tag:theconversation.com,2011:/uk/topics/toby-young-48281/articlesToby Young – The Conversation2018-01-12T14:57:25Ztag:theconversation.com,2011:article/900322018-01-12T14:57:25Z2018-01-12T14:57:25ZToby Young saga shows how social media can be bad for your career<p>The journalist and commentator Toby Young <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/jan/09/toby-young-resigns-office-for-students">resigned</a> from the board of the university regulator <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/chief-executive-of-new-office-for-students-announced">Office for Students</a> (OfS) after he came under fire for a series of offensive comments. Some of his <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/jan/03/toby-young-quotes-on-breasts-eugenics-and-working-class-people">past statements</a> about working-class students, disabled people, women or inclusivity were perceived by many to be exceedingly inflammatory, making him unfit for public office. </p>
<p>A string of <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/toby-young-theresa-may-university-appointment-labour-demand-reverse-decision-a8138906.html">misogynistic remarks</a> he made on Twitter was particularly controversial. Apparently, Young deleted the majority of his tweets once his appointment to the OfS was confirmed, but the damage had already been done. </p>
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<p>This is not the first time a candidate for public office has stumbled over insensitive or offensive tweets. In 2016 several officials created “Twitterstorms” which at times effectively ended their careers. Among these was Labour MP Jared O’ Mara, who was <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-41750136">suspended by his party</a> after it was discovered he had posted abusive messages online. US senator Bill Kintner stepped down after <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/26/us-politician-bill-kintner-quits-offensive-tweet-mocking-womens/">retweeting a message</a> mocking a Women’s March. </p>
<p>Even seemingly innocuous photographs can be cause for concern. The Canadian ambassador to Indonesia <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/peter-macarthur-deletes-myanmar-tweet-1.4469884">was reprimanded</a> for tweeting pictures of the Burmese coastline, with captions that praised the beaches as “perfect for snorkelling”. This contrasted starkly with the images of the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/13/burma-humanitarian-crisis-rohingya-arakan">humanitarian crisis</a> unfolding in Burma.</p>
<p>Controversial remarks on social media clearly have the potential to derail careers. It does not matter whether they were made carelessly or not, in public or to a small circle of “friends”. And nor does it matter when they were made. </p>
<p>O’Mara posted his comments in 2004, and many of Young’s stirring statements on Twitter were made several years ago. Young has published tens of thousands of tweets – and perhaps has no recollection of some of his older tweets.</p>
<p>The pitfalls of social media, however, are not limited to highly visible individuals applying for high-profile jobs in the public or private sector. They can also have a strong impact on the career prospects of ordinary job applicants. </p>
<p>Companies screen social media profiles of job applicants and habitually reject candidates based on the outcomes of these checks. And it’s not just checks on job-related social media websites such as LinkedIn – Twitter, Instagram or Facebook are also scrutinised. Compromising pictures, offensive messages, membership of particular groups or biographical information which does not match with information provided by the candidate can all be a source of rejection. </p>
<p>Even the number of a candidate’s social media profiles can be a problem. For instance, some companies regard applicants with a certain number of profiles as “job hoppers” and exclude them from their pool of suitable candidates.</p>
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<p>Social media screening has become so prevalent that many companies employ staff solely dedicated to this task. In theory, social media screening should be bound by a number of ethical and legal constraints, but in practice few restrictions apply. </p>
<p>Tracking applicant information on social media has never been more straightforward. It does not require particular skills – anybody can perform a Google search on a candidate. But some companies also employ increasingly sophisticated algorithms to screen social media profiles and filter applications. Commercial providers sell social media information to third parties and with the help of online tools such as the Wayback Machine, it is possible to retrieve information which has long been deleted. Many candidates, unaware of the impact of their social media activities, see their job applications rejected without ever knowing the actual reasons why. </p>
<h2>Think before you share</h2>
<p>So what are the implications? First, one should think very carefully about what to share on social media and with whom. Sensitive information does not only extend to one’s own social media profiles, but also to content posted by others. Also, take a moment to reflect on the potential implications of social media activities – not only for the present, but especially for the future. </p>
<p>What is innocuous or amusing now might be perceived as offensive and inappropriate later, or in a different context. Once the “send” button is clicked, content is virtually available forever, even if deleted within seconds. Always assume that everything which is shared on social media becomes public knowledge. </p>
<p>Being successful in today’s labour market requires a strong awareness of the implications of social media activities for career prospects. Even though the consequences of controversial social media activity may affect anybody, candidates for public office are subject to particular scrutiny from the media, political rivals or the public in general. </p>
<p>Higher standards of moral integrity apply to those in public office – and any compromising tweet or picture from the past will inevitably be unearthed. For aspiring office holders, these challenges can be difficult to reconcile with the need to be a public persona and to share as much information with the public as possible. It is in their own interest to keep digital tracks as clean as possible. Otherwise, as demonstrated by the case of Toby Young, one’s tenure in public office might be over before it has properly begun.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/90032/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Michael Koch does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Social media can act like an online CV, so be careful what you share.Michael Koch, Lecturer in Human Resource Management & Organisational Behaviour, University of KentLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/896712018-01-05T14:03:37Z2018-01-05T14:03:37ZToby Young: what is ‘progressive eugenics’ and what does it have to do with meritocracy?<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/200924/original/file-20180105-26166-1u6p7qe.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Toby Young at West London Free School in 2012.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.facebook.com/147400295330624/photos/a.780822028655111.1073741826.147400295330624/780822465321734/?type=3&theater">Toby Young/Facebook</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>Since Toby Young’s appointment to the government’s new higher education watchdog – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Students">Office for Students</a> – critics have trawled through his past for evidence of <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/jan/03/toby-young-quotes-on-breasts-eugenics-and-working-class-people">unsuitability</a> for the role.</p>
<p>Included in a catalogue of <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-outcry-over-toby-young-and-why-the-new-university-regulator-could-already-be-doomed-89586">offensive tweets and choice quotes</a> is an article written by Young in 2015, titled <a href="https://quadrant.org.au/magazine/2015/09/fall-meritocracy/#_ftn2">The Fall of the Meritocracy</a>. In the article Young takes issue with past attempts to secure social mobility through heavy state intervention. He adopts the classic liberal argument that state intervention should be strictly limited or it becomes coercive.</p>
<p>The only way of encouraging social mobility in a liberal society – a society that values freedom – is to give individuals the power to drive their own upward mobility. Young’s solution: give parents with low IQs the tools to increase the intelligence of their offspring.</p>
<h2>Young’s argument</h2>
<p>The word “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritocracy">meritocracy</a>” was famously coined by Young’s father as a <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/jun/29/comment">dystopian term</a>, but Young himself uses it in the positive sense. This is the idea that a just society is one that <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-truth-about-meritocracy-it-doesnt-make-society-fairer-65260">rewards ability and effort</a>, rather than patronage – the <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-meritocracy-is-a-smokescreen-for-inherited-privilege-70948">influence of social connections</a>. </p>
<p>In his argument, Young claims that a degree of social mobility is necessary to ensure that an unequal society remains palatable to those who suffer it most. If social divisions were relatively fixed, those at the bottom of the pile would be more likely to revolt. </p>
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/200925/original/file-20180105-26145-1p4bin0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/200925/original/file-20180105-26145-1p4bin0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/200925/original/file-20180105-26145-1p4bin0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=375&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/200925/original/file-20180105-26145-1p4bin0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=375&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/200925/original/file-20180105-26145-1p4bin0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=375&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/200925/original/file-20180105-26145-1p4bin0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=472&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/200925/original/file-20180105-26145-1p4bin0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=472&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/200925/original/file-20180105-26145-1p4bin0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=472&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<span class="caption">Toby Young with pupils at the West London Free School.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Toby Young/Facebook</span></span>
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<p>Meritocracy can nonetheless endanger itself, Young argues, and needs to be protected. Here he makes the highly controversial claim that meritocratic selection is reorganising class boundaries according to IQ. From Young’s perspective, this is a problem for social stability.</p>
<p>For many on the left – the so called “<a href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/2018/01/the-real-reason-im-a-target-for-the-twitchfork-mob/">twitchfork mob</a>” in Young’s terms – he will have already said enough to place himself on the wrong side of history. But he goes further, arguing for a revival of eugenics – the widely discredited science of selective breeding. </p>
<p>He imagines a type of “progressive eugenics” that would “discriminate in favour of the disadvantaged”. It would do so by offering a form of (as yet unavailable) embryo intelligence screening, “free of charge to parents on low incomes with below-average IQs”. This would help reverse the otherwise “inevitable” consolidation of each social class around a similar genetic profile.</p>
<h2>Confronting eugenics</h2>
<p>There is much one might take issue with in Young’s argument. For a start on the topic of meritocracy, there is sociologist Jo Littler’s recent claim that meritocracy scarcely exists. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/20/meritocracy-inequality-theresa-may-donald-trump">She describes it as</a>:</p>
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<p>The great delusion that ingrains inequality. </p>
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<p>In other words, meritocracy only functions to offer <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00071005.2017.1404252">ideological cover for plutocracy</a> – or government by the wealthy. That is to say, it functions as a dominant social ideal, providing cover for exactly the kind of government that has promoted Young to a position of power. More simply put, Young’s argument about a cognitive elite seems odd to those who feel that there are already too many fools in power.</p>
<p>Young’s accompanying argument, that meritocracy can only be saved by eugenics, will strike many as almost too offensive to warrant reply. But this risks denying the long association between 20th-century efforts to establish meritocracy, and the late 19th and early 20th-century science of eugenics. </p>
<p>In my book <a href="http://www.palgrave.com/gb/book/9781137272850">Benign Violence</a>, I explain how eugenic thinkers were key players in the developing sciences of psychometric (intelligence) testing and statistics. Operating together, these scientific fields of investigation <a href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/ourkingdom/stephen-j-ball/review-%27benign-violence-education-in-and-beyond-age-of-reason%27">provided the intellectual and political framework</a> within which all debate relating to, and all efforts attempting to secure meritocracy, played out.</p>
<p>Eugenics is nonetheless generally treated as an example of “bad science”. It is also associated with the operations of an overbearing state, and the excessive, overweening aspirations of the social engineer and scientist who “plays God” with the lives of others. The ultimate destination of eugenic science was the holocaust. </p>
<h2>Eugenic continuities</h2>
<p>Without wishing to downplay the totalitarian associations of eugenic science, its first proponents also imagined a more “progressive” version. They hoped it would become a kind of secular religion, or moral framework, to regulate social behaviour in liberal society. </p>
<p>Its most famous, and derided proponent, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galton">Francis Galton</a>, argued that eugenics would only succeed if it became the commonsense of the age. Arguably, this is precisely what happened with the associated ideal of meritocracy.</p>
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<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/200944/original/file-20180105-26145-112w3uq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/200944/original/file-20180105-26145-112w3uq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=815&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/200944/original/file-20180105-26145-112w3uq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=815&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/200944/original/file-20180105-26145-112w3uq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=815&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/200944/original/file-20180105-26145-112w3uq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=1025&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/200944/original/file-20180105-26145-112w3uq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=1025&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/200944/original/file-20180105-26145-112w3uq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=1025&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="caption">Francis Galton, the ‘father of eugenics’.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Wikipedia/Public Domain</span></span>
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<p>The history of meritocracy is the story of a social ideal that became so dominant it no longer needed much institutional support. It became an ethos of personal striving, rather than a regulating idea that state interventions would be measured against. </p>
<p>Like Littler, I too believe that meritocracy <a href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/ourkingdom/ansgar-allen/british-public-elect-their-jesus">no longer functions on a principle of fairness</a>. It operates through <a href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/ourkingdom/ansgar-allen/%E2%80%98you-never-will-be-rock-star%E2%80%99-britain-social-mobility-and-exploitation-of-ho">the exploitation of hope</a>, staging an aspirational drama where we are asked to negotiate our dreams against an upper limit of survivable self-delusion.</p>
<p>This is the kind of system that will reward someone like Young, who is distinguished not by institutionally accredited indicators of merit and suitability, but by his ability to ingratiate himself to power. Young’s much derided appointment is then, entirely symptomatic of meritocracy in its current form.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/89671/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Ansgar Allen does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Toby Young’s comments on meritocracy, and ‘progressive eugenics’ are shocking, but the history of its long association is far more disturbing.Ansgar Allen, Lecturer in Education, University of SheffieldLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/895862018-01-04T13:42:08Z2018-01-04T13:42:08ZWhat Toby Young outcry means for the new university regulator<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/200782/original/file-20180104-26163-4xz29k.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Toby Young, a lesson in how to lose friends and alienate people?</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Screen Shot/BBC News</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>It’s been quite the week for the UK journalist turned champion of free schools, Toby Young, whose appointment to the <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-universities-regulator-comes-into-force">new universities regulatory board</a> – The Office for Students (OfS) – has sparked outrage. </p>
<p>Critics have claimed Young is <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/jan/02/doubts-cast-on-dfe-claims-of-toby-youngs-qualifications-for-watchdog-post">unqualified</a> – he admittedly hasn’t worked at a university since he <a href="https://twitter.com/toadmeister/status/948525000637779968">abandoned his PhD at Cambridge</a> in 1990. It has also been widely reported that he has shown <a href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/prepare-to-tiptoe-around-generation-snowflake-in-the-workplace/">anti-diversity bigotry</a> – <a href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/2012/06/i-am-living-proof-that-two-tier-exams-work/">using his column</a> in <a href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/author/toby-young/">The Spectator</a> to attack <a href="https://quadrant.org.au/magazine/2015/09/fall-meritocracy/">working class students</a> and <a href="http://www.nosacredcows.co.uk/blog/comments/2026/my_latest_spectator_column.html">disability access</a>. A petition to sack Young, which was started after the announcement of his position on the board, <a href="https://www.change.org/p/theresa-may-mp-sack-toby-young-from-university-watchdog-post">already has over 100,000 signatures</a>.</p>
<p>Overnight, Young has deleted around 50,000 old tweets, many of which have been deemed to be <a href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2018/01/toby-youngs-caustic-wit-isn-t-funny-and-it-sends-terrible-message-sexual">sexist and inappropriate</a>. He also posted a <a href="https://twitter.com/toadmeister/status/948524998972592128">40 tweet thread</a> explaining the controversy surrounding his role on the board. In the thread, Young explains why he is the right man for the job and says he regrets the “politically incorrect” remarks he made in the past. He says he should be judged not on these, but on his actions promoting social mobility in education.</p>
<p>The Department for Education has <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/jan/03/department-for-education-defends-toby-young-appointment">defended the appointment</a>, as has Boris Johnson – whose brother Jo Johnson is the higher education minister. Boris has spoken out in support of Young saying he is the “ideal man” for the watchdog role. </p>
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<p>Although Young has no major experience in running universities, he is popular among Conservatives because of some of his <a href="http://www.nosacredcows.co.uk/opinion_pieces/1802/why_im_a_conservative.html">right-wing and free-market causes</a>. And given that in the future, higher education will be regulated more like other industries – such as <a href="https://theconversation.com/ofcoms-massive-price-hike-could-cost-the-uk-telecoms-industry-dearly-48453">communications</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/ofgem-faces-select-committee-but-market-reform-still-lags-20280">energy</a> – it’s not hard to see why he was given the role in the first place.</p>
<h2>What’s in the role?</h2>
<p>The OfS was created by the <a href="https://services.parliament.uk/bills/2016-17/highereducationandresearch.html">Higher Education and Research Act</a>, charged with promoting choice and acting in the interests of students, employers and taxpayers. The launch of the OfS means a move to what is known as “<a href="http://www.hepi.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Main-Report.pdf">risk based regulation</a>”, which is already used for other industries, such as <a href="https://www.ofwat.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/pap_pos1203regcomp.pdf">water</a>. This is where regulation is more selective, focusing on newer providers while reducing the burden on universities with established track records.</p>
<p>The OfS will run the <a href="https://theconversation.com/tef-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-university-rankings-79932">Teaching Excellence Framework</a> – a new university ranking system which came into play last year – which measures teaching quality and graduate outcomes at higher education institutions. And it will also have powers to fine or suspend institutions that fail to protect freedom of speech on campus. Universities and other higher education providers are required by law – under the Education Act – to take reasonable steps to secure freedom of speech for staff, students and visiting speakers. </p>
<p>In <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/free-speech-in-the-liberal-university">a recent speech</a>, universities minister Jo Johnson, said universities that fail to defend free speech or allow controversial guest speakers could face fines. The government is <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/office-for-students-monetary-and-financial-penalties">consulting on what the penalties should be</a>.</p>
<p>The OfS will also take over from the <a href="https://www.offa.org.uk">Office for Fair Access</a> – which was previously responsible for promoting and safeguarding fair access to higher education. In its new role, the OfS will monitor access to higher education – but this is no longer just about getting more disadvantaged students into universities. It is also about ensuring they complete their studies and move into jobs. </p>
<h2>Negative publicity</h2>
<p>For Toby Young, then, his involvement in the OfS – as one of the 15 board members – will involve overseeing all these areas. And given his lack of expertise in higher education, his position may well seem an unusual one in many ways. </p>
<p>But not so for the UK government, which often likes to draw from people outside the higher education community to inform policy development. An example being Lord Brown, the former chief executive of BP, who <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-browne-report-higher-education-funding-and-student-finance">was commissioned to</a> conduct an independent review on the future of fees policy and financial support for undergraduate and postgraduate students.</p>
<p>Many university councils and governing bodies also include members from business and industry. <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-universities-regulator-comes-into-force">The OfS board</a>, for example, includes Elizabeth Fagan, the managing director of Boots, as well as Katya Hall, formerly of HSBC, and Simon Levine CEO of DLA Piper.</p>
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<p>So just a whole lot of fuss about nothing, then? Not quite. The main problem now for the UK government, is that this is a massive distraction that overshadows the whole launch of the new regulator – whose work hasn’t yet even to begin. And given the amount of negative publicity Young’s appointment has generated, it may well undermine the OfS’s authority – with some claiming the new university regulator is already <a href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/education/2018/01/why-giving-job-toby-young-shows-jo-johnsons-university-regulator-doomed">doomed from the outset</a>.</p>
<p>Young himself said in his <a href="https://twitter.com/toadmeister/status/948525006241390592">twitter thread</a> that he hopes the reception his appointment has received “doesn’t put off other right-of-centre mavericks from applying for similar positions”. But whether this is a “right-of-centre maverick” that can help drive university regulation in a direction that is right for students, employers and taxpayers, only time will tell.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/89586/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Andrew Gunn has received funding from Worldwide Universities Network, the British Council (administering the Newton Fund), the UK Higher Education Academy, Kantar Public, UEFISCDI Romania, the UK Political Studies Association, the New Zealand Political Studies Association and the UK Quality Assurance Agency. Andrew Gunn concurrently holds visiting academic positions internationally</span></em></p>The Office for Students hasn’t even started work yet, but is already under fire for its board appointment of Toby Young.Andrew Gunn, Researcher in Higher Education Policy, University of LeedsLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.