic sustainability in heritage buildings.</p>
<h2>So how has policy evolved to manage all this?</h2>
<p>In 1877, William Morris established the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (<a href="https://www.spab.org.uk/what-is-spab/">SPAB</a>). Although responding to conservation issues of 19th-century England, the principles remain a philosophical foundation for protecting buildings of all styles and times.</p>
<p>The International Council on Monuments and Sites (<a href="http://www.icomos.org/en/about-icomos/mission-and-vision/mission-and-vision">ICOMOS</a>), established in 1964 as a global NGO linked to UNESCO, shares the best practices globally. The United Nations <a href="http://www.iisd.org/topic/sustainable-development">defined sustainable development</a> in 1987, articulating growing concerns with the economic, social and environmental impacts of development.</p>
<p>Later, countries adopted UN <a href="https://theconversation.com/infographic-how-are-we-progressing-on-the-sustainable-development-goals-45441">Sustainable Development Goals</a>, with <a href="http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/cities/">Goal 11</a> covering sustainable cities and communities. <a href="http://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/sustainable-development-goal-11-4">Target 11.4</a> aims to: “strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage” under SDG 11, which is to “make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”. This provides the overarching framework for heritage buildings. </p>
<p>ICOMOS promotes conservation, protection, use and enhancement of cultural heritage sites. ICOMOS closely engages with sustainable development, hosting scientific events and issuing policy documents to highlight the role of heritage. Resources comprise best practice guidance and advice is available internationally and nationally. </p>
<p>ICOMOS influences practices in Australia through statutes, ethical statements and principles and a procedural handbook. In Australia, heritage protection began in the 1930s with lists of buildings that evolved to registers documenting heritage attributes.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://www.heritage.vic.gov.au/">various</a> <a href="https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/land/heritage/council/about">state</a> <a href="http://heritage.tas.gov.au/about-us">heritage</a> <a href="http://www.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/">offices</a> and <a href="https://www.environment.sa.gov.au/our-places/heritage/sa-heritage-council">councils</a> in Australia are involved in <a href="http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/heritagebranch/heritage/research/sustainability.pdf">strategic projects</a> contributing to sustainable development. These include cultural landscapes, wind turbines and heritage. Policy frameworks and strategic plans for heritage and sustainable development enable the <a href="http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/organisations/australian-heritage-council">Australian Heritage Council</a>, state heritage bodies and stakeholders to work towards sustainable development. </p>
<p>However, development applications to alter or repair local buildings are considered at local government level. In some areas expert knowledge and resources regarding heritage, conservation philosophy and sustainability may be limited. The good news is there is Australian guidance on striking a balance between heritage and sustainable development.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189709/original/file-20171011-2038-drgwgy.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/189709/original/file-20171011-2038-drgwgy.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=351&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189709/original/file-20171011-2038-drgwgy.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=351&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189709/original/file-20171011-2038-drgwgy.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=351&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189709/original/file-20171011-2038-drgwgy.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=441&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189709/original/file-20171011-2038-drgwgy.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=441&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/189709/original/file-20171011-2038-drgwgy.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=441&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Formerly Tip Top Bakeries, Tip Top Brunswick East is a multi-award-winning development in Melbourne, Australia.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Little Projects</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>It’s not easy being green</h2>
<p>Heritage and sustainable development are intimately linked. Understanding heritage helps us better comprehend cultural and social systems. It is vital to understand the philosophical definitions of terms.</p>
<p>Sustainability is an important tool for heritage preservation. Another consideration is time, which includes the fact that changing, evolving uses add to heritage.</p>
<p>Many buildings we see as heritage have changed greatly over time. For instance, the Tower of London has in its 900-year history been a castle, home, museum, prison and tourist attraction. </p>
<p>If we are to maintain social and economic use, sometimes we need to accept change. In these cases, reversibility of repairs is an effective approach. </p>
<p>To sum up: it’s complex. Buildings are unique and need to be assessed on various levels:</p>
<ul>
<li>What is the heritage value?</li>
<li>What work is proposed?</li>
<li>What are existing levels of sustainability?</li>
<li>Can measures be incorporated that are reversible and do not damage original building fabric?</li>
</ul>
<p>Preserving heritage and sustainable development are both important goals. Conflicts need to be identified, assessed, documented and managed to achieve an optimum balance.</p>
<hr>
<p><em>This article draws on the authors’ book, <a href="http://au.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1119231426.html">Building Resilience in Urban Settlements through Sustainable Change Of Use</a> (Wiley-Blackwell, 2017, ISBN 978-1-119-23142-4).</em></p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/83973/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>When talking about heritage, we need to be clear about our definitions and our objectives for each building. Then we can work on achieving the optimum balance of heritage and sustainability.Sara Wilkinson, Associate Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Technology SydneyHilde Remøy, Associate Professor of Real Estate Management, Delft University of TechnologyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/816702017-07-27T20:16:43Z2017-07-27T20:16:43ZSaving Sirius: why heritage protection should include social housing<p>Campaigners to save Sydney’s landmark <a href="http://saveoursirius.org/">Sirius building</a> from demolition had a significant <a href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-25/sirius-heritage-decision-ruled-invalid/8741094">legal win</a> this week. </p>
<p>Last year, the then state heritage minister, Mark Speakman, refused to list the Brutalist block of public housing apartments on the New South Wales Heritage Register. Doing so would reduce the amount that the government, as its owner, might make from selling it. Now the NSW Land and Environment Court has <a href="https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/5976c0a7e4b074a7c6e176a0">ruled</a> that the decision is invalid and must be remade.</p>
<p>This does not mean Sirius is now heritage-listed, let alone safe from demolition. Heritage Minister Gabrielle Upton could still decide not to list the building, but she will have to make her decision according to the requirements of the Heritage Act.</p>
<p>Still, it is an important decision on how our heritage is protected at law, and it is fitting that Sirius should be the subject of it. In a sense, this building and the Heritage Act were born from the same event: the <a href="https://theconversation.com/speaking-with-nicole-cook-on-union-green-bans-housing-affordability-and-the-sirius-building-71619">Green Ban movement</a> of the 1970s, in which Jack Mundey’s Builders Labourers’ Federation (BLF) acted, on the advice of local residents and the National Trust, to prevent development that threatened significant sites and housing, mostly famously at The Rocks. </p>
<p>The Green Bans there were lifted when the state government agreed to “the people’s plan” put forward by residents and the BLF to preserve the built fabric and provide low-income housing in the area. The result was Sirius, which was completed in 1980. And the wider result was statutory heritage protection, in the form of the Heritage Act.</p>
<p>The heritage significance of Sirius lies both in its striking architectural form and in its connection to that remarkable period in Sydney’s social history. Aside from Sirius’s own significance, the case prompts us to consider how heritage is protected, and how <a href="https://shelternsw.org.au/publications/urban-policy-planning/heritage-and-social-housing-shelter-brief-no-54">social housing</a> fits in.</p>
<h2>What is heritage?</h2>
<p>When we talk about “heritage” values, it may mean a range of things, from the speaker’s opinion that something is worth keeping, to its status under the several legal regimes to protect heritage. </p>
<p>Aside from the law, heritage management is based on a body of principles and best practice. The principal statement of these is the <a href="http://australia.icomos.org/publications/charters/">Burra Charter</a>. It informs the practices of conscientious owners, building professionals, and heritage consultants.</p>
<p>In both law and practice, the focus is on protecting an item’s “heritage significance”. The Burra Charter refers this to synonymously with “cultural significance”, defined as “aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations”.</p>
<p>This significance may vary by degree (“exceptional” or “outstanding” significance, for instance) and by extent. An item may be significant for a local community, a state, a nation, or all of humanity. </p>
<p>This is reflected in the different legal regimes for heritage protection at all three levels of government in Australia – local government, states and territories (each has its own, broadly similar legislation), and the Commonwealth – and the <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/">World Heritage regime</a>.</p>
<h2>Where does social housing fit in?</h2>
<p>Social housing can certainly have heritage significance. We have been building it in Australia for more than 100 years, and its design and construction have been shaped by contemporary architectural and political ideas, sometimes in an exemplary way.</p>
<figure class="align-right zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/179927/original/file-20170727-22117-171sawh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/179927/original/file-20170727-22117-171sawh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/179927/original/file-20170727-22117-171sawh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=583&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179927/original/file-20170727-22117-171sawh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=583&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179927/original/file-20170727-22117-171sawh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=583&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179927/original/file-20170727-22117-171sawh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=733&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179927/original/file-20170727-22117-171sawh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=733&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179927/original/file-20170727-22117-171sawh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=733&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">One of the six Berlin Modernism Housing Estates protected by World Heritage listing.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Modernism_Housing_Estates#/media/File:Berlin_C_Legien_Trachtenbrodtstr_20.jpg">Doris Antony/Wikipedia</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Depending on the degree and extent of its significance, a social housing building or place could come under any of the Australian or international legal regimes. The World Heritage Register includes social housing – the <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1239">Berlin Modernism Housing Estates</a>. No social housing from Australia has been nominated for that list, nor for the <a href="http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national-heritage-list">National Heritage List</a>.</p>
<p>The Sirius case is about the state-level heritage regime. If Sirius were listed on the NSW Heritage Register, it would not be the first social housing to be listed. Sirius’s neighbour, the row of terrace houses at <a href="https://www.mcgrath.com.au/sold/propertytype/state/area/suburb/352202">Gloucester Street, The Rocks</a>, is listed, along with all of Millers Point. This includes 214 properties – an extraordinary mix of <a href="http://millerspointcommunity.com.au/the-place/">Georgian mansions, Victorian terraces</a> and <a href="http://millerspointcommunity.com.au/saving-the-workers-flats/">early 20th-century workers flats</a>.</p>
<p>For many years these properties provided social housing, which is an acknowledged part of their significance. The state government has decided all these properties <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-moving-out-public-housing-tenants-is-a-tragedy-for-millers-point-and-for-sydney-64363">will no longer be used as social housing</a>. They are being sold off, but remain on the NSW Heritage Register.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/179914/original/file-20170727-28585-t59quw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/179914/original/file-20170727-28585-t59quw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/179914/original/file-20170727-28585-t59quw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179914/original/file-20170727-28585-t59quw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179914/original/file-20170727-28585-t59quw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179914/original/file-20170727-28585-t59quw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179914/original/file-20170727-28585-t59quw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179914/original/file-20170727-28585-t59quw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">The NSW Heritage Register lists all of Millers Point, 214 properties in all, including this Georgian building.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/50415738@N04/7889967176/in/photolist-sop5wh-SbBYwC-jRZ6Y6-d2d9mQ-SbBZYf-pzavfa-sQYnGV-teEZZ8">sv1ambo/flickr</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Listing isn’t a blanket protection</h2>
<p>The Heritage Act does not prevent a listed property being sold, or new occupants moving in. Generally, it prohibits development of the property without prior approval of the relevant authority (usually a local council) and the Heritage Council, a statutory office established by the act. The process involves public submissions and consideration of any effects on heritage significance.</p>
<p>The act sets a high threshold for demolitions: these will be refused unless the item poses a danger. It also imposes a positive obligation to maintain and repair to minimum standards – preventing “demolition by neglect” – and provides for conservation management plans as a way of getting works approved and encouraging best practice.</p>
<p>There are some exceptions to the general processes of the Act. Notably, if the government declares a “state significant development”, the consent authority is the planning minister – the Heritage Council’s approval is not required.</p>
<p>Large developments (above A$10 million) in The Rocks are state significant development – so even if listed, Sirius might not be completely safe.</p>
<h2>Many properties have local significance</h2>
<p>Many more social housing properties are on local heritage registers in NSW. Some are part of “heritage conservation areas”, which cover all properties in a street or suburb of local heritage significance. </p>
<p>One example is the <a href="http://www.botanybay.nsw.gov.au/Planning-Business/Heritage/Heritage-Conservation-in-Botany-Bay">Daceyville estate</a>, the first purpose-built public housing in Australia. Another is the <a href="http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=2421506">Woolloomooloo estate</a>, which includes Victorian terraces acquired and renewed as social housing in the 1970s. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/179921/original/file-20170727-24072-gqhdi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/179921/original/file-20170727-24072-gqhdi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/179921/original/file-20170727-24072-gqhdi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=259&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179921/original/file-20170727-24072-gqhdi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=259&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179921/original/file-20170727-24072-gqhdi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=259&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179921/original/file-20170727-24072-gqhdi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=325&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179921/original/file-20170727-24072-gqhdi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=325&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179921/original/file-20170727-24072-gqhdi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=325&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Daceyville estate, pictured in 1915, is heritage-listed as the first purpose-built public housing.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/statelibraryofnsw/4880551617/in/photolist-8rh6XF-4b49C3-fwyoj4-94rZeV-cb9CQU-cb9EXs-cb9sgY-cb9rHq-cb9J7f-cb9HJU-cb9MCY-cb9viy-cb98Mj-cb8ZBE-cb9M1U-cb9qnQ-cb9FuN-cb9vX1-cb9NgA-cb9MME-cb9JVQ-cb8Ys3-cb99sL-cb91dS-cb9JPS-6KvAJ1-6KrtdV-qLmgMH-RXA3vT-6KrsYD-6KrsU4-bofD8A-6KrsXg-S9vTwr-cAQRi-JQmVN-6KvAuo-6KvAKA-6KvABW-omdJpr-6Krt2R-6KvADJ-6Krt8n-6hS9PV-r3GgJL-6hSaAR-6KvAyU-6hWj4W-JQmVQ-6hSaJv">State Library of NSW/flickr</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Some properties are listed individually. Examples include Chippendale’s <a href="http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=2420437">Strickland Flats</a>, the first public housing flats in Australia, and a collection of <a href="http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=2240400">post-war cottages in South Granville</a>.</p>
<p>Local councils make these listings under their local environmental plans. Generally, the property may be altered or demolished only with the council’s prior consent. Some minor developments may not require the full consent process. </p>
<p>In the case of NSW public housing, however, <a href="https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/EPI/2009/364/part2/div6/cl40">special provisions</a> allow for a much wider range of development activities on local heritage-listed properties and conservation areas without local consent. This includes the construction of multi-dwelling buildings. Demolitions, however, cannot be carried out without consent.</p>
<p>In terms of practice, heritage conservation management is something that social housing providers should do well, considering their scale, long-term property holding and access to expertise. Even their frugality may be an advantage: as the Burra Charter notes: “the best conservation often involves the least work and can be inexpensive”. </p>
<p>However, as social housing renewal moves up governments’ agenda, sound legal protections and decision-making processes are also required.</p>
<p>Sirius has a less famous sibling, “<a href="http://www.imgrum.org/media/1203945333700424408_2252098323">The Laurels</a>”, a low-rise block of modular apartments in suburban San Souci. It is not listed on any heritage register. Perhaps it should be.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/81670/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Chris Martin receives funding from the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute (AHURI).
This article draws on research conducted for Shelter NSW.</span></em></p>Social housing can certainly have heritage significance. Over more than 100 years, it has been shaped by contemporary architectural and political ideas, sometimes in an exemplary way.Chris Martin, Research Fellow, City Housing, UNSW SydneyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/700532017-01-02T20:20:39Z2017-01-02T20:20:39ZReinventing heritage buildings isn’t new at all – the ancients did it too<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/150238/original/image-20161215-2517-198dpvo.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">With the addition of minarets, Hagia Sophia was converted from a Christian basilica to an Islamic mosque.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Candace Richards</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>In any debate on new construction in our urban centres you are likely to hear phrases like sustainable urban planning, adaptive reuse and recycling heritage – so much so that anyone would be forgiven for thinking that these were modern concerns. </p>
<p>However, these principles have a long history in the ancient world. Anywhere permanent materials such as marble and granite were used to build monuments and infrastructure, recycling and reuse followed. </p>
<p>The ancient Roman world is littered with examples of architectural recycling. Under the banner <a href="https://www.academia.edu/2072226/Reuse_Value_Spolia_and_Appropriation_in_Art_and_Architecture_from_Constantine_to_Sherrie_Levine."><em>spolia</em> studies</a>, archaeologists and art historians have increasingly focused attention on the hows and whys of reuse in antiquity. </p>
<p>Ancient architectural recycling falls into two broad categories: adaptive reuse of immovable structures, when a building or monument is renovated and its primary function changes; and reuse of architectural elements, where both functional and decorative material is removed from one building to be incorporated in another (spolia). </p>
<p>While this is often associated with changes in ideologies, there is also evidence of opportunistic recycling following disasters. These events created a surplus of materials that could be salvaged for new constructions.</p>
<h2>Same aesthetic, new function</h2>
<p>In the hearts of Rome and Istanbul, the capitals of the ancient <a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/roem/hd_roem.htm">Roman</a> and <a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/byza/hd_byza.htm">Byzantine empires</a>, stand the <a href="http://www.ancient.eu/Pantheon/">Pantheon</a> and <a href="http://ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr/en/history">Hagia Sophia</a>. These iconic and celebrated public buildings were adapted for different religious purposes throughout history. Both maintained their heritage aesthetic, while renovating their function.</p>
<p>The Pantheon was adapted from a pagan temple to a consecrated church in 609CE. The exterior Pantheon was largely unchanged, while the interior was stripped of its pagan elements.</p>
<p>Hagia Sophia was adapted from a Christian basilica to an Islamic mosque following the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans. The exterior required only the addition of <a href="http://ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr/en/ext-minarets">minarets</a>. The interior was whitewashed to cover the rich <a href="http://ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr/en/mosa-apse-mosaic">mosaics</a> of its previous life. </p>
<p>Civic buildings, too, were prime candidates for adaptive reuse, thanks to the rich materials and design of their original constructions. </p>
<figure class="align-left zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/150094/original/image-20161214-32180-1u23n6k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/150094/original/image-20161214-32180-1u23n6k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/150094/original/image-20161214-32180-1u23n6k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=772&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150094/original/image-20161214-32180-1u23n6k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=772&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150094/original/image-20161214-32180-1u23n6k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=772&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150094/original/image-20161214-32180-1u23n6k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=970&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150094/original/image-20161214-32180-1u23n6k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=970&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150094/original/image-20161214-32180-1u23n6k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=970&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">The restored Library of Celsus, Ephesus, with excavated ancient water pipes in the foreground.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>At the newly listed <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1018/">UNESCO World Heritage site of Ephesus</a>, the tourists’ visit culminates at the impressive multistorey <a href="https://www.academia.edu/4324200/Ephesus_The_Library_of_Celsus">Library of Celsus</a>. Originally built in the second century, an earthquake and fire destroyed the library and its holdings in 262CE. </p>
<p>The impressive facade of the library was salvaged and adapted 100 years later into a <em>nymphaeum</em>, a public water fountain. The adaptive process incorporated other recycled materials from nearby public monuments, mostly marble blocks and free-standing sculpture, fitting the change in function. This reuse gave the non-functional, but already historic, structure a new life. </p>
<h2>Recycling as propaganda</h2>
<p>The Arch of Constantine is possibly the most referenced structure in spolia studies. Dedicated in 315, the arch celebrates Constantine’s victory over his rival <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maxentius#ref285468">Emperor Maxentius</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge">Battle of Milvian Bridge</a>. </p>
<figure class="align-right zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/150239/original/image-20161215-30552-dx88x4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/150239/original/image-20161215-30552-dx88x4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/150239/original/image-20161215-30552-dx88x4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=475&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150239/original/image-20161215-30552-dx88x4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=475&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150239/original/image-20161215-30552-dx88x4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=475&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150239/original/image-20161215-30552-dx88x4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=597&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150239/original/image-20161215-30552-dx88x4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=597&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150239/original/image-20161215-30552-dx88x4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=597&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">The Arch of Constantine, where recycling even serves the purpose of propaganda.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="http://open.conted.ox.ac.uk/resources/images/arch-constantine">Steve Kershaw</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">CC BY-NC-SA</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>First <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40311027">noticed by Raphael</a>, the arch was built from a mixture of new and recycled decorative building material. Scenes of animal hunts, religious sacrifice and historic battles were taken from monuments built in the second century CE, including those of the emperors Hadrian, Trajan and Marcus Aurelius. These scenes represented the “<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/12/arts/12iht-conway12.html">golden years</a>” of Rome’s past. </p>
<p>Constantine didn’t just simply recycle these pieces; he reworked the stone faces of Rome’s greatest emperors into his own image. With this act, the emperor takes on all the great qualities of his predecessors and sets himself up as the rightful leader of Rome. This recycling takes us into a world of political propaganda, <a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ropo2/hd_ropo2.htm">something the Romans were renowned for</a>.</p>
<p>This bold inclusion of old material in a new monument for Rome led to a whole new recycling trend in architecture. Decorative elements such as columns, capitals and architraves were given new life in buildings of the fourth century CE. </p>
<p>The trend became so popular that <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1291726">new laws</a> were created to protect public buildings from being stripped of their decoration. Only if a building could not be restored was it permitted to recycle that building’s materials. </p>
<h2>Opportunistic recycling</h2>
<p>Natural disasters and invading armies often left ancient monuments in ruin. These created a stock of marble, granite and sandstone that could be reused in new constructions. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/150240/original/image-20161215-2500-f9v506.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/150240/original/image-20161215-2500-f9v506.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/150240/original/image-20161215-2500-f9v506.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=307&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150240/original/image-20161215-2500-f9v506.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=307&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150240/original/image-20161215-2500-f9v506.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=307&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150240/original/image-20161215-2500-f9v506.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=385&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150240/original/image-20161215-2500-f9v506.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=385&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150240/original/image-20161215-2500-f9v506.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=385&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">The theatre at Nea Paphos, the scene of archaeological excavations since 1995.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Paphos Theatre Archaeological Project, University of Sydney</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>In <a href="http://www.mcw.gov.cy/mcw/da/da.nsf/All/59FFC9310818070EC225719B003A2EB8?OpenDocument">Nea Paphos, Cyprus</a>, a devastating earthquake destroyed the <a href="https://theconversation.com/digging-deeper-holes-20-years-as-an-archaeologist-in-cyprus-41891">8,500-seat theatre</a> in 365CE. Instead of being rebuilt, the theatre became a useful source of marble and stone. Many of the columns and decorative architecture were <a href="http://www.paphostheatre.org/archaeological-history.html">carried off to be reused</a> in the new Chrysopolitissa basilica, 300 metres down the road. </p>
<figure class="align-right zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/150241/original/image-20161215-2509-1fuknl6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/150241/original/image-20161215-2509-1fuknl6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/150241/original/image-20161215-2509-1fuknl6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150241/original/image-20161215-2509-1fuknl6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150241/original/image-20161215-2509-1fuknl6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150241/original/image-20161215-2509-1fuknl6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150241/original/image-20161215-2509-1fuknl6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/150241/original/image-20161215-2509-1fuknl6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">In Athens, a late Roman fortification wall is a hodgepodge of recycled materials.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/frenchieb/5937704608">F. Tronchin/flickr</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">CC BY-NC-ND</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>In Athens, the invading <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herules">Heruli</a> destroyed several public buildings in 267-8 CE. However, this left behind a good supply of reusable materials. The Athenians recycled many elements, from column drums to relief sculpture, in a <a href="http://agora.ascsa.net/id/agora/monument/post-herulian%20fortification%20wall">large fortification wall</a> circling the heart of the city. Today, the wall appears as a <a href="http://agora.ascsa.net/id/agora/image/1997.12.0398?q=1997.12.0398&t=&v=list&sort=&s=1">hodgepodge of recycled elements</a> from Athens’ classical past.</p>
<p>In 2004, the Australian Department of the Environment and Energy released a document supporting adaptive reuse. This booklet <a href="http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/3845f27a-ad2c-4d40-8827-18c643c7adcd/files/adaptive-reuse.pdf">said</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Historic buildings give us a glimpse of our past and lend character to our communities as well as serving practical purposes now.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>In 2011, the renamed department released a <a href="http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/b0ac5ce4-4253-4d2b-b001-0becf84b52b8/files/case-studies.pdf">guide</a> to help realise new recycling opportunities related to construction and demolition. These principles are part of our general thinking about urban planning. However, it is clear that this is not a new approach to sustainable urban development, but rather continues an ancient tradition of recycling.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/70053/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Candace Richards does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Adaptive reuse and recycling of heritage architecture may be all the rage, but are not new. Making new buildings from old has a long history in the ancient world.Candace Richards, Acting Senior Curator, Nicholson Museum, University of SydneyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/529572016-04-07T00:34:33Z2016-04-07T00:34:33ZLessons in living heritage from Tokyo to Adelaide<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/116571/original/image-20160329-17832-swuvhy.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">The size and pace of activity in Tokyo can be overwhelming, but at the human scale the city has an incredibly rich layering of experiences built over generations.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="license">Author provided</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Architects, urban planners and government policymakers often aspire to make Australian cities <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08111140903108572?journalCode=cupr20">more like Copenhagen</a>. But, for issues of heritage and conservation, we could broaden our view and learn a lot from Japan.</p>
<p>When you think about Japan, you probably think of cherry blossom, kimonos, sashimi, sumo, gardens, bathhouses, neon lights or space-age toilets. What you might not think about is the rich and complex layering in Japanese cities.</p>
<h2>In support of organic evolution</h2>
<p>Tokyo is a city that most visitors remember as being bustling, if not overwhelming, in every sense of the word. The pace is frenetic. People are packed together like sardines.</p>
<p>But, at the human scale, Tokyo has an incredibly rich layering of experiences. </p>
<p>The towers of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku">Shinjuku</a> sit alongside the tightly packed informal streets that inspired the movie Bladerunner. Tourist meccas and shopping malls co-exist with open street markets and questionable boutiques. Pockets of traditional houses sit in a strange tension with the megastructures of the heaving metropolis.</p>
<p>The complexity of Tokyo has emerged organically; it could not have been designed. Master planning has a place, because a city needs structures and guidelines for development. But, like planting a seed instead of designing the flower, accepting that cities can evolve organically means that they won’t bow to the will of a single architect or reflect just one moment in time.</p>
<p>The constant state of flux denies the singular and encourages the pastiche. Working in flux requires a shift to thinking of cities as organisms rather than as objects in need of completion. This shift allows each generation to add their chapter to the story, rather than constantly trying to “finish” it.</p>
<h2>Weighing ‘progress’ against ‘heritage’</h2>
<p>Adelaide is in many ways the opposite of an organic city. It was planned according to a <a href="http://www.amw.org.au/register/listings/william-light-collection">regimented grid</a> that permits little deviance. However, it has organically retained many heritage buildings and a range of architectural styles. </p>
<p>While we might like to think of this as deliberate, much of this preservation arguably happened as a result of South Australia’s <a href="http://www.britannica.com/place/South-Australia/Government-and-society#toc42542">comparatively slow economic growth</a>.</p>
<p>The phenomenon of buildings being protected by economic rationalism rather than cultural idealism is amplified in Japan. Many of Japan’s most interesting urban areas are full of seemingly mismatched buildings, which combine to tell a complex story of their place. </p>
<p>While these areas are celebrated for their diversity and historical significance, many remain because of cancelled construction projects (during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Decade_(Japan)">economic contraction of the 1990s</a>) rather than a deliberate preservation agenda.</p>
<p>Economic growth is not necessarily bad for heritage, and Adelaide doesn’t need another <a href="http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/inside-the-state-bank-collapse-of-1991-that-crippled-south-australia/news-story/c1db0600ac89985cdd126315dbbc20fb">State Bank collapse</a>. But historically slow growth has left the city with a built environment of incredible cultural value.</p>
<p>Adelaide’s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Terrace,_Adelaide">North Terrace</a> strip is an obvious example of this. Yet, much like Melbourne in neighbouring Victoria, the South Australian capital is starting to see the value of some of its “less beautiful” parts. The transformation of unloved buildings into thriving small bars demonstrates how buildings of little economic value can have immense urban and cultural value.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/117434/original/image-20160405-13530-zodo28.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/117434/original/image-20160405-13530-zodo28.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/117434/original/image-20160405-13530-zodo28.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=369&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/117434/original/image-20160405-13530-zodo28.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=369&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/117434/original/image-20160405-13530-zodo28.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=369&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/117434/original/image-20160405-13530-zodo28.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=463&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/117434/original/image-20160405-13530-zodo28.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=463&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/117434/original/image-20160405-13530-zodo28.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=463&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">While economic hardship largely explains why Adelaide’s North Terrace (pictured here circa 1940) has been well preserved, it is now treasured as the city’s living heritage.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Terrace,_Adelaide#/media/File:North_Terrace,_Adelaide,_1940.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Thinking in terms of living heritage</h2>
<p>Instead of ascribing value to buildings simply because they are old or rundown, we need to develop a way of assessing and understanding value. “Living heritage” is a concept that encourages us to think more deeply about the value of buildings through the contribution they make to their surroundings.</p>
<p>Since Marcel Duchamp put a urinal in a gallery and <a href="http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/duchamp-fountain-t07573">called it art</a>, we have understood that objects are defined by their surroundings as much as by their own design. In a living heritage evaluation, the role of a building in defining and anchoring its context can be as important as its stylistic details.</p>
<p>Buildings normally represent a single moment in time, but the urban environments around them continually evolve. If we understand the contribution a building is making to the story of its surroundings, we can make decisions that go beyond preserving historical facades to foster opportunities to protect, and add to, the stories and layers of the past.</p>
<p>To take this concept further, we could considering whether the ardent preservation of streetscapes as museum pieces is actually holding back the development of cultural identity. Perhaps rather than trying to freeze parts of our cities as examples of the past, we could look at supporting appropriately designed (and scaled) new developments. If done well, these interventions build on and enhance the cultural narrative of place.</p>
<p>Heritage will always be a complex issue, but our understanding needs to go beyond aesthetics to consider cultural (and environmental) dimensions. Contemporary architectural interventions are challenging for any urban area. </p>
<p>But if carefully crafted, good architecture can create an abstract continuity that adds a new layer to the story of a place without compromising its identity and integrity.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/52957/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Aaron Davis travelled to Japan with a grant from The Rymill House Trust Fund to investigate the concept of 'living heritage'.</span></em></p>The concept of living heritage can help us make decisions that go beyond preserving historical facades to protect and add to, rather than freeze, the stories and layers of the past.Aaron Davis, PhD Candidate in Architecture, University of South AustraliaLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.