Concern about teacher competence has been around for several decades. Recently, there has been a concerted push by state and federal governments to enact policies to improve “teacher quality”. Meeting last week, state and federal education ministers agreed that all teachers will have to undergo annual performance reviews.
Others have suggested teacher education is the area needing most improvement, and lifting university entrance scores or establishing other barriers to a teaching degree is the answer.
“Teacher quality”, the favoured term in all of this talk, represents a a push to create not just competent teachers but great teachers – defined variously as those who are highly qualified, highly effective or highly accomplished.
Interestingly though, other professions do not find themselves similarly pressed for greatness. You can see this easily when you search on the internet for “improving teacher quality” (it gets around 3,180 results). While there are barely any results for “improving doctor quality”, “improving plumber quality” or “improving lawyer quality”.
And yet many see outstanding teaching practice as a vital policy area. Indeed so strident are the claims that teaching must not just be competent but superlative that it can be difficult to step back and ask why the profession is regarded as “broken” in the first place. And, further, why “good” is just not good enough when it comes to teaching.
The hidden issue of gender
While those who say the teaching profession needs to be fixed claim a variety of supporting evidence for action, there is one important factor that does not make it into public debates – the influence of gender stereotypes.
The assumption is often that men are regarded as more competent than women. When we judge women’s performance, the expected standard is lower than that expected of men. Women are not judged as equal in competence to men unless their performance is exceptional and well above the male norm.
These shifting standards apply not only to women when compared to men but to any stigmatised group compared to a group regarded as more competent. Research has proven this empirically.
And when women are seen as not competent when compared to men, jobs which are dominated by women are seen as requiring less skill than “male jobs”. Work that is performed mainly by women is then regarded as low skill and is accordingly undervalued and underpaid.
To most, a skilled trade is being a plumber or electrician, but not a hairdresser.
Not only are women’s jobs undervalued, but they are given less status in society and so are more often the subjects of complaints.
Teaching stereotypes
Teaching is a highly feminised profession and becoming more so. That women do teaching makes it immediately prey to suspicions that the work is low level – on a par with perceptions of childcare – and probably not being performed well. That entry into teaching requires a university education does not prove that practitioners are competent.
Even opposition education spokesman Christopher Pyne has publicly described a teaching degree as an “easy option”.
After all, we “go easy on ladies” and probably let them through even though they have not done very well; that, or the courses are not very taxing or high level.
Obsession with teacher inquiries
Unease that degrees graduating large numbers of women must be, by their nature, not up to scratch is manifested by the sheer number of inquiries there have been into teacher education programs.
In Australia there has been, on average, one major state or national inquiry into teacher education every year for the past 30 years. No other program of professional preparation has been thought to warrant such scrutiny.
Looked at dispassionately, these concerns look to be irrational. These low level degrees, so the thinking goes, carries on to the next stage, where we expect the average level of teaching is bound to be insufficient. What is good enough when done by a woman is, well, really just not good enough.
Super teachers
In this context, merely being suspected of incompetence is sufficient proof that women and teachers are incompetent. So in order for teachers to prove themselves the equal of other professionals they can’t just be proficient, they need to be atypical superstars.
Members of other professions – dominated by men – are expected to be able to do their jobs. Because of this expectation the level of evidence required to prove incompetence is very high (the reverse of the situation for women, where lack of evidence of exceptional performance equates to proof of incompetence).
Because there is little to suggest that most professionals are unable to fulfil their duties they are not repeatedly accused of incapacity. In addition, the relevant programs of professional preparation are not subject to repeated rounds of inquiry.
Some students don’t do well at school, lawyers lose cases, doctors treat patients who fail to recover or even die, psychiatrists work with distressed people who may not recover their mental health. Only teachers are stigmatised for failing to achieve superhuman feats of professional performance.
What about other female professions?
The case of nursing may be seen to test the theory that gender beliefs underpin attitudes towards teaching. Nursing is even more feminised than teaching but there have been no recurrent panics about the quality of nursing or nurse education.
But nurses are safely nestled into a hierarchy controlled by (mostly) male doctors. That they are under the supervision of men renders their supposed lack of competence less of a threat.
Teachers, in comparison, work in classrooms away from scrutiny and overt supervision. It is instructive that “remedies” for the “poor standard” of teaching frequently involve increasing formal performance management, as had been agreed to under the new system of performance reviews.
Advocates call for more supervision and oversight of teaching practice, usually by (presumably male) principals, which includes direct observation of teaching. Frequently included in the remedy is insistence that principals should be able to hire and fire, with this exercise of power presumably guaranteeing better performance.
Thus safely under the supervision of (male) principals teachers’ innate womanish incompetence can be contained and controlled.
A strange fixation
If an individual is obsessed with an idea for which there is dubious or no evidence along with compulsive repetition, many would diagnose a disturbed mind.
Our societal obsession with the inadequacy of the teaching force and the repetitive nature of the remedies proposed to fix this unproven deficit are accepted as right and necessary, however.
If our argument is correct, obsessions with teacher quality will continue until the gender stereotypes are acknowledged and we discuss fully the groundless belief that teachers are incompetent.
This piece was co-authored by *Catherine Lomas Scott and Stephen Dinham.
Catherine Lomas Scott is a freelance researcher and writer. Stephen Dinham is Professor of Education at the University of Melbourne.
Bruce Moon
Bystander!
Stephen
As good as your article is, I'm not sure that it addresses the core issue.
You and your co-authors suggest that part of the 'problem' is that by being a predominantly female industrial sector, teaching has endured unnecessary scrutiny about performance.
I would whole-heartedly agree that teachers are a scapegoat that politicians love to flog. But, I wouldn't make the link that this is because of the predominance of women employees in the sector.
I think your argument fails…
Read moreDennis Alexander
logged in via LinkedIn
Bruce, I think Stephen is wrong about why nurses are not subject to the same scrutiny as teachers - he says because they are "supervised" by doctors - it is because out in the general public and the professional world, nurses are not yet fully accepted as professionals and that is, in part, because of the gendered nature of the occupation. Pharmacy as a feminised profession is a relatively recent occurrence.
And indeed you subtly substantiate Stephen's claim when you write, "We parents will always…
Read moreCatherine Scott
Senior lecturer
Bruce.
You missed the point about nursing, which is that nurses are not regarded an issue because they work in hierarchies and under control.
I think you kind of proved the point when your teacher in your evidential anecdote is both female and has the rather infantilie name of 'Annie'. What about Ms So-and-So instead? Nope, she is chidlish and lacks proper adult status and respect. She's a GIRL!
And yes everyone has had experiences with teachers but this also applies to doctors.The marked tendency to blame teachers for educational outcomes does not extend to anywhere near the same extent to blaming doctors when patient outcomes are poor. People, on the other hand, are encouraged to pay out on teachers and their stigmatised status makes this acceptable.
Re pharmacists, I bet if you asked someone to invent a name for a fictitious pharmacist they'd say Mr So-and-So. The stereotype does not match the reality.
Catherine Scott
Senior lecturer
By the way, I did a quick experiment yesterday and asked people to think up a name for a pharmacist (sex unspecified) in a tv series. They all came up with male names, and Anglo at that.
People's perceptions have not caught up with reality, it seems.
Perceptions are what matter.
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Dennis Alexander
logged in via LinkedIn
It isn't the setting of standards he is objecting to; it is the continual inquisition of the professionals. And if you didn't know, all teaching records are accessible to students, parents and government agencies with a legitimate interest. Unlike medicos, including psychiatrists, and lawyers, teaching complaints are not arbitrated within the (boy's) club. It is the focus on the professional rather than the practice that is evidence of misogyny because it does not dominate male dominated professions in the same way.
Catherine Scott
Senior lecturer
Absolutely correct. The author says nothing about standards. Browsing his publications would show he has a strong history in the development of same.
And, Nancy, the usual way to justiofy more regulation and control is to say the vulnerable need protecting. Apparently teachers can't be trusted to look after students without someone standing over them.
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James Walker
logged in via Facebook
If this article was correct, then we would also deem child care workers to be unskilled and in need of improvement - so why are parents are constantly going on about how impressed they are with the workers at the child care centre they use?
Catherine Scott
Senior lecturer
The pay that childcare workers receive ilustrates the status that they have. They are regarded as at best semi skilled.
As to peoel likingthe workers at the chidcare cnetres they choose there at least two psychologicla phenomen tha texplain that.
One is escalating commitment. When we choose something we become more committed to it and regard it as better.
The other is that people have two cognitive systems: one for generalised catagories and one for specific instances. We can simultaneously not think much of a category of people or things but like and respect the individual members of that category who we know personally. Shows up every year in the Kappan survey of US public opinion about education. People cheerfully say that schools are rubbish but that their school is good.
Savitri Taylor
Associate Professor, Law School at La Trobe University
I cannot help but be struck by the fact that though this article about discrimination against women is co-authored by a man and a woman the more prominent author byline names the man alone. I am sure that there is a simple logistical reason for this eg Catherine Lomas does not have a profile on The Conversation. In this particular context, however, it is not a good look!
Catherine Scott
Senior lecturer
Men can be feminists too.
And the answer is as you suspected: people without an affiliation to an academic instititution can not publish in The Conversation.
Stephen Dinham
Chair of Teacher Education and Director of Learning and Teaching at University of Melbourne
Savitri, you are correct. Conversation will only publish people with a university affiliation so despite the fact that Catherine is the lead and main author on this I am the shown as the author on the side bar. This has nothing to do with gender but the protocols of The Conversation but it is not a good look, particularly given the topic.
Jack Arnold
Director
Stephen, you appear to have missed the underlying cause of falling academic standards for the teaching profession. Private schools have received government funding for 50 years to make them "equivalent" to state schools. The Howard government extended this middle class charity for political vote-buying reasons.
Had all these funds gone into state schools, including teacher salaries, then today experienced classroom teachers would be paid about the same as state politicians (about $160K…
Read moreCatherine Scott
Senior lecturer
And you have missed the point of the article, which is that we accept calumnies on teachers, like academic standards are falling in the profession, without feeling the need for evidence that this is the case. Entry scores to teaching go up and down, depending on what else is happening. The move to a mandated two year post graduate initial qualification will iron all that out, however.
Beginning teacher salaries are above the average and compare well with entry salaries in other professions and teachers continue to earn better than most people. However, the teacher pay structure peaks too early and teachers fall behind other professionals as their seniority increases.
Teachers don't enter the profession for the salary. They do however dislike being offered less than acceptable pay because this is the sign that their work is not respected.
Elwood Blues
Brain Surgeon, Project Manager
Teaching is unique among most professions in that a graduate can enter a classroom after three or four years of study, and then receive little or no formal supervision, particularly in-classroom supervision. The same does not go for doctors, plumbers, nurses, pharmacists, accountants, or any other profession you could care to think about.
Teachers are also unique in that they have the potential to impact a person for their entire life. I could think of a handful of my own teachers that fall…
Read moreCatherine Scott
Senior lecturer
I suspect if you really were a brain surgeon you wouldn't describe yourself as such, but as a neurosurgeon, Mr 'Blues'.
And how do you know what goes on in schools? You work in one? Or are you simply believing what you read in the papers/imagining that this is the case? Teachers do receive supervision, especially new ones and induction programs for new teachers are the norm Australia-wide.
Teachers know that teaching is a collaborative profession, that they all work together for the students' benefit, which is why they resent attempts to some more on the basis of student results that have been the outcome of work of several teachers.
That we all want the best for our children is not sufficient reason why a whole profession is held to standards that do not apply elsewhere.
Catherine Scott
Senior lecturer
And I'd also suggest that many have 'the potential to impact a person for their entire life', starting with parents/families.
The biggest influence on what children achieve in education is still what they bring with them to school, i.e. family background, personal factors. Parents remain the number one influence on children's outcomes. Peer group comes second and school a distant third.
I'd also say the medical people in whom we entrust our children's health are very important also. No future at all if they do not survive birth, for instance.
Elwood Blues
Brain Surgeon, Project Manager
Catherine, no I don't work in a school. I speak from anecdotal evidence, as I am married to a teacher, and also from my experience as a student. Teachers get thrown in at the deep end, there is no arguing that. There may well be "induction programs", but any in-class supervision of teachers is rare in the extreme.
And when my wife, a math co-ordinator at a primary school tells me that there are teachers there that are "uncomfortable" teaching primary school level math, I am more than concerned…
Read moreElwood Blues
Brain Surgeon, Project Manager
Obviously, that's whey I said "I just want them to *help me* give my children the best grounding for their future lives." (with added emphasis)
Catherine Scott
Senior lecturer
There was no mention of standards in the original paper, nor in anything that I have written in response to comments. I assume you are talking about the National Teaching Standards?
You are moving the debate away from the intent of the paper, which is to try to explain why it is considered acceptable to give the teaching profession such a hammering about their competence. 'Wanting the best for your kids' is not the same as licensing constant teacher bashing..
The article is not about the FACT of teacher competence but the PERCEPTION of their incompetence.
Elwood Blues
Brain Surgeon, Project Manager
Standard of teaching, as in quality, as opposed to standards or benchmarks. Sorry, I should have been more clear.
It seems to me that the intent of the paper is to lay the blame for expecting high quality teaching on the fact that it is a female dominated industry. I'd suggest that it has more to do with the fact that parents want the absolute best education their children can get.
That doesn't warrant teacher bashing, obviously. We undoubtably have a high level of education in Australia…
Read moreAndrew Smith
Education Consultant at Australian & International Education Centre
Have EFL teaching, training qualifications and experience, but the better from mostly offshore with a lot of in class training and development from experts and peers, including other forms of evaluation.
Although acknowledged there are good teachers and bad teachers, in Australia it is unclear how do we assess teacher performance in the class room without resorting to indirect measures such as NAPLAN? In my own experience it seems paper based on qualification and that classrooms according to some teachers were out of bounds....... as thier employment was a private matter between they and their students.
How do we sort the wheat from the chaff?
Jonathan Maddox
Software Engineer
Still, not exactly rocket science, is it?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THNPmhBl-8I
Gil Hardwick
Anthropologist
Yes, I am more inclined myself to focus on this persistent inquisition of the professions, bad enough overall because in the minds of too many people representing authority, except it is no boy's club but entrenched mother's clubs. The issue is especially telling among teachers for that reason, who I do not think are entirely blameless.
Schools even today are the primary sites of political indoctrination, of forced acquiescence to the status quo. You can tell Labor people especially, the way they…
Read moreLeah Taylor
logged in via Twitter
Oh please, I don't where to begin with this comment. Firstly, I don't believe male teachers are frightened of being accused of accosting a young student. Those days of fear are fortunately far are behind us.
Secondly, I don't believe any teacher, no matter how charismatic, can have more influence over a student's political leanings than their parents do. The reason you can probably pick which schools the student attends based on their political rhetoric is probably because they reside in particular…
Read moreLeah Taylor
logged in via Twitter
I am concerned that this has been turned to a debate about discrimination based on gender. I believe this degrades the genuine debate around gender discrimination in education.
Firstly, teachers probably do need some professional standards. While the vast majority of teachers are doing an incredible job, teacher standards at the very least, can guide teachers towards best practice. All professions have some guidelines regarding what they do. However, until recently in a number of jurisdictions…
Read moreLizzie Summerfield
PhD candidate
Stephen Dinham and Catherine Scott make a powerful point. The enduring gendered nature of the teaching profession is highlighted by the history of women’s education. For example, at the turn of the twentieth century, when Elsie Morres was employed as the inaugural headmistress of The Hermitage School for Girls in Geelong, she was charged with the production of ‘godly wives and mothers’. But, as one of the first science graduates in Australia she was at the vanguard of shifting a ‘finishing’ schooling…
Read moreCatherine Scott
Senior lecturer
One of the cognitive processes that keep the vicious cycle of beliefs about gender linked differences in comeptence in place has been described by the developers of what is known in psychology as Attribution Theory. The theory was proposed several decades ago, by Heider (1958), and was subsequently developed as a major theoretical framework by social psychologists (e.g. Weiner, 1974, 1980, 1986).
According to the theory when people attempt to explain events or human behaviour they call on explanations…
Read moreCatherine Scott
Senior lecturer
Just to add a littl eevidence to the claim that teachers are thought to be second best because they are mostly WOMEN, how about this
"Allowing the profession to remain female-dominated means that the majority of our teachers will be below average, compared to the distribution we'd have if men were better-represented."
From here:
http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/on_performance/2012/08/go_teach_young_man.html
Jonathan Maddox
Software Engineer
Proof positive that some people will not learn, whoever teaches them. I'm fuming.