tag:theconversation.com,2011:/ca/topics/better-cities-124622/articlesBetter Cities – The Conversation2023-09-22T07:35:06Ztag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2139892023-09-22T07:35:06Z2023-09-22T07:35:06ZWill taxing short stays boost long-term rental supply? Other policies would achieve more<p>The Victorian government, like many governments around the world, has announced <a href="https://www.vic.gov.au/housing-statement">new regulations</a> on short-stay accommodation. The government says Victoria has more than 36,000 short-stay places, which are reducing the number of homes available for long-term rental. </p>
<p>Other states have <a href="https://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/policy-and-legislation/housing/short-term-rental-accommodation#shortterm-rental-accommodation-in-certain-areas-in-nsw">capped the number of nights</a> a dwelling can be used for short-stay accommodation. The Victorian response has been to introduce a levy set at 7.5% of the short-stay platform’s revenue. </p>
<p>The rationale appears simple – adding a charge to discourage landlords from converting properties from long-term rentals to tourist accommodation.</p>
<p>The government estimates the levy will raise about A$70 million a year. State agency Homes Victoria will use this money to provide social and affordable housing, potentially compensating for losses to the short-stay sector. </p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/victorias-housing-plan-is-bold-and-packed-with-initiatives-but-can-it-be-delivered-213974">Victoria's housing plan is bold and packed with initiatives. But can it be delivered?</a>
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<h2>How will the levy be applied?</h2>
<p>Details of how the levy will be collected are not yet available. However, it appears the government will charge the platforms – such as Airbnb, Stayz and Booking.com – 7.5% of their total revenue. The platforms will bill the hosts. </p>
<p>The levy will begin in 2025. The state government says its levy will replace any local government charges on short-stay accommodation such as the one <a href="https://www.basscoast.vic.gov.au/community-support-services/local-laws/short-stay-rental-accommodation-ssra">Bass Coast</a> collects.</p>
<p>The platforms have <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-20/airbnb-victorian-tax-properties-short-stay-rental/102878180">voiced concern</a> at the size of the levy and at hotels escaping the charge. The government’s response is that hotels are not removing long-term rental housing from the market.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.afr.com/property/residential/airbnb-tax-on-owners-a-tourism-killer-andrews-warned-20230907-p5e2vb">Some commentators</a> from the Victorian tourism sector predict the levy will lead to sharp reductions in tourism. This will depend on how many owners of second homes in tourism destinations opt to shift their properties into the long-term rental market. </p>
<p>Marginal operators might decide this extra cost makes the hassle of running a short-term rental business too high. Some might move to long-term rentals. </p>
<p>The levy might also encourage some potential short-term rental investors to focus their activities in other states that don’t charge a levy. However, it’s possible other states whose budgets are under pressure will copy the Victorian model, reducing this effect.</p>
<p>Indeed, the size of the Victoria government’s levy and its own budget projections imply the intention is more to raise revenue than to eliminate the state’s short-stay sector. </p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/drop-the-talk-about-mum-and-dad-landlords-it-lets-property-investors-off-the-hook-212958">Drop the talk about 'mum and dad' landlords. It lets property investors off the hook</a>
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<h2>Short stays have boomed under a ‘light touch’ approach</h2>
<p>We have previously described Australian approaches to regulating the short-term rental sector as very <a href="https://theconversation.com/australia-has-taken-a-light-touch-with-airbnb-could-stronger-regulations-ease-the-housing-crisis-200347">light touch</a>. </p>
<p>Under this regime, the Australian short-term rental market has been growing strongly. The sector has increased by about 23% over the past year, according to a new <a href="https://reia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/REIA-MEDIA-RELEASE__SHORT-STAY-REPORT_060923.pdf">report by the Real Estate Institute of Australia</a>. </p>
<p>Platforms often <a href="https://news.airbnb.com/en-au/airbnb-calls-on-hobart-council-to-focus-on-the-real-major-drivers-of-housing-affordability-issues/">claim short-term rentals have no impact</a> on rental markets. </p>
<p>COVID-19 provided an excellent natural experiment to test this view. As state and national borders closed, short-term rentals returned to the long-term market. In many Australian housing markets where this happened, <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00049182.2023.2256589">rents fell sharply</a>.</p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/what-did-covid-do-to-rental-markets-rents-fell-as-owners-switched-from-airbnb-151095">What did COVID do to rental markets? Rents fell as owners switched from Airbnb</a>
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<p>In contrast to the relative lack of state government action, local governments across Australia have long sought to manage impacts of short-term rental accommodation in their municipalities. </p>
<p>These local <a href="https://www.coastalcouncils.org.au/planning-controls-not-keeping-pace-with-online-holiday-rentals/">responses</a> include permit and registration systems, which allow local councils to monitor any problems. Some have imposed <a href="https://sskb.com.au/rate-hike-set-to-impact-brisbane-short-term-accommodation-properties/#:%7E:text=The%20average%20annual%20rates%20bill,with%20an%20average%20of%20%241%2C558.50.">higher rates</a>. This can deter conversion of long-term rental stock to short-stay accommodation but also provides important local revenue for localities with many seasonal visitors.</p>
<p>Ironically, the introduction of state frameworks can override local responses. Byron Council in NSW has been trying to reduce the number of nights hosts can let their properties from the default NSW total of 180 nights. Ultimately, the state’s <a href="https://www.ipcn.nsw.gov.au/cases/2022/12/byron-shire-short-term-rental-pp">Independent Planning Commission</a> supported a 60-day cap. The council must now <a href="https://www.byron.nsw.gov.au/Services/Building-and-development/Do-I-need-approval/Short-term-rental-accommodation#section-2">navigate a complex process</a> to get this limit in place. </p>
<h2>Regulations are tougher overseas</h2>
<p>The Victorian government move mirrors an international trend of increasing regulation of short-term accommodation. These rules seek to prevent loss of permanent rental supply and to manage the amenity impacts of short-term tourism on neighours and local communities.</p>
<p>In <a href="https://www.gov.scot/publications/short-term-lets/">Scotland</a>, Airbnb hosts now have to register with the government. Those listing whole properties must apply for planning permission.</p>
<p>Cities such as <a href="https://nola.gov/next/short-term-rental-administration/announcements/changes-to-str-laws/">New Orleans</a> have created special zones where holiday homes can be rented. It’s another way to balance the demand for visitor accommodation with the need to preserve homes for local residents. </p>
<p>Many European and North American cities have blanket restrictions on short-term rentals, including caps of 30 to 90 days for unhosted properties. These time periods allow local residents to gain income by renting out their homes when they are themselves on holiday. </p>
<p>However, enforcing these rules can be tricky. <a href="https://www.nyc.gov/site/specialenforcement/registration-law/registration-for-hosts.page">New York City</a> recently introduced regulations that require hosts to be present while accommodating guests – effectively banning the short-term rental of whole homes.</p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/australia-has-taken-a-light-touch-with-airbnb-could-stronger-regulations-ease-the-housing-crisis-200347">Australia has taken a 'light touch' with Airbnb. Could stronger regulations ease the housing crisis?</a>
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<h2>It will take more than a levy to fix the rental crisis</h2>
<p>Across Australia, people have called for increased housing supply to improve rental markets. However, given the long lead times in financing and building apartment buildings, new rental supply will take a long time to deliver for tenants. </p>
<p>In contrast, policy changes that redirected short-term rental stock to the long-term market would have an immediate benefit. This is vital in central city locations, where new apartment supply is at risk of diversion to the short-term sector, and in regional markets, where increased population growth has coincided with increased short-term stay activity. </p>
<p>More widely, protecting tenants from unfair eviction and sudden excessive rental increases can help limit the impacts of short-stay platforms. <a href="https://theconversation.com/yes-the-1-5-million-australians-getting-rent-assistance-need-an-increase-but-more-public-housing-is-the-lasting-fix-for-the-crisis-200908">Adequately subsidising low-income renters</a> so they can afford decent housing would also help.</p>
<p>Generating extra revenue for Homes Victoria is a positive step, but a tourist tax won’t go far. Renters would gain more in the short term from other regulations that do more to reduce the short-stay sector’s size and growth.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/213989/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Peter Phibbs receives funding from Shelter Tasmania to undertake research on short-term rentals in Tasmania. He also receives funding from AHURI. He is a pro bono board member of a not-for-profit housing data company, the Housing Justice Data Lab.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Nicole Gurran receives funding from the Australian Coastal Councils Association, the Australian Housing & Urban Research Institute and the Australian Research Council, and has provided advice to non-profit Inside Airbnb.com. </span></em></p>Other states may well follow Victoria’s lead, but the 7.5% levy is likely to have a very modest impact on rental housing supply. There’s much more governments could do.Peter Phibbs, Emeritus Professor, University of SydneyNicole Gurran, Professor of Urban and Regional Planning, University of SydneyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2130682023-09-22T04:01:55Z2023-09-22T04:01:55ZPlanning laws protect people. A poorly regulated rush to boost housing supply will cost us all<p>The housing crisis is <a href="https://www.pm.gov.au/media/meeting-national-cabinet-working-together-deliver-better-housing-outcomes">firmly on the Australian policy agenda</a>. Governments see a rapid increase in supply as the main solution. </p>
<p>The importance of supply is not disputed. But <a href="https://theconversation.com/affordable-housing-policy-failure-still-being-fuelled-by-flawed-analysis-92993">more housing alone isn’t enough</a>: new housing must be provided in ways that do not <a href="https://theconversation.com/rising-inequality-in-australia-isnt-about-incomes-its-almost-all-about-housing-119872">widen the gap</a> between the “<a href="https://povertyandinequality.acoss.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Poverty-property-and-place.pdf">haves and the have-nots</a>”. </p>
<p>Our <a href="https://wshealthalliance.nsw.gov.au/land-use-planning-for-equitable-health-outcomes-lupeho/">recent research</a> in Sydney, for instance, shows how the planning system already overlooks what is needed to make the city equitable and liveable. Planning decisions contradict or ignore <a href="https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/urbanhealth/Pages/healthy-built-enviro-check.aspx">guidelines and checklists</a> that are meant to help ensure communities are healthy and sustainable. </p>
<p>The rush to build new housing risks creating even more inequitable cities.</p>
<p>Poorly regulated housing development often means services and infrastructure such as public transport or schools are added later. This ends up costing both governments and households. And it costs us more than dollars to fix the long-term problems that come with inequity. </p>
<p>Only housing “<a href="https://sydney.org.au/policy-library/chronically-unaffordable-housing/">done well</a>” – quality, affordable and accessible housing – will truly solve the housing crisis. </p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/the-housing-and-homelessness-crisis-in-nsw-explained-in-9-charts-200523">The housing and homelessness crisis in NSW explained in 9 charts</a>
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<h2>Beware the wrong kinds of planning reform</h2>
<p>The federal government’s new <a href="https://www.pm.gov.au/media/meeting-national-cabinet-working-together-deliver-better-housing-outcomes">housing plan</a> aims to put A$3 billion on the table for states and territories to build more housing. </p>
<p>State governments like those in <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/housing-affordability-targeted-in-13b-budget-makeover-20230918-p5e5l7.html">New South Wales</a> and <a href="https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/kingswood-golf-course-rezoning-among-five-projects-suddenly-approved-by-government-20230920-p5e64c.html">Victoria</a> have now <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-21/victorian-government-housing-statement-explainer/102876380">taken steps</a> to <a href="https://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/policy-and-legislation/housing/housing-package/housing-supply">speed up the supply of more homes</a>. </p>
<p>While that sounds like good policy, this approach extends decades of short-sightedness that overlooks what matters most for cities: its people. </p>
<p>The NSW government wants to “<a href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/gloves-off-nsw-planning-boss-to-take-risks-loosen-the-screws-to-boost-housing-20230825-p5dzdb.html">loosen the screws</a>” on planning regulations so developers can build more housing. Worryingly, it admits wrongdoers may take advantage. The Victorian government unveiled plans on Wednesday to <a href="https://theconversation.com/victorias-housing-plan-is-bold-and-packed-with-initiatives-but-can-it-be-delivered-213974">fast-track big housing developments</a>. </p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/victorias-housing-plan-is-bold-and-packed-with-initiatives-but-can-it-be-delivered-213974">Victoria's housing plan is bold and packed with initiatives. But can it be delivered?</a>
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<p>Such short-sighted policies risk poorly planned neighbourhoods and <a href="https://theconversation.com/water-leaks-cracks-and-flawed-fire-safety-systems-sydneys-apartments-are-riddled-with-building-defects-169526">poorly built housing</a>. </p>
<p>There’s plenty of <a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-13199-8">evidence</a> for the need to reform the NSW land-use planning system. Simply freeing up housing supply <a href="https://grattan.edu.au/news/designing-better-suburbs/">is not enough</a>. Planning systems need to do the job of ensuring new housing supports the city and the wellbeing of all residents.</p>
<h2>How land-use planning fails Sydney’s people</h2>
<p><a href="https://wshealthalliance.nsw.gov.au/land-use-planning-for-equitable-health-outcomes-lupeho/">We reviewed</a> NSW’s two main land-use planning mechanisms: <a href="https://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/policy-and-legislation/state-environmental-planning-policies">State Environmental Planning Policies (SEPPs)</a> and <a href="https://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/plans-for-your-area/local-planning-and-zoning">Local Environmental Plans (LEPs)</a>. We assessed the ways they help promote the building of safe, liveable neighbourhoods. </p>
<p>We compared these policies against the NSW government’s own <a href="https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/urbanhealth/Pages/healthy-built-enviro-check.aspx">Healthy Built Environment Checklist</a> on how to do it well. We found this checklist to be one of the best guides in the world for how cities can enhance human health and wellbeing. </p>
<p>The checklist sets out 11 principles covering topics that the planning system should use to guide development. We added a 12th best-practice theme to highlight the growing importance of safeguarding mental health. </p>
<p>We counted the number of clauses within each policy and plan that corresponded to each of the 12 themes. We used a traffic-light system (shown below) to highlight whether and how these clauses considered, mentioned and/or addressed issues relating to equity.</p>
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/549511/original/file-20230921-21-81d6pm.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Explanation of traffic light system for showing the three categories of how well planning rules considered equity in 12 themed areas" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/549511/original/file-20230921-21-81d6pm.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/549511/original/file-20230921-21-81d6pm.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=308&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549511/original/file-20230921-21-81d6pm.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=308&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549511/original/file-20230921-21-81d6pm.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=308&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549511/original/file-20230921-21-81d6pm.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=388&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549511/original/file-20230921-21-81d6pm.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=388&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549511/original/file-20230921-21-81d6pm.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=388&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Chart: The Conversation</span>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
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<p>Because SEPPs are (generally) applicable to the whole state, we found their focus was more thematic and focused on broader issues such as “resilience”. Most only corresponded to a small number of the best-practice themes as show below. </p>
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/549695/original/file-20230922-27-pekael.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Counts of the number of clauses within each State Environmental Planning Policy (SEPP) corresponding to 12 healthy planning themes, with colour-coded equity ratings." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/549695/original/file-20230922-27-pekael.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/549695/original/file-20230922-27-pekael.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=489&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549695/original/file-20230922-27-pekael.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=489&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549695/original/file-20230922-27-pekael.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=489&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549695/original/file-20230922-27-pekael.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=614&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549695/original/file-20230922-27-pekael.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=614&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549695/original/file-20230922-27-pekael.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=614&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<span class="caption">Counts of the number of clauses within each State Environmental Planning Policy (SEPP) corresponding to 12 healthy planning themes, with colour-coded equity ratings.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://wshealthalliance.nsw.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/LUPEHO_FR_FINAL.pdf">Authors, Land Use Planning for Equitable Outcomes (2023)</a></span>
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/549696/original/file-20230922-28-n0uvt.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Table showing counts of the number of clauses within each State Environmental Planning Policy (SEPP) corresponding to 12 healthy planning themes, with colour-coded equity ratings." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/549696/original/file-20230922-28-n0uvt.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/549696/original/file-20230922-28-n0uvt.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=488&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549696/original/file-20230922-28-n0uvt.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=488&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549696/original/file-20230922-28-n0uvt.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=488&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549696/original/file-20230922-28-n0uvt.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=613&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549696/original/file-20230922-28-n0uvt.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=613&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549696/original/file-20230922-28-n0uvt.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=613&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Counts of the number of clauses within each State Environmental Planning Policy (SEPP) corresponding to 12 healthy planning themes, with colour-coded equity ratings.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://wshealthalliance.nsw.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/LUPEHO_FR_FINAL.pdf">Authors, Land Use Planning for Equitable Outcomes (2023)</a></span>
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<p>The <a href="https://thefifthestate.com.au/business/government/down-the-memory-hole-design-and-place-sepp-documents-pulled-from-government-websites/">proposed but-never-adopted</a> Design and Place SEPP was the most likely to have provided any equity guidance.</p>
<p>In contrast, LEPs are by design more focused on specific local government areas and need to more comprehensively guide local land use. Most included clauses that aligned with the healthy planning themes.</p>
<p>Nevertheless, as the mostly red coding shows, few of these land-use planning mechanisms considered the known ways to promote equity in any notable ways. </p>
<p>At the local level, only two of the eight LEPs we looked at really paid equity any attention.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/549697/original/file-20230922-28-lh8fr1.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Table showing Counts of the number of clauses within each of eight Local Environmental Plans (LEPs) corresponding to 12 healthy planning themes, with colour-coded equity ratings" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/549697/original/file-20230922-28-lh8fr1.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/549697/original/file-20230922-28-lh8fr1.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=372&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549697/original/file-20230922-28-lh8fr1.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=372&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549697/original/file-20230922-28-lh8fr1.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=372&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549697/original/file-20230922-28-lh8fr1.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=468&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549697/original/file-20230922-28-lh8fr1.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=468&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/549697/original/file-20230922-28-lh8fr1.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=468&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Counts of the number of clauses within each of eight Local Environmental Plans (LEPs) corresponding to 12 healthy planning themes, with colour-coded equity ratings.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://wshealthalliance.nsw.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/LUPEHO_FR_FINAL.pdf">Authors, Land Use Planning for Equitable Outcomes (2023)</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/whats-equity-got-to-do-with-health-in-a-higher-density-city-82071">What's equity got to do with health in a higher-density city?</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Quick fixes risk making things worse</h2>
<p>Short-term fixes for the housing crisis create a big risk of even worse outcomes for communities. </p>
<p>“Unleashing” housing supply in cities like Sydney and Melbourne, without reforming narrowly focused planning mechanisms, will increase inequities between the haves and have-nots. The result is likely to be more spending in future — by governments and affected households — to deal with the consequences. </p>
<p>We know how to create great suburbs and cities. Indeed, the NSW government should heed <a href="https://www.governmentarchitect.nsw.gov.au/resources/ga/media/files/ga/strategy-documents/better-placed-a-strategic-design-policy-for-the-built-environment-of-new-south-wales-2017.pdf">its own policy advice</a> when changing the planning system if cities like Sydney are to remain quality places to live. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/governments-are-pouring-money-into-housing-but-materials-land-and-labour-are-still-in-short-supply-205471">Governments are pouring money into housing but materials, land and labour are still in short supply</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Planning must have a local focus</h2>
<p>We need to refocus planning strategies on who they are meant to serve — the people and their communities. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajs4.240">Thinking locally must be part of the package</a>. </p>
<p>Councils in south-western Sydney, for instance, are <a href="https://www.swslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/populationhealth/PH_environments/project_housing.html">partnering local health districts</a> to develop innovative health-focused planning and urban design. Similarly, the <a href="https://wshealthalliance.nsw.gov.au/">Western Sydney Health Alliance</a> is supporting innovation, including our research, to place public health at the centre of delivering infrastructure for the region.</p>
<p>Boosting housing supply by <a href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/new-apartments-are-abundant-across-melbourne-pity-they-don-t-fix-our-housing-crisis-20230921-p5e6ia.html">targeting local councils’ roles</a> and responsibilities, as both NSW and Victoria are doing, risks worse, not better, outcomes.</p>
<p>Planning systems need to <a href="https://theconversation.com/a-more-sustainable-australia-from-suburbia-to-newburbia-16841">regulate and be responsive locally</a> for housing to be “done well” and avoid the costs of inequity that come with a blinkered focus on housing supply.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/213068/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Patrick Harris receives funding from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council and Australian Research Council. The research discussed in this article was funded by the Western Sydney Health Alliance, a collective working to create healthy communities across the Western Parkland City.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Edgar Liu receives funding from the Sydney Partnership for Health, Education, Research and Enterprise, the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute Ltd, the social housing sector, the ACT and NSW governments, and the City of Sydney. He previously received funding from the Australian Research Council, the South Australian government, the Australian Council of Social Service, Shelter NSW and the Cooperative Research Centre for Low Carbon Living. The research discussed in this article was funded by the Western Sydney Health Alliance, a collective working to create healthy communities across the Western Parkland City.</span></em></p>Bypassing planning regulations is likely to have impacts on social inequity and wellbeing that could prove very costly for both governments and people.Patrick Harris, Senior Research Fellow, Acting Director, CHETRE, UNSW SydneyEdgar Liu, Senior Research Fellow, SPHERE's Sustainability Platform / City Futures Research Centre, UNSW SydneyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2117422023-09-11T20:09:00Z2023-09-11T20:09:00ZHow we brought mistletoes back to the trees of Melbourne – while warding off hungry possums<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/547416/original/file-20230911-24-5pnkrl.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=43%2C43%2C1658%2C1233&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">David M Watson</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Until recently, mistletoes were regarded as problematic pests across Australia. They were seen as having been introduced from elsewhere, exploiting helpless trees and driving their premature demise. </p>
<p>Around the world, arborists and plantation managers used to be trained to remove mistletoes as part of <a href="https://ecosystemunraveller.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/mist_hort_proofs.pdf">routine maintenance</a>. They went to extraordinary lengths to rid trees of these dense parasitic clumps, using <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2475366">flamethrowers</a>, <a href="https://hallsgarden.com/2020/12/01/shooting-plants-in-the-sky/">high-powered rifles</a>, even <a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/2041-210X.14058">herbicide-spritzing drones</a>. </p>
<p>But just as we now know that hollows are essential for wildlife, including many threatened species, awareness of the <a href="https://academic.oup.com/plphys/article/185/4/1309/6054812?login=true">positive side of parasitic plants</a> is growing. Mistletoes have been shown to boost biodiversity and increase <a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102320-115331">resilience of wildlife populations</a> to drought, habitat loss and predators. </p>
<p>However, unlike other plants that can be grown as seedlings and planted out, mistletoes rely on animals to plant their seeds on the branches of host trees. This means they aren’t included in revegetation efforts, and it was unclear whether it would even be possible. </p>
<p>We set out on a world-first trial to attempt to reintroduce mistletoe to the trees of Melbourne. As our recently published <a href="https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjb-2023-0069">research</a> shows, we succeeded. Some of the mistletoes are now even bearing fruit. </p>
<p>The only factor that stood in the way of success was the bane of many gardeners’ lives – hungry brushtail possums.</p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1551752150799511552"}"></div></p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/was-christmas-tree-what-mungee-the-worlds-largest-mistletoe-can-teach-us-about-treading-lightly-205568">'WA's Christmas tree': what mungee, the world's largest mistletoe, can teach us about treading lightly</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Productive parasites</h2>
<p>Mistletoes provide many benefits for local biodiversity. Their flowers provide reliable nectar that encourages <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2022.0358">pollinators to linger longer</a>. They then boost the populations of other plant <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666900521000447?via%3Dihub">species they visit</a>.</p>
<p>The nutrients in mistletoe leaves boost soil health and dramatically <a href="https://ecosystemunraveller.files.wordpress.com/2019/09/mellado_et_al-2019-austral_ecology-2.pdf">increase insect numbers</a> when they fall to the forest floor. </p>
<p>The ripples of these interactions spread right through woodland food webs. One study demonstrated the most significant <a href="https://ecosystemunraveller.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/plos_one_insectivores.pdf">impacts on ground-feeding insect-eating birds</a>, whose numbers have declined across eastern Australia. </p>
<p>Many birds <a href="https://ecosystemunraveller.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/mist-nest.pdf">nest in mistletoes</a>. Their dense evergreen foliage provides cover from predators. </p>
<figure class="align-right zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/546584/original/file-20230906-23-w8bdsf.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Mistletoebird eating mistletoe fruit" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/546584/original/file-20230906-23-w8bdsf.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/546584/original/file-20230906-23-w8bdsf.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/546584/original/file-20230906-23-w8bdsf.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/546584/original/file-20230906-23-w8bdsf.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/546584/original/file-20230906-23-w8bdsf.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/546584/original/file-20230906-23-w8bdsf.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/546584/original/file-20230906-23-w8bdsf.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Mistletoebirds spread the mistletoe seeds.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/psjeremy/8191860383">PsJeremy/Flickr</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>All of Australia’s mistletoes are native species. Most hail from <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790317308217?via%3Dihub">ancient lineages</a> dating all the way back to <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Gondwana-supercontinent">Gondwanaland</a>. </p>
<p>The knowledge we have gained about mistletoes has led to an about-face in natural resource management. Managers are rethinking mistletoe removal and embracing these native plants as ecological keystones. </p>
<p>In some areas where mistletoes no longer occur, restoration practitioners have <a href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/ourchangingworld/audio/2018644972/mistletoe-rescue-mission">suggested reintroducing them</a>. It had been unclear if this was feasible.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/mistletoe-the-kiss-of-life-for-healthy-forests-52137">Mistletoe: the kiss of life for healthy forests</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Making Melbourne even more marvellous</h2>
<p>Working closely with City of Melbourne staff, research scientists from the Gulbali Institute undertook a <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/mistletoe-friend-or-foe-melbourne-council-arborists-embrace-a-former-pest-20170721-gxg4pv.html">world-first trial</a> of the reintroduction of a native mistletoe to street trees. Rather than eucalypts or other native trees, we decided to use plane trees, a European species that is a feature of city streets the world over. In Australia, very few things interact with plane trees — <a href="https://www.portplaces.com/two-trees-in-the-urban-forest/">nothing eats them</a>, which is one reason they’re popular street trees.</p>
<p>Rather than replace these established trees with more fitting local species and waiting a few decades for them to grow, we tried something a little different. We added a native mistletoe to their canopies to boost the resources available to urban wildlife.</p>
<p>We chose creeping mistletoe (<em>Muellerina eucalyptoides</em>), which is now scarce in Melbourne, but is just as happy growing on exotic deciduous trees as the evergreen eucalypts this species depends on as hosts in the bush.</p>
<p>Our <a href="https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjb-2023-0069">research paper</a> summarises the outcomes of the trial. Almost 900 seeds were carefully wiped on the branches of 28 plane trees. We were replicating the efforts of mistletoebirds, which usually <a href="https://www.anbg.gov.au/mistletoe/mistletoe-bird.html">spread these sticky seeds</a>. </p>
<p>Five years after inoculation, we found mistletoes had established on five trees. Even better, two of these plants were full of fruit. There is now a ready-made seed source in the heart of Melbourne for further expansion of these beneficial native plants. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/546535/original/file-20230905-27-lnnovu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/546535/original/file-20230905-27-lnnovu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/546535/original/file-20230905-27-lnnovu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/546535/original/file-20230905-27-lnnovu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/546535/original/file-20230905-27-lnnovu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=505&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/546535/original/file-20230905-27-lnnovu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=505&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/546535/original/file-20230905-27-lnnovu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=505&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Bags of ripe creeping mistletoe fruit ready for inoculation.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Lee Harrison</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/australias-unusual-species-11387">Australia’s unusual species</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>The problems with possums</h2>
<p>Rather than establishment depending on the size of the branch, the age of the tree or which direction it faced, the only factor that emerged as a significant determinant of success was whether or not the tree was fitted with a possum collar. These acrylic or metal sheets wrapped around the trunk are too slippery for possums to climb. The city’s tree management team routinely uses these collars to grant a reprieve to trees whose canopies have been badly damaged by these marsupials. </p>
<p>Previous work has found possums <a href="https://www.anbg.gov.au/mistletoe/palatibility-herbivores.html">love to eat mistletoe foliage</a>. This is likely due to their high concentration of nutrients and lack of chemical defences that eucalypts have. </p>
<p>Our study is the first to provide direct evidence of the effect of common brushtail possums on mistletoe recruitment. Its findings reinforce reports from New Zealand, where introduced brushtail possums have <a href="https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/2139.pdf">devastated three mistletoe species</a> and been implicated in the extinction of a <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2386338">fourth</a>, the only mistletoe known to have gone extinct worldwide.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/why-sweet-toothed-possums-graze-on-stressed-sickly-looking-trees-169241">Why sweet-toothed possums graze on stressed, sickly-looking trees</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Beautiful butterflies are returning</h2>
<p>Time will tell how the addition of these plants to the urban forest will affect Melbourne wildlife. Already, gorgeous imperial jezebel butterflies have been spotted emerging from creeping mistletoes in Princes Park.</p>
<figure class="align-right zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/546581/original/file-20230906-25-7dazw8.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Red, black and yellow butterfly on flower" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/546581/original/file-20230906-25-7dazw8.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/546581/original/file-20230906-25-7dazw8.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/546581/original/file-20230906-25-7dazw8.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/546581/original/file-20230906-25-7dazw8.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/546581/original/file-20230906-25-7dazw8.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/546581/original/file-20230906-25-7dazw8.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/546581/original/file-20230906-25-7dazw8.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">The imperial jezebel lays its eggs only on mistletoes.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/kookr/2327853287">David Cook/Flickr</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">CC BY-NC</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Even better, our work has inspired three other urban mistletoe reintroductions elsewhere in Melbourne. In New South Wales, Birdlife Australia and Mindaribba Local Aboriginal Land Council are working together to <a href="https://birdlife.org.au/projects/restoring-mistletoe-on-wonnarua-country/">restore mistletoe</a> to woodlands on Wonnarua Country. The mistletoe will supply missing nectar resources for the <a href="https://theconversation.com/regent-honeyeaters-were-once-kings-of-flowering-gums-now-theyre-on-the-edge-of-extinction-what-happened-174538">critically endangered regent honeyeater</a>. </p>
<p>Collectively, this work is helping to shift the public perception of these native plants – from pernicious parasites to ecological keystones.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/regent-honeyeaters-were-once-kings-of-flowering-gums-now-theyre-on-the-edge-of-extinction-what-happened-174538">Regent honeyeaters were once kings of flowering gums. Now they're on the edge of extinction. What happened?</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/211742/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>David M Watson receives funding from the Australian Research Council, the Hermon Slade Foundation, and Chris and Gina Grubb.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Rodney van der Ree has received funding from the Australian Research Council and worked for the City of Melbourne when this research commenced. He now consults to industry and all levels of government in Australia</span></em></p>Mistletoes are ecological keystones that boost habitat value for wildlife, so we added them to established plane trees in the inner city.David M Watson, Professor in Ecology, Charles Sturt UniversityRodney van der Ree, National Technical Executive in Ecology at WSP Australia Pty Ltd. Adjunct Associate Professor, School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2121172023-09-06T20:13:56Z2023-09-06T20:13:56ZOn hot days, up to 87% of heat gain in our homes is through windows. On cold days, it’s 40% of heat loss. Here’s how we can fix that<p>Climate change and energy costs mean we need to rethink how we <a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-99-2760-9">design and build our homes</a>. The updated <a href="https://abcb.gov.au/news/2022/using-ncc-2022-prior-1-may-2023#ncc-application-within-states-and-territories">National Construction Code</a> has lifted the required energy performance of new housing from <a href="https://theconversation.com/7-star-housing-is-a-step-towards-zero-carbon-but-theres-much-more-to-do-starting-with-existing-homes-189542">6 stars to 7 stars</a> (10 stars being the best). Windows are an obvious focus for improving the energy efficiency of Australian homes. </p>
<p>On hot days, most of the heat that gets into our homes is through the windows. On cold days, windows account for almost half the heat loss. High-performance insulating windows have been installed in Australian homes at a fraction of the rates for New Zealand, the United States and the United Kingdom. </p>
<p>In our newly published <a href="https://www.sustainability.vic.gov.au/research-data-and-insights/research/research-reports/upscaling-high-performance-windows-in-victoria">report</a>, we found the local window industry can produce the high-performance windows we need for thermally efficient homes. These homes will cost less to heat and cool, with lower greenhouse gas emissions. </p>
<p>But the industry is complex, with several obstacles to greater uptake of these windows. We identified a range of government policies and industry actions that could help drive change.</p>
<iframe title="Percentage of housing with high-performance windows" aria-label="Column Chart" id="datawrapper-chart-Il3PZ" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/Il3PZ/1/" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="border: none;" width="100%" height="400" data-external="1"></iframe>
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<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/7-star-housing-is-a-step-towards-zero-carbon-but-theres-much-more-to-do-starting-with-existing-homes-189542">7-star housing is a step towards zero carbon – but there's much more to do, starting with existing homes</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>How much difference do windows make?</h2>
<p>Single-glazed windows are common in Australian housing. Heat travels easily through these windows so they are a <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778821005843#b0135">thermal weak spot</a>. </p>
<p>In Australian homes, up to 87% of heat gain in summer and 40% of heat loss in winter is <a href="https://www.yourhome.gov.au/passive-design/glazing">through the windows</a>. This makes it harder to maintain a comfortable temperature inside. </p>
<p>Around <a href="https://www.yourhome.gov.au/energy/heating-and-cooling">40% of household energy use</a> in the average Australian home is for heating and cooling. The result is high power bills.</p>
<h2>High-performance windows can solve this problem</h2>
<p>Better windows are available. <a href="https://www.yourhome.gov.au/passive-design/glazing">Double-glazed and triple-glazed windows</a> offer much better performance, reducing the need to use energy for heating and cooling. In some climate zones, they’re one of the most <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-most-cost-effective-energy-efficiency-investments-you-can-make-and-how-the-new-inflation-reduction-act-could-help-188506">cost-effective investments</a> in energy efficiency you can make.</p>
<p>These windows have insulating layer(s) of air between the glass panes. Other elements can also improve performance. These include thermal breaks (an insulating barrier that reduces heat flow through the window frame) and films that can be applied to the panes. </p>
<p>These approaches can be used in new window units, or with <a href="https://renew.org.au/renew-magazine/buyers-guides/window-buyers-guide/">retrofit options</a> such as secondary glazing, which can be cheaper than replacing the whole window unit. It involves installing a glazed panel in a frame inside an existing window. This can be a great solution for apartments as it might not require owners corporation approval.</p>
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<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/keen-to-retrofit-your-home-to-lower-its-carbon-footprint-and-save-energy-consider-these-3-things-175921">Keen to retrofit your home to lower its carbon footprint and save energy? Consider these 3 things</a>
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</em>
</p>
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<p>High-performance windows <a href="https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-buildings/energy-performance-buildings-directive_en">offer many benefits</a> beyond greater thermal comfort. These include better physical and mental health as a result of homes no longer being <a href="https://cur.org.au/cms/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/heatwaves-homes-and-health-rmit_full-report.pdf">too hot</a> or <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953623003118">too cold</a>, improved control of ventilation and natural light, and reduced noise from outdoors.</p>
<p>Australia is trailing far behind other countries in installing high-performance windows. Just over 10% of windows in new housing in Australia are high-performance – versus around 80% in the United Kingdom, the United States and New Zealand.</p>
<iframe title="Uptake of high-performance windows by state and territory" aria-label="Interactive line chart" id="datawrapper-chart-9AEtK" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/9AEtK/2/" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="border: none;" width="100%" height="400" data-external="1"></iframe>
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<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/we-need-a-lemon-law-to-make-all-the-homes-we-buy-and-rent-more-energy-efficient-204369">We need a 'lemon law' to make all the homes we buy and rent more energy-efficient</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Scaling up use of high-performance windows</h2>
<p>We explored the window and residential building industry in Victoria on behalf of Sustainability Victoria. Our aim was to understand the industry and its readiness to scale up the manufacture, sale and installation of high-performance windows. We also wanted to understand what support might be needed to achieve this transition. </p>
<p>The people we spoke to, drawn from across the sector, said they are ready to scale up once demand is there. They clearly said there isn’t any technological barrier to doing this. </p>
<p>The time from ordering to receiving windows has increased in recent years as part of wider supply-chain issues. We were told this was almost resolved. However, a rapid scaling up of demand for high-performance windows could create short-term supply challenges.</p>
<p>The builders we spoke to identified some issues around understanding the various window products, such as the relative benefits of different frame materials. For example, uPVC and timber frames typically conduct less heat than aluminium. However, a thermal break can greatly improve aluminium frame performance.</p>
<p>They also noted that high-performance windows cost more. This can be a challenge in an industry already struggling to provide housing at affordable prices. </p>
<p>In addition, high-performance windows are heavier. Extra equipment could be needed to install them.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/will-7-star-housing-really-cost-more-it-depends-but-you-can-keep-costs-down-in-a-few-simple-ways-189627">Will 7-star housing really cost more? It depends, but you can keep costs down in a few simple ways</a>
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</p>
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<h2>How can policy help improve uptake?</h2>
<p>We found the industry is complex. A range of measures will likely be needed to encourage the uptake and delivery of more high-performance windows. Our research proposes the following interventions:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>regulation</strong> – further improve regulations to nudge use of high-performance windows, which could include setting minimum performance requirements for windows as New Zealand has done</p></li>
<li><p><strong>education</strong> – better educate builders and consumers with easy-to-understand, transparent information to bust myths about high-performance windows and encourage people to consider their wider benefits</p></li>
<li><p><strong>finance</strong> – there is a need to reduce capital costs (economies of scale will help) and improve access to government support, which could include rebates for home owners, similar to those for rooftop solar systems </p></li>
<li><p><strong>quality assurance</strong> – the range of high-performance window options means we need to ensure key intermediaries like energy assessors provide well-informed advice. Support tools such as the <a href="https://werslink.com.au/wers/search.html#residential-simulation-search">Window Energy Rating Scheme</a> can help with decision-making. There is also a need to ensure quality installation practices. </p></li>
</ul>
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<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/better-than-net-zero-making-the-promised-1-2-million-homes-climate-friendly-would-transform-construction-in-australia-211825">Better than net zero? Making the promised 1.2 million homes climate-friendly would transform construction in Australia</a>
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<h2>Windows for the future</h2>
<p>Given the key role of windows in housing quality, performance and emissions, installing high-performance windows needs to become business as usual. In many other countries, double-or-triple-glazed windows are now standard. If we don’t do the same, we will lock households into lower-quality, poorly performing housing for decades.</p>
<p>Making high-performance windows standard building practice in Australia is achievable. However, some support for the window industry, builders and households will be needed.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/212117/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Trivess Moore has received funding from various organisations including the Australian Research Council, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, Victorian Government and various industry partners. He is a trustee of the Fuel Poverty Research Network. This article derives from research funded through a contract between Sustainability Victoria and RMIT University.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Lisa de Kleyn has worked on projects that received funding from various organisations including the Australian Research Council and Victorian Government. This article derives from research funded through a contract between Sustainability Victoria and RMIT University.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Tom Simko has worked on projects that received funding from the Victorian Government. This article derives from research funded through a contract between Sustainability Victoria and RMIT University.</span></em></p>Compared to roughly 80% in the US, UK and NZ, only 11% of Australian homes have high-performance windows. Installing them can transform a household’s comfort, energy use and emissions.Trivess Moore, Senior Lecturer, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT UniversityLisa de Kleyn, Research Fellow, Climate Change Adaptation Lab, La Trobe UniversityTom Simko, Senior Lecturer, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2111262023-09-04T04:21:07Z2023-09-04T04:21:07ZFeeling lonely? Too many of us are. Here’s what our supermarkets can do to help<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/544734/original/file-20230825-19-dja0ah.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=1517%2C0%2C4191%2C2674&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Even <a href="https://endingloneliness.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Ending-Loneliness-Together-in-Australia_Nov20.pdf">before COVID-19</a>, <a href="https://aifs.gov.au/resources/resource-sheets/understanding-and-defining-loneliness-and-social-isolation">social isolation and loneliness</a> were all too common across the community. Living among millions of other people is no comfort for people in cities, where the pace of life is often hectic, and technology and digitisation often limit, rather than help with, social interaction. </p>
<p>The pandemic <a href="https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/amp-amp0001005.pdf">amplified these problems</a>. In its wake, more of us report we’re lonely.</p>
<p>For some, a weekly shopping trip may be the only chance to interact with others. A supermarket chain in the Netherlands is helping to combat loneliness with so-called “slow” checkouts where chatting is encouraged. Could a similar approach work here?</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/why-loneliness-is-both-an-individual-thing-and-a-shared-result-of-the-cities-we-create-198069">Why loneliness is both an individual thing and a shared result of the cities we create</a>
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<hr>
<h2>We’re getting lonelier</h2>
<p>Around a third of Australians report feeling lonely. <a href="https://lonelinessawarenessweek.com.au/download/512/">One in six</a> experience severe loneliness.</p>
<p>According to the annual Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (<a href="https://melbourneinstitute.unimelb.edu.au/hilda/publications/hilda-statistical-reports">HILDA</a>) Survey, people <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-17/social-media-work-hours-cost-of-living-rising-loneliness/102563666">aged 15 to 24</a> report the greatest increase in social isolation over the past 20 years and the highest rates of loneliness. Another <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-14/middle-aged-men-experiencing-high-level-loneliness/102563492">Australian survey</a> found men aged 35 to 49 had the highest levels of loneliness.</p>
<p>Loneliness and social isolation are <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-17/social-media-work-hours-cost-of-living-rising-loneliness/102563666">not the same</a>. Social isolation is a matter of how often we have contact with friends, family and others, which can be measured.</p>
<p>Loneliness is more subjective. It describes how we feel about the “quality” of our interactions with others. </p>
<p>Technology is <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/live-long-and-prosper/202210/technology-use-loneliness-and-isolation#:%7E:text=Technology%20compulsion%20might%20lead%20to,disconnection%20and%20reduce%20well%2Dbeing.">contributing</a> to <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-17/social-media-work-hours-cost-of-living-rising-loneliness/102563666">high rates of loneliness</a>. Instead of meaningful face-to-face interactions, many of us now rely on social media, phone apps and video calls to socialise. </p>
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<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/how-the-digitalisation-of-everything-is-making-us-more-lonely-90870">How the digitalisation of everything is making us more lonely</a>
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</em>
</p>
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<p>We’re also working longer hours, often at home. And due to the cost of living, many of us are choosing to stay home and save money, rather than eat out or go to “the local”. </p>
<p>It isn’t only in Australia where this is happening. In the UK, around <a href="https://www.lonelinessawarenessweek.org/statistics">3.9 million older people</a> say television is their main company. Half a million may go five or six days a week without seeing anyone.</p>
<p>The World Health Organisation <a href="https://www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health/demographic-change-and-healthy-ageing/social-isolation-and-loneliness">recognises</a> loneliness and social isolation as public health issues and priorities for policymakers. These issues seriously affect people’s mental and physical health as well as longevity. The impacts are comparable with other <a href="https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-15967-3">risk factors</a> such as smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity and not being physically active.</p>
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<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/loneliness-is-making-us-physically-sick-but-social-prescribing-can-treat-it-podcast-199939">Loneliness is making us physically sick, but social prescribing can treat it – podcast</a>
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</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Could slow, ‘chatty’ checkouts be part of the solution?</h2>
<p>For many, a visit to the supermarket may be the only time they interact with others. Sadly, increased use of technology, including self-serve checkouts, and cashiers tasked with speedily processing customers can make it challenging to have a conversation.</p>
<iframe width="100%" height="750" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TpALSOvw4LU" title="The FASTEST checkout cashier ever😮 TikTok: rogerlopez7511" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
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<em>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/more-than-milk-and-bread-corner-store-revival-can-rebuild-neighbourhood-ties-121244">More than milk and bread: corner store revival can rebuild neighbourhood ties</a>
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<p>Four years ago, the Netherlands’ second-largest supermarket chain, <a href="https://jumbo.com">Jumbo</a>, introduced <em>Kletskassa</em> or “chat checkout”. It’s for shoppers who want to chat and aren’t in a hurry. Recognising loneliness was an issue for many, the idea was to increase social interaction between customers and staff by slowing things down and encouraging conversation. </p>
<p>Jumbo’s chief commercial officer, Colette Cloosterman-van Eerd, <a href="https://www.dutchnews.nl/2021/09/jumbo-opens-chat-checkouts-to-combat-loneliness-among-the-elderly/">explained</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Many people, especially the elderly, sometimes feel lonely. As a family business and supermarket chain, we are at the heart of society. Our shops are an important meeting place for many people, and we want to play a role in identifying and reducing loneliness.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The first <em>Kletskassa</em>, in Vlijmen in Brabant, was so successful the family-owned company started rolling out slow checkouts in <a href="https://www.dutchnews.nl/2021/09/jumbo-opens-chat-checkouts-to-combat-loneliness-among-the-elderly/">200 of its stores</a>. Not only were customers responding positively, the concept also appealed to Jumbo’s employees. They are trained to recognise signs of loneliness and come up with local initiatives to combat social isolation.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/i-tell-everyone-i-love-being-on-my-own-but-i-hate-it-what-older-australians-want-you-to-know-about-loneliness-166109">'I tell everyone I love being on my own, but I hate it': what older Australians want you to know about loneliness</a>
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<hr>
<p>Cloosterman-Van Eerd said: </p>
<blockquote>
<p>We are proud our staff want to work the chat checkout. They really want to help people and make contact with them. It’s a small gesture but it’s a valuable one, particularly in a world that is becoming more digital and faster.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The original focus of Jumbo’s initiative was older shoppers. However, the trial showed people of all ages were keen to use the <em>Kletskassa</em>. The desire for human interaction didn’t change across age groups.</p>
<p>So, these “chatty” checkouts are open to anyone who will benefit from social connection. Some Jumbo stores also have an <a href="https://www.brightvibes.com/dutch-supermarket-introduces-a-unique-chat-checkout-to-help-fight-loneliness/">All Together Coffee Corner</a>, where locals can enjoy a coffee and chat with neighbours and volunteers who also <a href="https://scoop.upworthy.com/dutch-supermarket-introduces-a-unique-slow-checkout-lane-to-help-fight-loneliness-595693-595693">help out</a> with shopping and gardening.</p>
<p>The Netherlands’ government is partnering a range of organisations, local government and companies to come up with solutions to combat loneliness across the country. Some 50% of the 1.3 million people over 75 report they regularly feel lonely. Jumbo’s initiatives are part of the Health Ministry’s <a href="https://www.globalwellnesssummit.com/blog/governments-ramp-up-the-war-on-loneliness/">One Against Loneliness</a> campaign.</p>
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<iframe width="440" height="260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/11SY0wG6Zc8?wmode=transparent&start=10" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
<figcaption><span class="caption">Jumbo supermarket’s innovation of slow chat checkouts has been extended to 200 of its stores.</span></figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Supermarkets as ‘third places’ to combat loneliness</h2>
<p>In the 1980s, sociologist Ray Oldenberg coined the term <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00986754">“third place”</a> – a place that’s not home (the “first place”) and not work (the “second place”). Third places are familiar public spaces where people can connect over a shared interest or activity. </p>
<p>Libraries, coffee shops, book stores, community gardens, churches, gyms and clubs are examples of third places. They all provide the opportunity for close proximity, interaction and often serendipitous conversations with other people we might not usually meet. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/many-people-feel-lonely-in-the-city-but-perhaps-third-places-can-help-with-that-92847">Many people feel lonely in the city, but perhaps 'third places' can help with that</a>
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</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p><em>Kletkassa</em> have helped thousands of people, of all ages and backgrounds, by providing a few minutes of kindness and conversation. Imagine what could be achieved if our supermarkets offered their own version of the “slow checkout” for anyone who’s in need of a chat to brighten their day. </p>
<p>The first chain to introduce this sort of initiative in Australia would have a solid advantage over competitors through differentiation and prioritising customers. At the same time, it would make a small but meaningful contribution to improving social wellbeing. </p>
<p>Challenge extended!</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/211126/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Louise Grimmer does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>For people who feel lonely, a trip to the supermarket could help – if only the store provided opportunities to chat at the checkout. A Dutch chain has done just that, and customers and staff love it.Louise Grimmer, Senior Lecturer in Retail Marketing, University of TasmaniaLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2112082023-09-01T01:40:12Z2023-09-01T01:40:12ZHow do we get urban density ‘just right’? The Goldilocks quest for the ‘missing middle’<p>What would Goldilocks do if given the chance to pick the “just right” density for our cities? Depends who you ask.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/minns-government-on-cusp-of-rewriting-sydney-housing-density-reforms-20230801-p5dt0h.html">Debates</a> over <a href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/melbourne-s-most-liveable-city-status-at-stake-as-andrews-gears-up-for-planning-overhaul-20230727-p5drr2.html">densities</a> in our <a href="https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/the-suburbs-being-asked-to-rise-to-the-challenge-of-population-growth-20230530-p5dcey.html">cities</a> divide between advocates of low-rise detached housing and supporters of higher-density towers. Both offer little diversity. In Australian cities, but also in North America, we see a clear contrast between ground-scraping suburbs and clusters of CBD skyscrapers.</p>
<p>The combination of these two patterns of development has produced largely car-dependent cities. Commute times are long and carbon emissions high. Options are limited for those who wish to live in a neighbourhood with corner shops, short walking distances to a local centre, communal green space and public parks.</p>
<p>Neighbourhoods like this are enabled by mid-rise (three to seven storeys), mid-density housing. This form of building has been dubbed the “<a href="https://twitter.com/zachklein/status/1488285651237683202">missing middle</a>”. Decades of planning for urban consolidation has made little difference – medium density is still missing in many of our cities.</p>
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/544706/original/file-20230825-23-tmxawo.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/544706/original/file-20230825-23-tmxawo.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/544706/original/file-20230825-23-tmxawo.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=334&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/544706/original/file-20230825-23-tmxawo.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=334&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/544706/original/file-20230825-23-tmxawo.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=334&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/544706/original/file-20230825-23-tmxawo.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=420&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/544706/original/file-20230825-23-tmxawo.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=420&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/544706/original/file-20230825-23-tmxawo.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=420&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://twitter.com/zachklein/status/1488285651237683202">Source: X – read more</a></span>
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<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/houses-and-high-rises-and-nothing-in-between-why-land-zoning-hasnt-been-effective-for-improving-urban-density-204185">Houses and high-rises (and nothing in between): why land zoning hasn't been effective for improving urban density</a>
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</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Lack of clarity bedevils density debates</h2>
<p>In debates about urban density, there’s often a confused mix of different <a href="https://theconversation.com/urban-density-matters-but-what-does-it-mean-58977">conceptions and measures</a> of density. For example, the widely used measure of <a href="https://apo.org.au/node/59860">dwellings per hectare</a> conflates building and population densities, capturing neither with precision. Often such debates don’t consider basic distinctions such as those between building and population densities, residential and job densities, <a href="https://theconversation.com/as-coronavirus-forces-us-to-keep-our-distance-city-density-matters-less-than-internal-density-137790">internal and external densities</a> (inside and outside buildings), measured and perceived densities. </p>
<p>A census can easily capture residential night-time population densities. However, fluctuating daytime densities cannot be measured accurately. Building densities can be accurately measured as floor area ratio (FAR, the total floor area of buildings divided by the total site area) but this is rarely applied.</p>
<p>Metrics are often heavily biased by inconsistent reference areas. What <a href="https://rdcu.be/dhDKh">spatial scales</a> matter for which desired outcome is seldom questioned. </p>
<p>For example, a reference area of about 1 square kilometre is relevant for a walkable neighbourhood. Our perceptions of densities depend on the spatial reach of our senses, mostly up to 100 metres. These include the visual sense of enclosure, the diversity and quality of the public-private interfaces, street layouts, trees and other vegetation. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542049/original/file-20230810-21-lcpgo0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542049/original/file-20230810-21-lcpgo0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542049/original/file-20230810-21-lcpgo0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=330&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542049/original/file-20230810-21-lcpgo0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=330&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542049/original/file-20230810-21-lcpgo0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=330&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542049/original/file-20230810-21-lcpgo0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=414&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542049/original/file-20230810-21-lcpgo0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=414&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542049/original/file-20230810-21-lcpgo0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=414&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Gross residential densities (people per hectare) in Melbourne at 1x1km walkable neighbourhood scale and 100x100m experiential scale.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://rdcu.be/dhDKh">Pafka 2022</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>If experts are unable to accurately measure urban densities, how can we expect everyone else to understand?</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/urban-density-matters-but-what-does-it-mean-58977">Urban density matters – but what does it mean?</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Buzzwords don’t solve the problem</h2>
<p>With confusions persisting, the stigmatisation of urban density, meaning for many “too dense”, persists. This tendency has been often countered through linguistic attempts to reframe the term. </p>
<p>For example, in Vancouver, Canada, the urbanist Brent Toderian has been calling for “<a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/6/20/15815490/toderian-nimbys">density done well</a>”. This term has been adopted in Melbourne too. Other terms include “<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/apr/16/cities-need-goldilocks-housing-density-not-too-high-low-just-right">Goldilocks density</a>” – “not too high, not too low, but just right” – “<a href="https://futurecitiesenviro.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40984-016-0021-3">optimal-quality density</a>” and “<a href="https://www.urbantaskforce.com.au/sydney-needs-urban-housing-to-compliment-suburban-housing/">EcoDenCity</a>”. </p>
<p>But these are vaguely defined terms that can mean many things to different people. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08111146.2023.2198550">Our research</a> shows that planning professionals in Melbourne associate “density done well” with neighbourhoods as different as North Perth, Western Australia, and Friedrichshain in Berlin. Their gross floor area ratios range from 0.7 to 4.3. </p>
<p>Put simply, “good” density is not limited to ratio of buildings to space. And it’s prone to change over time.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/543920/original/file-20230822-25-8i4v63.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Three neighbourhood examples of 'density done well' provided by planning professionals in Melbourne." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/543920/original/file-20230822-25-8i4v63.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/543920/original/file-20230822-25-8i4v63.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=348&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543920/original/file-20230822-25-8i4v63.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=348&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543920/original/file-20230822-25-8i4v63.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=348&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543920/original/file-20230822-25-8i4v63.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=437&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543920/original/file-20230822-25-8i4v63.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=437&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543920/original/file-20230822-25-8i4v63.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=437&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Three neighbourhood examples of ‘density done well’ provided by planning professionals in Melbourne.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">By Merrick Morley, based on GoogleEarth and StreetView</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/people-love-the-idea-of-20-minute-neighbourhoods-so-why-isnt-it-top-of-the-agenda-131193">People love the idea of 20-minute neighbourhoods. So why isn't it top of the agenda?</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Getting density right depends on local contexts</h2>
<p>The “missing middle” is sometimes exemplified by the three-to-seven-storey perimeter block. The block is formed by attached buildings aligned with the streets with a large communal courtyard in the middle. It’s common and well understood in Europe (Friedrichshain is an example above), but less so in Australia and North America. </p>
<p>David Sim describes this building type in detail in his book <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347943346_Book_Review_Soft_City_by_David_Sim_2019_Island_Press">Soft City</a>. He links it to nine quality criteria, including the diversity of buildings and open spaces. </p>
<p><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373096737_Finding_good_densities_An_urban_morphological_search_for_Goldilocks_density_in_Melbourne_MSD_Minor_Thesis">Research</a> testing these criteria for Melbourne shows only five larger pockets come close to meeting them, with floor area ratios of 0.6-0.7. These are inner-city suburbs built along tram lines and with diverse building types. Their buildings include two-storey terrace housing, three-storey walk-ups and occasionally taller apartments. None of these are perimeter blocks, which are largely absent in Australia.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/543922/original/file-20230822-19-1crsil.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Examples of larger pockets of 'soft density' in Melbourne" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/543922/original/file-20230822-19-1crsil.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/543922/original/file-20230822-19-1crsil.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=348&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543922/original/file-20230822-19-1crsil.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=348&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543922/original/file-20230822-19-1crsil.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=348&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543922/original/file-20230822-19-1crsil.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=437&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543922/original/file-20230822-19-1crsil.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=437&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543922/original/file-20230822-19-1crsil.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=437&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Examples of larger pockets of ‘soft density’ in Melbourne.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">By Ben Thorp and Merrick Morley, based on GoogleEarth and StreetView</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/what-makes-a-city-tick-designing-the-urban-dma-67227">What makes a city tick? Designing the 'urban DMA'</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>We argue that well-meaning discourses about “good” densities risk masking divergent desires through linguistic tactics. Rather, we need a better understanding of the different conceptions and metrics of densities and how they relate to people’s everyday experiences. This will require increased urban density literacy, through formal and informal education, as well as public deliberation, so we can build cities as diverse as our societies. </p>
<p>Goldilocks confronted very simple challenges with very simple means. But cities are made of diverse people with different tastebuds. None would have to burn their tongue if they were more aware of the knowledge and tools we have at hand.</p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1680596368237428736"}"></div></p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/211208/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>We thank Ben Thorp for his contributions to this article. Elek Pafka does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond his academic appointment.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Merrick Morley receives a stipend from the City of Melbourne for his PhD candidature</span></em></p>Despite adopting the goal of creating medium-density neighbourhoods to end urban sprawl, our cities have struggled to achieve it. Confused debates about ‘good density’ are part of the problem.Elek Pafka, Senior Lecturer in Urban Planning and Urban Design, The University of MelbourneMerrick Morley, PhD Candidate, Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of MelbourneLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2122602023-08-31T20:01:04Z2023-08-31T20:01:04ZFewer of us are cycling – here’s how we can reverse the decline<p>Rates of cycling are falling in Australia, a national <a href="https://www.cwanz.com.au/national-walking-and-cycling-participation-survey-2023/">report</a> released today shows. More people started riding bikes early in the pandemic, but that hasn’t lasted. The percentages of people who cycle are lower now than in 2011.</p>
<p>Less than one in six Australians report riding a bicycle weekly. Just over one in three have ridden in the past year. </p>
<p>During the time of pandemic restrictions, when there was less other traffic on the road, people perhaps felt safer to ride. Creating streets that are less busy, noisy and easier to ride on and cross safely encourages more people to cycle and walk.</p>
<iframe title="Rates of cycling in Australia, 2011–2023" aria-label="Interactive line chart" id="datawrapper-chart-N1d95" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/N1d95/3/" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="border: none;" width="100%" height="400" data-external="1"></iframe>
<p>Most people want to walk and ride more. <a href="https://irp.cdn-website.com/541aa469/files/uploaded/What_Australia_Wants_Report_.pdf">Two-thirds</a> of people want more transport funding to go into walking, cycling and public transport. </p>
<p>Even if you’re not interested in riding a bike, you should be worried about this decline. Walking and cycling are part of the solution to several of the most pressing issues facing our cities.</p>
<h2>The decline isn’t surprising</h2>
<p>The decline in cycling probably shouldn’t surprise us. In the past 40 years, the percentage of children who walk or ride to school has dropped from <a href="https://www.transport.wa.gov.au/mediaFiles/active-transport/AT_P_Declining_Rate_walking_cycling_to_school_in_Perth.pdf">75% to 25%</a>. </p>
<p>Furthermore, cycling receives only about <a href="https://theconversation.com/cycling-and-walking-are-short-changed-when-it-comes-to-transport-funding-in-australia-92574">2%</a> of transport budgets. The United Nations Environment Program <a href="https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/17030/globalOutlookOnWalkingAndCycling.pdf">recommends 20%</a> of transport funding should go to “non-motorised transport”. </p>
<p>Most of our transport funding goes into building wider and longer roads, embedding car dependency. However, making it easier to drive leads to more driving and ultimately more congestion, an effect known as <a href="https://www.atap.gov.au/tools-techniques/travel-demand-modelling/3-model">induced demand</a>. The problem even featured in <a href="https://twitter.com/BrentToderian/status/1192568535009988608?s=20">an episode</a> of the TV show Utopia. </p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1450646635080454147"}"></div></p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/cycling-and-walking-can-help-drive-australias-recovery-but-not-with-less-than-2-of-transport-budgets-142176">Cycling and walking can help drive Australia's recovery – but not with less than 2% of transport budgets</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Short trips by car – everyone loses</h2>
<p>Most car journeys in Australian cities are <a href="https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/vista/viz/VISTA-TripsDraft/Trips-methodoftravel">short</a>. Two-thirds of these trips could be done by bike in <a href="https://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/map/perth-active-transport-improvements">15 minutes or less</a>. </p>
<p>So, for example, of the 4.2 million daily car trips in Perth, <a href="https://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/map/perth-active-transport-improvements">2.8 million are less than 5km</a>. In Victoria, about <a href="https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/vista/viz/VISTA-TripsDraft/Trips-methodoftravel">half of all trips under 2km</a> are driven – that’s more than 2 million a day. </p>
<p>These short car trips – such as the school drop-off, the short drive to the shops or the local park – are bad for public health, emissions and climate change, road safety and congestion. Walking and cycling can help solve all these problems. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/545706/original/file-20230831-26-jv0mnf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Venn diagram showing intersection of cycling and walking with the problems of road safety, congestion, emissions and public health" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/545706/original/file-20230831-26-jv0mnf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/545706/original/file-20230831-26-jv0mnf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/545706/original/file-20230831-26-jv0mnf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/545706/original/file-20230831-26-jv0mnf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/545706/original/file-20230831-26-jv0mnf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=505&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/545706/original/file-20230831-26-jv0mnf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=505&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/545706/original/file-20230831-26-jv0mnf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=505&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">How cycling and walking intersect with the issues of road safety, congestion, emissions and public health.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Author supplied (data from: 1. DCEEW, 2. AIHW, 3&4. Infrastructure Australia, 5. ISPAH).</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Urban sprawl and car use have a high cost</h2>
<p>Urban sprawl makes it less appealing to walk and cycle to our destination, further entrenching car dependency. </p>
<p>Urban sprawl costs governments too. Last week, the New South Wales Productivity Commission <a href="https://www.productivity.nsw.gov.au/building-more-homes-where-infrastructure-costs-less">reported</a> building homes closer to the city centre, rather than in outer suburbs, can save up to A$75,000 in infrastructure costs. </p>
<p>The extra costs of building farther away include providing schools, roads, parks, water and wastewater infrastructure. </p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1696099433648382171"}"></div></p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/urban-sprawl-is-not-a-dirty-word-if-the-priority-is-to-meet-all-kids-needs-it-should-be-208670">Urban sprawl is 'not a dirty word'? If the priority is to meet all kids' needs, it should be</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>3 transport priorities</h2>
<p>For people to walk and cycle, we need to provide so-called <a href="https://www.healthystreets.com/">healthy streets</a>: not too noisy, easy to cross, with clean air and where people feel safe. </p>
<p>In 2022, the <a href="https://aspactivity.org/">Asia-Pacific Society for Physical Activity</a> and cycling advocacy group <a href="https://www.weride.org.au/who-we-are/">We Ride Australia</a> proposed <a href="https://aspactivity.org/three-transport-priorities/">three transport priorities</a> for Australia supported by a national alliance of 13 public health, transport, education and climate organisations.</p>
<p><strong>1. Safer default speed limits</strong></p>
<p>The current default speed limit of 50km/h in built-up areas is unsafe and leads to many deaths and injuries each year. </p>
<p>Default 30km/h speed limits in built-up areas are an immediate <a href="https://theconversation.com/busted-5-myths-about-30km-h-speed-limits-in-australia-160547">low-cost</a> way to increase road safety.</p>
<p>Other countries are showing it can be done. For example, this month <a href="https://www.gov.wales/seven-things-you-may-not-know-about-wales-new-20mph-default-speed-limit">Wales</a> is set to adopt a default speed limit of 20 miles an hour (32km/h). </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/busted-5-myths-about-30km-h-speed-limits-in-australia-160547">Busted: 5 myths about 30km/h speed limits in Australia</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p><strong>2. 1,500m school zones</strong></p>
<p>Most students live <a href="https://www.activehealthykids.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/australia-report-card-progress-report-2015.pdf">within 3km</a> of their school. That’s less than a 10-minute bike ride or a 30-minute walk. </p>
<p>However, to boost walking and cycling to school, parents need to feel it’s safe for their children to do so. The solution is to create safe walking and cycling routes with <a href="https://bubblecane.wordpress.com/2021/02/06/priority-crossings-what-are-they/">pedestrian priority crossings</a> within 500–1,500m of schools. Streets along these routes are easy to cross and not too busy or noisy.</p>
<p><strong>3. E-bike subsidies</strong></p>
<p>Cutting carbon emissions to limit climate change and air pollution requires us to reduce private car use. Focusing <a href="https://www.whichcar.com.au/news/electric-vehicle-incentives-australia">purchase incentives</a> solely on electric cars in Australia is slowing down the race to zero emissions. Indeed, research shows cycling is <a href="https://theconversation.com/cycling-is-ten-times-more-important-than-electric-cars-for-reaching-net-zero-cities-157163">ten times</a> more important than electric cars for achieving net-zero cities.</p>
<p>E-bikes assist the rider with pedalling, which makes them slightly faster than a regular bike. Typically e-bike users ride <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259019821930017X">greater distances</a> than regular push-bike users. </p>
<p>However, the upfront price of e-bikes is one of the main barriers to buying one.
Providing incentives for people to buy an e-bike would increase their uptake. Research shows a return on investment of <a href="https://www.weride.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/WeRide_e-Bike_Subsidy_Report_FINAL-lores.pdf">$2–$3</a> for every $1 spent on these incentives. </p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1639981043590545413"}"></div></p>
<h2>What else can we do?</h2>
<p>As well as the <a href="https://aspactivity.org/three-transport-priorities/">three transport priorities</a>, we can of course take many more actions that would help increase walking and cycling. These measures include: boosting <a href="https://theconversation.com/urban-sprawl-is-not-a-dirty-word-if-the-priority-is-to-meet-all-kids-needs-it-should-be-208670">housing density</a>, <a href="https://www.streetlevelaustralia.org/">beautifying</a> our neighbourhoods, programs to build people’s confidence and skills to walk and cycle, such as <a href="https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/talks-courses-workshops/cycling-courses">beginners bike tours</a>, and more frequent public transport. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/12-best-ways-to-get-cars-out-of-cities-ranked-by-new-research-180642">12 best ways to get cars out of cities – ranked by new research</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>By prioritising walking and cycling for short trips, Australia can reduce the national combined cost of $67 billion a year of <a href="https://www.nrspp.org.au/resources/summary-report-cost-road-trauma-australia/#:%7E:text=the%20total%20cost%20of%20road%20trauma%20is%20estimated%20at%20%2422.2,by%20road%20injury%20was%20%24239%2C000">traffic injuries and deaths</a>, <a href="https://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-08/Urban%20Transport%20Crowding%20and%20Congestion.pdf">traffic congestion</a>, <a href="https://www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=cce3914b-82a3-433b-97f6-be0642f692f6&subId=658630#:%7E:text=Air%20pollution%20is%20already%20a,to%20%2424%20billion%20per%20year">air pollution</a> and <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31390112/">physical inactivity</a>. </p>
<p>Here are four actions you can take to help boost walking and cycling in your area:</p>
<ol>
<li><p>look for opportunities where you can walk, wheel or cycle short journeys</p></li>
<li><p>join a community-led coalition, such as <a href="https://www.betterstreets.org.au/">Better Streets</a></p></li>
<li><p>score your local neighbourhood for walkability using this <a href="https://walking.heartfoundation.org.au/uploads/pdf-files/Neighbourhood-walkability-checklist.pdf">tool</a></p></li>
<li><p>write to your local MP asking for the <a href="https://aspactivity.org/three-transport-priorities/">three transport priorities</a> to be adopted.</p></li>
</ol><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/212260/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Matthew 'Tepi' Mclaughlin receives research funding from the Australian Government's Medical Research Future Fund and The Government of Western Australia's Healthway. He also receives salary support through the Australian Research Council's Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course. He is a member of the Asia-Pacific Society for Physical Activity and a member of the Active Transport Advisory Group of Westcycle. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Peter McCue receives an Australian Postgraduate Research Award to study a PhD. He is a member of the Executive Committee and Chair of the Advocacy Committee of the Asia-Pacific Society for Physical Activity.</span></em></p>Early in the pandemic, when there was much less traffic on the roads, people took to their bikes. But since then, fewer people are cycling, with rates now lower than in 2011.Matthew Mclaughlin, Adjunct Research Fellow, The University of Western AustraliaPeter McCue, PhD Candidate, School of Population Health, UNSW SydneyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2107162023-08-22T23:21:49Z2023-08-22T23:21:49ZWide verandas, picket fences or the CBD? How coastal cities near the capitals could ride post-COVID waves of growth<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/543654/original/file-20230821-17-mca6ku.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=11%2C0%2C3974%2C2653&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>The COVID-19 pandemic triggered population <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/media-centre/media-releases/more-growth-regions-during-pandemic">growth in regions</a> at the expense of capital cities. Regional migration has since stabilised, but the pandemic has left its mark. Australians reassessed where they wanted to live and work. </p>
<p>Our <a href="https://imoveaustralia.com/project/project-outcomes/long-term-pandemic-impact-on-business-and-residential-location">research</a> released today shows Australian cities and regions are continuing to change beyond the initial pandemic impacts. It’s likely there will be a long-term effect on where we choose to live and work.</p>
<p>We found the pandemic has increased the attractiveness of regional cities that are large, coastal and close to a major capital city. Our research found most Australian households would prefer to live in such a regional city if they could find comparable work there. These preferences are likely to lead to two waves of decentralisation that drive growth in these cities.</p>
<p>We also predict the long-term impacts of the pandemic will be limited for regional cities that are either small, inland or far away from a capital city. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="aerial view of Geelong looking inland from the bay" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/543656/original/file-20230821-23-3kdumc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/543656/original/file-20230821-23-3kdumc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543656/original/file-20230821-23-3kdumc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543656/original/file-20230821-23-3kdumc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543656/original/file-20230821-23-3kdumc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543656/original/file-20230821-23-3kdumc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543656/original/file-20230821-23-3kdumc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Most households would prefer to live in a large regional coastal city, such as Geelong, if they can find suitable work there.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/lets-just-do-it-how-do-e-changers-feel-about-having-left-the-city-now-lockdowns-are-over-188009">'Let's just do it': how do e-changers feel about having left the city now lockdowns are over?</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Businesses still love the CBD</h2>
<p>To discover the impacts of the pandemic on residential and business location choices, we surveyed over 2,900 households and 900 businesses Australia-wide in 2022 and 2023. We coupled this with extensive interviews and focus groups. We also examined multiple datasets. </p>
<p>We found businesses still want CBD locations in the largest capital cities. They believe regional centres lack access to the high-quality premises, labour and markets they need to succeed. </p>
<p>Businesses are willing to pay an extra $700 per square metre a year to be in a capital city CBD rather than a suburb in the same city. (This is significantly higher than current differentials in market rents). </p>
<p>The short-term impacts of the pandemic and lockdowns were especially harmful for businesses in capital city CBDs. Some 11% of these businesses reported downsizing, compared to 4% in regional cities. </p>
<p>However, we predict high levels of CBD vacancies that occurred through the pandemic won’t last. We found the underlying demand for commercial real estate in CBDs is still strong.</p>
<p>While <a href="https://population.gov.au/publications/statements/2022-population-statement">predictions</a> that Melbourne and Sydney will remain our most populous cities are strong, we have evidence that the pandemic has eroded their relative attractiveness. Brisbane has emerged as the most attractive destination for businesses. Adelaide and Perth have held steady, compared to pre-pandemic trends, and Melbourne and Sydney are now less favoured than before.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="View across river of Brisbane CBD at twilight" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/543655/original/file-20230821-19-qnon0v.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/543655/original/file-20230821-19-qnon0v.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543655/original/file-20230821-19-qnon0v.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543655/original/file-20230821-19-qnon0v.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543655/original/file-20230821-19-qnon0v.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543655/original/file-20230821-19-qnon0v.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543655/original/file-20230821-19-qnon0v.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Brisbane is emerging as a preferred location for businesses.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/we-havent-built-it-and-theyve-come-the-e-change-pressures-on-australias-lifestyle-towns-188228">'We haven't built it, and they've come': the e-change pressures on Australia's lifestyle towns</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>I’m working from home. Where will I get my coffee?</h2>
<p>In terms of where people prefer their homes to be, the pandemic has increased the relative long-term popularity of middle and outer suburbs, at the expense of inner-city neighbourhoods. Workers strongly prefer suburban locations roughly 10km from the CBD. People not in the workforce want much more distance between them and the CBD – they prefer around 20-35km.</p>
<p>Our research shows uptake of remote work has stabilised at 20-25%. This is much higher than the pre-pandemic levels of <a href="https://imoveaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/IMove-UniSA-WfH-Research-Project-FINAL-CLEAN.pdf">2-8%</a>. </p>
<p>With more people working from home, and more preferring suburban neighbourhoods and the quality of life they offer, our dependence on the retail shops and restaurants associated with inner-city life will be reduced. In the long term, this is likely to change the composition of CBDs and move some of these supporting services to the suburbs. In other words, the more time we spend at home, the more services we need nearby, including a range of local choices in barista coffee. </p>
<p>While Melbourne and Sydney remain our most populous cities, since the pandemic, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth have become Australia’s most popular capital city destinations for residents. With these cities being attractive to both residents and businesses, we are likely to see growth in Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/543646/original/file-20230821-25-3qb6yh.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Conceptual framework of how pandemic-related long-term changes are likely to affect business and residential location patterns." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/543646/original/file-20230821-25-3qb6yh.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/543646/original/file-20230821-25-3qb6yh.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=266&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543646/original/file-20230821-25-3qb6yh.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=266&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543646/original/file-20230821-25-3qb6yh.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=266&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543646/original/file-20230821-25-3qb6yh.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=335&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543646/original/file-20230821-25-3qb6yh.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=335&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543646/original/file-20230821-25-3qb6yh.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=335&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Conceptual framework of pandemic-related long-term changes that are likely to affect business and residential location patterns.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Source: Authors</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/regional-australias-time-has-come-planning-for-growth-is-now-vital-149170">Regional Australia's time has come – planning for growth is now vital</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Two waves of decentralisation</h2>
<p>The combined effect of residential and business preferences means there are likely to be two waves of population decentralisation. Large coastal cities near the capitals are likely to benefit most from this.</p>
<p>In the short term, people not in the workforce and those with fully remote jobs will lead the first wave of population decentralisation. Without being tied to a work site, they are free to pursue the benefits of living in a regional location. </p>
<p>Then, as people move, jobs and businesses will follow. The result will be a second wave that includes a broad range of people, including those with jobs that cannot be done remotely.</p>
<p>These two waves of decentralisation will lead to population movement out of inner-city addresses, and growth in the suburbs. Large urban areas such as Sydney and Melbourne will continue to expand. Capital cities will swallow up surrounding smaller cities such as Wollongong and Newcastle. </p>
<p>And what about the wide verandas of our small, remote inland cities? Without industry diversification and government intervention, these places are unlikely to benefit from the predicted population and economic growth. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/why-do-small-rural-communities-often-shun-newcomers-even-when-they-need-them-199984">Why do small rural communities often shun newcomers, even when they need them?</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/210716/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Akshay Vij receives funding from the Commonwealth of Australia as represented by the Department of
Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts (DITRDCA); and the
iMOVE Cooperative Research Centre (CRC)</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Lynette Washington does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Research on where businesses and households want to be points to growth in suburban and regional centres on the coast, with Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth also gaining ground on Sydney and Melbourne.Akshay Vij, Senior Research Fellow, University of South AustraliaLynette Washington, Research Fellow, UniSA Business, University of South AustraliaLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2118252023-08-22T20:05:20Z2023-08-22T20:05:20ZBetter than net zero? Making the promised 1.2 million homes climate-friendly would transform construction in Australia<p>The national cabinet has <a href="https://www.pm.gov.au/media/meeting-national-cabinet-working-together-deliver-better-housing-outcomes">announced</a> plans to build an extra 1.2 million homes by July 1 2029. The construction, operation and maintenance of buildings accounts for <a href="https://theconversation.com/buildings-produce-25-of-australias-emissions-what-will-it-take-to-make-them-green-and-wholl-pay-105652">almost a quarter</a> of greenhouse gas emissions in Australia. If these new homes are built in a business-as-usual fashion, they will significantly increase national greenhouse gas emissions.</p>
<p>What if we committed to building homes that produced <a href="https://theconversation.com/net-zero-carbon-neutral-carbon-negative-confused-by-all-the-carbon-jargon-then-read-this-151382">net negative emissions</a>?
Put simply, such buildings <a href="https://carboncredits.com/carbon-negative-building-materials/">remove more carbon dioxide</a> (CO₂) from the atmosphere than are emitted during their lifecycle. This includes emissions from producing building materials and construction through to the end of building life and demolition. </p>
<p>Building <a href="https://whitearkitekter.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/20210903_Sara_Carbon-budget-2.pdf">net-negative-emissions</a> homes can be done. <a href="https://www.modcell.com/projects/">Examples</a> have already <a href="https://whitearkitekter.com/news/sara-cultural-centre-opens-one-of-the-worlds-tallest-timber-buildings/">been built</a> overseas. </p>
<p>Building these homes in Australia would do much more than reduce national emissions. It would be a tangible symbol of our commitment to integrated problem-solving, in this case involving both housing and a climate-friendly future. We could produce houses that are part of the climate solution, not a big part of the problem. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/national-cabinets-new-housing-plan-could-save-renters-billions-211696">National Cabinet’s new housing plan could save renters billions</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>So how do we build these homes?</h2>
<p>Building homes that reduce rather than add to CO₂ emissions will require different planning, design, materials and construction methods. </p>
<p>For a start, the <a href="https://www.yourhome.gov.au/passive-design/orientation">orientation</a> of the buildings will have to be improved. In southern Australia, for example, ensuring living areas face north will reduce the need for heating by achieving greater sun exposure in winter. In summer, shade from the eaves of rooftops or awnings will help keep the home cool.</p>
<p>The design would use passive house principles. These require much <a href="https://www.yourhome.gov.au/passive-design/insulation">better insulation</a> to keep heat in during winter, and out during summer. Building airtight homes – known as a <a href="https://www.yourhome.gov.au/passive-design/ventilation-airtightness">tight building envelope</a> – avoids unwelcome heat gain or loss. </p>
<p>A house built like this <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17452007.2021.1901220">massively reduces energy use</a> in both winter and summer. Better thermal comfort is good for the <a href="https://theconversation.com/feeling-frozen-4-out-of-5-homes-in-southern-australia-are-colder-than-is-healthy-205293">occupants’ health</a> too.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/feeling-frozen-4-out-of-5-homes-in-southern-australia-are-colder-than-is-healthy-205293">Feeling frozen? 4 out of 5 homes in southern Australia are colder than is healthy</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Better planning includes providing tree cover and green space to moderate increasingly <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6458494/">extreme temperatures</a> and <a href="https://helenclark.foundation/publications-and-medias/sponge-cities/">flooding</a>. Tree cover and green space also <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12938">encourage active travel</a> such as walking and cycling, which has <a href="https://cur.org.au/cms/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/active-transport-policy-brief.pdf">many benefits</a>. </p>
<p>Using materials such as <a href="https://www.boral.com.au/products/concrete/lower-carbon-concrete">low-emission concrete</a> and <a href="https://adaptavate.com/breathaboard-breathable-plasterboard/">negative-emission plasterboard</a>, which absorbs CO₂ from the air, can reduce the emissions associated with construction. Homes with solar panels or solar tiles, integrated with batteries and all-electric appliances, can produce more energy than they use during their operation. They’re <a href="https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0035/668591/save-money-and-the-environment-with-your-new-all-electric-home.pdf">budget-friendly</a> too. </p>
<p>At the end of the building’s life, recycling the materials <a href="https://theconversation.com/turning-the-housing-crisis-around-how-a-circular-economy-can-give-us-affordable-sustainable-homes-208745">in a circular economy</a> will reduce waste. Currently, building activity <a href="https://theconversation.com/building-activity-produces-18-of-emissions-and-a-shocking-40-of-our-landfill-waste-we-must-move-to-a-circular-economy-heres-how-206188">accounts for 40%</a> of our landfill waste.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/turning-the-housing-crisis-around-how-a-circular-economy-can-give-us-affordable-sustainable-homes-208745">Turning the housing crisis around: how a circular economy can give us affordable, sustainable homes</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Have we the capacity to do most of this right now? Yes. Examples of buildings with low, zero or negative net emissions already exist in the <a href="https://www.modcell.com/projects/">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="https://whitearkitekter.com/news/sara-cultural-centre-opens-one-of-the-worlds-tallest-timber-buildings/">European Union</a>. </p>
<p>And more options are coming online every day. There are so many opportunities to demonstrate best practice and produce houses of the future efficiently. </p>
<p>Even now, sustainable buildings cost little more upfront. The premium for sustainability ranges from <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283740202_Green_buildings_cost_premium_A_review_of_empirical_evidence">-0.4% to 21%</a> compared to a conventional building. And they save from 24% to 28% on running costs <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328138784_Life_Cycle_Cost_analysis_green_vs_conventional_buildings_in_Sri_Lanka">over their lifetime</a>.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="View of cycle path, benches and gardens running along the edge of white modern apartment buildings" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/543842/original/file-20230822-23-rxg7pm.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/543842/original/file-20230822-23-rxg7pm.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=307&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543842/original/file-20230822-23-rxg7pm.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=307&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543842/original/file-20230822-23-rxg7pm.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=307&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543842/original/file-20230822-23-rxg7pm.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=385&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543842/original/file-20230822-23-rxg7pm.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=385&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/543842/original/file-20230822-23-rxg7pm.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=385&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">In the 116-hectare Bahnstadt development in Germany, every building complies with passive design principles – from apartments and laboratories to shops, daycare facilities and schools, even the fire station and cinema.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bahnstadt-Promenade-Heidelberg-009_%2814216232284%29.jpg">HDValentin/Wikimedia Commons</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>And what is the role of government?</h2>
<p>The benefits of aiming for net-negative-emissions housing are many. It would reskill the building sector, generate new industries, build confidence in public policy, boost national pride and show that governments can solve problems in ways that tackle social equity, health and environmental concerns. </p>
<p>However, realising such ambitions requires action on several fronts.</p>
<p>First, it requires political <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-world-has-changed-why-anthony-albanese-must-up-the-ante-on-climate-policy-at-labors-national-conference-211605">will to take ambitious action</a> on climate change. Implementation calls for skilful execution and sharing of risks between government and industry. This can be done by, for example, subsidising training and certification in the use of new building materials and approaches and supporting the industry to make these changes. </p>
<p>Climate-friendly building technology is now <a href="https://theconversation.com/a-third-of-our-waste-comes-from-buildings-this-ones-designed-for-reuse-and-cuts-emissions-by-88-147455">demonstrated</a> in buildings across Australia. Building 1.2 million homes that use such technology would scale it up, driving down costs. Building this many climate-friendly homes would be good for developing future-ready trade and professional skills and the capacity of the local building industry supply chain. </p>
<p>Second, the Commonwealth would need to adopt clear targets and criteria. The states, territories and building industry should then be left to work out how best to meet them in different local circumstances. </p>
<p>Third, any national housing programs should be a catalyst for good design and innovation in construction. This includes mandating emission and energy targets for the promised new housing stock. For example, New Zealand <a href="https://www.building.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/building-code-compliance/h1-energy-efficiency/asvm/h1-energy-efficiency-vm2-1st-edition-amendment-1.pdf">mandates</a> that new buildings are constructed to provide thermal resistance.</p>
<p>New housing programs should also promote innovative designs. This could include sponsoring prizes for excellence in sustainable housing. </p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1329188382866432002"}"></div></p>
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<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/how-net-zero-and-passive-houses-can-cut-carbon-emissions-and-energy-bills-148587">How 'net-zero' and 'passive' houses can cut carbon emissions — and energy bills</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Fourth, new housing programs should deliver system-wide solutions integrated with energy and water networks. Progress has begun on updating urban systems in line with climate-friendly design principles for water and energy. </p>
<p>For example, <a href="https://www.hornsby.nsw.gov.au/environment/waterways/the-hornsby-water-cycle/water-sensitive-urban-design-wsud">Hornsby Shire Council</a> has been applying water-sensitive urban design principles since the 1990s through the use of rainwater tanks, biofilters and raingardens, stormwater harvesting and wastewater recycling and reuse. The ACT government has <a href="https://www.planning.act.gov.au/planning-our-city/water-sensitive-urban-design">adopted these principles</a> in its <a href="https://www.planning.act.gov.au/planning-our-city/territory-plan">Territory Plan</a>. </p>
<p>The knowledge exists to create suburbs that <a href="https://www.dcceew.gov.au/energy/renewable/community-batteries">generate and store their own electricity</a>. Community batteries are operating in <a href="https://www.yef.org.au/community-batteries/yarra-community-battery-trial/">North Fitzroy</a> and in <a href="https://www.westernpower.com.au/faqs/community-batteries/community-batteries/where-are-the-community-batteries-located/">suburbs across Western Australia</a>. The ACT has plans for a <a href="https://www.climatechoices.act.gov.au/policy-programs/big-canberra-battery">community battery</a> serving the whole territory.</p>
<p>As anyone with a mortgage knows, houses are long-term commitments. Building all of the promised 1.2 million homes in a future-friendly way would show our governments recognise both the long-term imperative of climate action and this immediate opportunity.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/211825/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>We can construct buildings that reduce atmospheric CO₂ by more than their lifetime emissions. They now don’t cost much more – and a project involving 1.2 million homes would drive costs down further.Jason Alexandra, Senior Research Fellow, Institute for Climate, Energy and Disaster Solutions, Australian National UniversityKate Lawrence, Climate Program Manager, Institute of Climate, Energy and Disaster Solutions, Australian National UniversityMark Howden, Director, ANU Institute for Climate, Energy and Disaster Solutions, Australian National UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2092192023-08-21T01:52:23Z2023-08-21T01:52:23ZIs it worth investing in a battery for your rooftop solar? Here’s what buyers need to know (but often can’t find out)<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/536382/original/file-20230708-35060-lwu843.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C3326%2C2210&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Recent electricity price increases of <a href="https://www.9news.com.au/national/electricity-prices-set-to-soar/5ed9ec22-0861-4546-9291-15b6c2f3094b">20–30%</a> have hit households hard. Some are installing rooftop solar systems and batteries to reduce or even <a href="https://reneweconomy.com.au/what-if-one-third-of-australians-chose-to-go-off-grid-85095/">end their reliance</a> on energy providers.</p>
<p>However, Australia’s uptake of household batteries lags well behind rooftop solar installations. The <a href="https://www.wa.gov.au/system/files/2020-04/DER_Roadmap.pdf">high upfront cost</a> of batteries is a <a href="https://www.solarchoice.net.au/residential/battery-storage-price/">key reason</a>. </p>
<p>A household battery stores excess electricity generated by your solar power system. You can use it later when solar generation can’t meet your needs – for example, at night or on cloudy days. This reduces the amount of power you buy from the grid.</p>
<p>But how long will the battery take to pay for itself, in the form of lower power bills? The answer varies. It depends, among other things, on where you live, your solar system size and design, how much electricity you use and at what times, network tariffs, and limits on how much surplus electricity you can feed into the grid. </p>
<p>Our current <a href="https://www.ecu.edu.au/schools/engineering/staff/profiles/lecturers/dr-asma-aziz">research project</a> has found cases in which a solar panel and battery system will save you money in Western Australia. But the situation varies across Australia. Here, we take a look at what to consider before you buy. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Solar panel ready to be installed in front of a household battery mounted on a wall" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542542/original/file-20230814-25-bxxy9p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542542/original/file-20230814-25-bxxy9p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542542/original/file-20230814-25-bxxy9p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542542/original/file-20230814-25-bxxy9p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542542/original/file-20230814-25-bxxy9p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542542/original/file-20230814-25-bxxy9p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542542/original/file-20230814-25-bxxy9p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Consumers need to consider many factors to work out whether adding a battery to their solar system is worth it.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/solar-curtailment-is-emerging-as-a-new-challenge-to-overcome-as-australia-dashes-for-rooftop-solar-172152">Solar curtailment is emerging as a new challenge to overcome as Australia dashes for rooftop solar</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>A tricky transition for consumers</h2>
<p>Almost <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/feb/28/solar-already-australias-largest-source-of-electricity-as-rooftop-capacity-hits-20gw-consultancy-says">a third</a> of Australian households have rooftop solar systems – the <a href="https://www.powermag.com/a-global-look-at-residential-solar-adoption-rates/">highest rate</a> in the world. Households can now generate electricity on a massive collective scale. </p>
<p>This capability is key to the clean energy transition. But when solar systems aren’t generating enough power, households must draw electricity from the grid or a battery.</p>
<p>Battery costs vary with brand, size and location. On average, you’ll pay around <a href="https://www.solarchoice.net.au/solar-batteries/price/#The_Are_we_there_yet_Meters">A$1,420 per kilowatt-hour</a> (kWh) to install 1–5kWh of storage capacity. That’s down from $1,710 per kWh in 2017. The point at which buying a battery makes sense for most households is estimated at <a href="https://www.solarchoice.net.au/solar-batteries/price/#The_Are_we_there_yet_Meters">around $700 per kWh</a> (for a lithium battery with a ten-year warranty).</p>
<p>At current prices, <a href="https://www.solarchoice.net.au/research-solar/is-home-battery-storage-worth-it/">online</a> <a href="https://redbacktech.com/wa-electricity-costs-comparison-solar-and-batteries/">advice</a> suggests the warranty will typically expire before the battery pays for itself. So consumers might conclude they are better off buying solar systems only and waiting for battery prices to drop.</p>
<p>That’s not always the case. Our modelling found the payback time is less than the warranty period in Perth for at least two cases: using 50kWh per day with a 13.5kW solar system and 13kWh Tesla Powerwall 2 battery, and at 30kWh per day with a 6.6kW system and 6.5kWh LG Chem RESU battery. These batteries will cost you around <a href="https://www.solarchoice.net.au/products/batteries/tesla-powerwall-2-review">$12,900</a> and <a href="https://www.solarquotes.com.au/battery-storage/comparison-table/">$5,300</a> respectively, plus installation.</p>
<p>Our research also found that while there can be other reasons to get a battery, most people care about the financial benefits. But it’s not a simple decision. Some situations are good for batteries, but many people can’t use them effectively. </p>
<p>The amount of sunshine where you live and electricity prices also matter a lot. </p>
<p>In many cases, batteries might need government subsidies to be worth it.</p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1632301085909213184"}"></div></p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/think-of-solar-panels-more-like-apple-trees-we-need-a-fairer-approach-for-what-we-use-and-sell-205751">Think of solar panels more like apple trees – we need a fairer approach for what we use and sell</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>What you need to know to design the optimum system</h2>
<p>Installers usually advise householders on what size solar and battery system is best for them. To get this right, installers need to know:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>household load profile</strong> – its energy use at different hours of the day and times of the year<br></li>
<li><strong>daily load</strong> – the household’s average total energy use in 24 hours</li>
<li><strong>tariffs</strong> – how much the household is charged for electricity from the grid, with higher tariffs at times of peak demand</li>
<li><strong>grid sales limits</strong> – households might be paid for energy they export to the grid. However, retailers may restrict the level of exports, change the feed-in tariff at different times of the day, and block feed-in to maintain grid stability. </li>
</ul>
<p>Most households will not know their load profile. Even if they do, it might change in response to energy providers’ <a href="https://theconversation.com/managing-demand-can-save-two-power-stations-worth-of-energy-at-peak-times-78173">demand management</a> programs – which give households incentives to reduce electricity consumption at peak times. </p>
<p>A system that was optimally sized might not remain so. And once installed, systems are difficult and costly to modify. </p>
<p>Also, customers can’t control tariff changes and grid sales limits. These can have huge impacts on the returns from their solar investments.</p>
<p>Unless all these factors are considered, a household might end up with an unsuitable solar panel and battery system and never recover the costs.</p>
<p>All this means consumers need a reliable source of information. The problem is not a lack of information but an overwhelming amount from a wide range of sources. It can be hard to tell who has a vested interest in promoting certain choices and who is offering independent advice. </p>
<p>Many consumers will leave the decisions to their installer. They must then choose their installer with care.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/how-to-maximise-savings-from-your-home-solar-system-and-slash-your-power-bills-197415">How to maximise savings from your home solar system and slash your power bills</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Solar panels on tiled roof of house on a sunny day" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542507/original/file-20230814-23-xuo96b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542507/original/file-20230814-23-xuo96b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542507/original/file-20230814-23-xuo96b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542507/original/file-20230814-23-xuo96b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542507/original/file-20230814-23-xuo96b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542507/original/file-20230814-23-xuo96b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542507/original/file-20230814-23-xuo96b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">At times of peak solar generation, household exports of electricity to the grid might be cut off.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>How to fix this</h2>
<p>Householders are not the only ones who will benefit from widespread adoption of solar batteries. Network operators will too. </p>
<p>WA has one of the world’s largest isolated electricity grids. It also has a high uptake of rooftop solar. This threatens grid stability when solar generation surges and exceeds the capacity the network is designed to handle. Network operators are permitted to <a href="https://www.wa.gov.au/organisation/energy-policy-wa/emergency-solar-management">disconnect systems</a> installed after March 14 last year as a last resort. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/using-electric-water-heaters-to-store-renewable-energy-could-do-the-work-of-2-million-home-batteries-and-save-us-billions-204281">Using electric water heaters to store renewable energy could do the work of 2 million home batteries – and save us billions</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>If more households installed batteries, they could store surplus energy that otherwise could destabilise the grid. But households want to be sure it’s a good investment. As <a href="https://energyconsumersaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/20230210_Submission-to-the-National-Energy-Performance-Strategy-Consultation-Paper.pdf">recommended</a> by Energy Consumers Australia, a trusted “one-stop shop” is needed to provide independent, tailored advice to consumers and refer them to government programs and measures.</p>
<p>Retailers and installers should provide households with consumer-friendly technology such as home energy management systems, including <a href="https://www.energy.gov.au/business/equipment-and-technology-guides/metering-and-monitoring">smart meters</a>, to help them understand and manage their energy use. </p>
<p>Households should also be informed of alternatives. One option is <a href="https://www.dcceew.gov.au/energy/renewable/community-batteries">community batteries</a>, which store and supply energy to a neighbourhood of homes with solar power. Another is <a href="https://www.solar.vic.gov.au/how-does-virtual-power-plant-work">virtual power plants</a> – energy-sharing networks that connect thousands of household batteries. </p>
<p>Armed with all this information, consumers could make more informed decisions about investing in the energy transition. Until then, many will defer the decision. And that could increase costs for both households and electricity networks.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/thinking-of-buying-a-battery-to-help-power-your-home-heres-what-you-need-to-know-192610">Thinking of buying a battery to help power your home? Here's what you need to know</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/209219/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>The research leading to some of the results mentioned in article has received funding from Edith Cowan University for EMCR Grant Scheme 2022 (Stream 2), 2023 ‑ 2024</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Daryoush Habibi does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>In some cases, adding a battery to your rooftop solar system will pay off. But to be sure of this, households need information about many factors – and there’s no single reliable place to find it.Asma Aziz, Lecturer in Power Engineering, Edith Cowan UniversityDaryoush Habibi, Professor and Executive Dean, School of Engineering, Edith Cowan UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2113472023-08-16T20:04:42Z2023-08-16T20:04:42ZA green roof or rooftop solar? You can combine them in a biosolar roof, boosting both biodiversity and power output<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542944/original/file-20230816-19-ud5god.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C8%2C6000%2C3979&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Growing city populations and limited space are driving the adoption of green roofs and green walls covered with living plants. As well as boosting biodiversity, green roofs could play another unexpectedly valuable role by increasing the electricity output of solar panels. </p>
<p>As solar panels heat up beyond 25°C, their efficiency <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.06.037">decreases markedly</a>. Green roofs <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119443">moderate rooftop temperatures</a>. So we wanted to find out: could green roofs help with the problem of heat reducing the output of solar panels?</p>
<p><a href="https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/150142/2/City%20of%20Sydney%20Final%20Report%20EPI%20R3%20201920005.pdf">Our research</a> compared a “biosolar” green roof – one that combines a solar system with a green roof – and a comparable conventional roof with an equivalent solar system. We measured the impacts on biodiversity and solar output, as well as how the plants coped with having panels installed above them. </p>
<p>The green roof supported much more biodiversity, as one might expect. By reducing average maximum temperatures by about 8°C, it increased solar generation by as much as 107% during peak periods. And while some plant species outperformed others, the vegetation flourished.</p>
<p>These results show we don’t have to choose between a green roof or a solar roof: we can combine the two and reap double the rewards.</p>
<figure>
<iframe width="440" height="260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pz3PiqzGxEQ?wmode=transparent&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
<figcaption><span class="caption">Daramu House in the Sydney CBD has a large array of solar panels installed over a green roof.</span></figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/despairing-about-climate-change-these-4-charts-on-the-unstoppable-growth-of-solar-may-change-your-mind-204901">Despairing about climate change? These 4 charts on the unstoppable growth of solar may change your mind</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>How was the study done?</h2>
<p>Many studies have tested a single rooftop divided into “green roof” and “non-green roof” sections to measure the differences caused by vegetation. A problem with such studies is “spatial confounding” – the effects of two nearby spaces influencing one another. So, for example, the cooler green roof section could moderate the temperature of the non-green section next to it.</p>
<p>In studies that use distinct buildings, the buildings might be too far apart or too different in construction to be comparable.</p>
<p>The two buildings in our study were the same height, size and shape and located next to each other in Sydney’s central business district. The only difference was Daramu House had a green roof and International House did not.</p>
<p>We <a href="https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/150142/2/City%20of%20Sydney%20Final%20Report%20EPI%20R3%20201920005.pdf">selected a mix</a> of native and non-native grasses and non-woody plants, which would flower across all seasons, to attract diverse animal species.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542713/original/file-20230815-23-s0cct9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542713/original/file-20230815-23-s0cct9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542713/original/file-20230815-23-s0cct9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=717&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542713/original/file-20230815-23-s0cct9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=717&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542713/original/file-20230815-23-s0cct9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=717&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542713/original/file-20230815-23-s0cct9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=901&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542713/original/file-20230815-23-s0cct9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=901&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542713/original/file-20230815-23-s0cct9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=901&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">(A) The study site location (red dot) in the Sydney central business district. (B) Architectural design of Daramu House. (C) Rooftop view looking south, showing plantings around and underneath solar panels.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/150142/2/City%20of%20Sydney%20Final%20Report%20EPI%20R3%20201920005.pdf">Green Roof & Solar Array – Comparative Research Project</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>The biosolar green roof and conventional roof had the same area, about 1860 square metres, with roughly a third covered by solar panels. Vegetation covered about 78% of the green roof and the solar panels covered 40% of this planted area.</p>
<p>To identify which species were present on the roofs we used motion-sensing cameras and sampled for DNA traces. We documented changes in the green roof vegetation to record how shading by the solar panels affected the plants.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/greening-our-grey-cities-heres-how-green-roofs-and-walls-can-flourish-in-australia-139478">Greening our grey cities: here's how green roofs and walls can flourish in Australia</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>How did the panels affect the plants?</h2>
<p>In the open areas, we observed minimal changes in the vegetation cover over the study period compared to the initial planted community. </p>
<p>Plant growth was fastest and healthiest in the areas immediately around the solar panels. Several species doubled in coverage. We selected fast-growing vegetation for this section to achieve full coverage of the green roof beds as soon as possible.</p>
<p>The vegetation changed the most in the areas directly below and surrounding the solar panels. The Baby Sun Rose, <em>Aptenia cordifolia</em>, emerged as the dominant plant. It occupied most of the space beneath and surrounding the solar panels, despite having been planted in relatively low densities. </p>
<p>This was surprising: it was not expected the plants would prefer the shaded areas under the panels to the open areas. This shows that shading by solar panels will not prevent the growth of full and healthy roof gardens.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542714/original/file-20230815-29045-mip8m6.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542714/original/file-20230815-29045-mip8m6.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542714/original/file-20230815-29045-mip8m6.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=818&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542714/original/file-20230815-29045-mip8m6.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=818&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542714/original/file-20230815-29045-mip8m6.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=818&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542714/original/file-20230815-29045-mip8m6.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=1028&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542714/original/file-20230815-29045-mip8m6.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=1028&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542714/original/file-20230815-29045-mip8m6.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=1028&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">(A) An example of evenly distributed plant cover around solar panels. (B) <em>Aptenia cordifolia</em> (Baby Sun Rose) came to dominate the area beneath solar panels. Minor cover of <em>Viola hederacea</em> can also be seen. (C) Vegetation around solar panels along the outside of east section of the roof. (D) Additional evidence of the dominance of <em>A. cordifolia</em> beneath the panels and dieback directly under them. (E) Relatively even cover of a range of species and marked increase in height in <em>Goodenia ovata</em> (Hop Goodenia). (F) Substantial height increases for the entire vegetation community.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/150142/2/City%20of%20Sydney%20Final%20Report%20EPI%20R3%20201920005.pdf">Green Roof & Solar Array – Comparative Research Project</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/up-on-a-roof-why-new-zealands-move-towards-greater-urban-density-should-see-a-rooftop-revolution-172226">Up on a roof: why New Zealand's move towards greater urban density should see a rooftop revolution</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>What were the biodiversity impacts?</h2>
<figure class="align-right zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542721/original/file-20230815-19-5rlkuv.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542721/original/file-20230815-19-5rlkuv.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542721/original/file-20230815-19-5rlkuv.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=741&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542721/original/file-20230815-19-5rlkuv.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=741&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542721/original/file-20230815-19-5rlkuv.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=741&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542721/original/file-20230815-19-5rlkuv.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=931&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542721/original/file-20230815-19-5rlkuv.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=931&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542721/original/file-20230815-19-5rlkuv.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=931&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">eDNA sampling on site.</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>We used environmental DNA (eDNA) surveys to compare biodiversity on the green roof and conventional roof. Water run-off samples were collected from both roofs and processed on site using portable citizen scientist <a href="https://www.smith-root.com/edna/edna-citizen-scientist-sampler">eDNA sampling equipment</a> to detect traces of DNA shed by the species on the roof. </p>
<p>The eDNA surveys detected a diverse range of species. These included some species (such as algae and fungi) that are not easily detected using other survey methods. The results confirmed the presence of bird species recorded by the cameras but also showed other visiting bird species went undetected by the cameras. </p>
<p>Overall, the green roof supported four times as many species of birds, over seven times as many arthropods such as insects, spiders and millipedes, and twice as many snail and slug species as the conventional roof. There was many times the diversity of microorganisms such as algae and fungi. </p>
<p>Encouragingly, the green roof attracted species unexpected in the city. They included blue-banded bees (<em>Amegilla cingulata</em>) and metallic shield bugs (<em>Scutiphora pedicellata</em>).</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Bee with blue bands on a flower" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542918/original/file-20230816-22-9cxflo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542918/original/file-20230816-22-9cxflo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542918/original/file-20230816-22-9cxflo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542918/original/file-20230816-22-9cxflo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542918/original/file-20230816-22-9cxflo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542918/original/file-20230816-22-9cxflo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542918/original/file-20230816-22-9cxflo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Blue-banded bees were among the unexpected visitors to the green roof.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amegilla_cingulata_on_long_tube_of_Acanthus_ilicifolius_flower.jpg">Chiswick Chap/Wikimedia Commons</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/yes-the-state-of-the-environment-is-grim-but-you-can-make-a-difference-right-in-your-own-neighbourhoood-187259">Yes, the state of the environment is grim, but you can make a difference, right in your own neighbourhoood</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>How did the green roof alter temperatures?</h2>
<p>The green roof reduced surface temperatures by up to 9.63°C for the solar panels and 6.93°C for the roof surfaces. An 8°C reduction in average peak temperature on the green roof would result in substantial heating and cooling energy savings inside the building. </p>
<p>This lowering of temperatures increased the maximum output of the solar panels by 21-107%, depending on the month. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109703">Performance modelling</a> indicates an extensive green roof in central Sydney can, on average, produce 4.5% more electricity at any given light level.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542712/original/file-20230815-25187-3vc42q.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="2 graphs showing temperatures and solar power output for biosolar green roof and conventional roof" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542712/original/file-20230815-25187-3vc42q.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542712/original/file-20230815-25187-3vc42q.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=298&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542712/original/file-20230815-25187-3vc42q.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=298&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542712/original/file-20230815-25187-3vc42q.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=298&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542712/original/file-20230815-25187-3vc42q.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=374&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542712/original/file-20230815-25187-3vc42q.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=374&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542712/original/file-20230815-25187-3vc42q.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=374&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Energy output (left) and surface temperatures (right) of solar panels on a biosolar green roof and on a conventional roof.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/150142/2/City%20of%20Sydney%20Final%20Report%20EPI%20R3%20201920005.pdf">Data: Green Roof & Solar Array – Comparative Research Project</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>These results show we don’t have to choose between a green roof or a solar roof. We can combine them to take advantage of the many benefits of biosolar green roofs.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/green-roofs-improve-the-urban-environment-so-why-dont-all-buildings-have-them-123420">Green roofs improve the urban environment – so why don't all buildings have them?</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Biosolar roofs can help get cities to net zero</h2>
<p>The next step is to design green roofs and their plantings specifically to enhance biodiversity. Green roofs and other green infrastructure may alter urban wildlife’s activities and could eventually attract non-urban species.</p>
<p>Our green roof also decreased stormwater runoff, removed a range of run-off pollutants and insulated the building from extremes of temperature. A relatively inexpensive system provides all of these services with moderate maintenance and, best of all, zero energy inputs. </p>
<p>Clearly, biosolar green roofs could make major contributions to net-zero cities. And all that’s needed is space that currently has no other use.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/211347/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Peter Irga receives funding from the Australian Research Council, The City of Sydney and NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment. Peter Irga engages with the Australian Flora Foundation and the Australian Green Infrastructure Network. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Eamonn Wooster receives funding from The City of Sydney. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Fraser R Torpy receives funding from The Australian Research Council, the City of Sydney and NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Jack Rojahn receives funding from The Centre for Invasive Species Solutions.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Robert Fleck receives funding from The City of Sydney and NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment.. </span></em></p>A new study shows we can maximise the benefits of green roofs and rooftop solar systems by putting them together on the one roof.Peter Irga, ARC DECRA Fellow and Lecturer in Air and Noise Pollution, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology SydneyEamonn Wooster, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt UniversityFraser R Torpy, Director, Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, University of Technology SydneyJack Rojahn, PhD Candidate, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of CanberraRobert Fleck, Research Scientist, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology SydneyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2086702023-08-14T04:42:11Z2023-08-14T04:42:11ZUrban sprawl is ‘not a dirty word’? If the priority is to meet all kids’ needs, it should be<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541172/original/file-20230804-21-zq8mrd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C8%2C6000%2C3979&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Amid Australia’s housing crisis, <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-housing-supply-shouldnt-be-the-only-policy-tool-politicians-cling-to-72586">land-supply slogans</a> are once again dominating discussions about the solutions. <a href="https://indaily.com.au/news/2023/03/22/minister-accuses-sa-councils-of-falling-behind-on-planning/">Governments</a> and <a href="https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/builders-accuse-construction-material-suppliers-of-hiking-costs-during-housing-crisis/news-story/808e6dea8e56d1527edd3dae82e7b6d8">private developers</a> often blame housing crises on lack of land for new housing. Their solution? Rezone farmland for housing on the suburban fringe. </p>
<p>Earlier this year, the South Australian government announced the state’s <a href="https://www.premier.sa.gov.au/media-releases/news-items/record-land-release-to-pave-the-way-for-more-accessible-and-affordable-homes">largest ever release of land for housing</a>. Some 23,700 houses are to be built on the fringe of Adelaide. SA Premier Peter Malinauskas has even <a href="https://indaily.com.au/news/2022/08/24/urban-sprawl-not-a-dirty-word-as-planning-review-kicks-off/">said</a> urban sprawl “is not a dirty word”. </p>
<p>Support for the creation of fringe suburbs, while still business as usual in Australia, reflects outdated views. [<a href="https://islandpress.org/books/urban-sprawl-and-public-health">Evidence</a>] of the need to halt urban sprawl is now overwhelming. The <a href="https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/malis-big-build-premier-targets-outersuburban-growth-with-24000-new-homes-in-four-major-land-releases/news-story/ea0524f37370536f74195227e1bd95a8#:%7E:text=Mali's%20big%20build%3A%20Premier%20targets,%E2%80%9Cnot%20a%20dirty%20word%E2%80%9D.">spruiking</a> of these greenfield developments as affordable and good for young families with children is at odds with their experiences of these developments.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/nationals-housing-u-turn-promotes-urban-sprawl-cities-and-ratepayers-will-pick-up-the-bill-206762">National’s housing u-turn promotes urban sprawl – cities and ratepayers will pick up the bill</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1624519076000444416"}"></div></p>
<h2>What life is actually like on the suburban fringe</h2>
<p>Greenfield developments are often attractive to young families due to the <a href="https://theconversation.com/outer-suburbs-housing-cost-advantage-vanishes-when-you-add-in-transport-it-needs-to-be-part-of-the-affordability-debate-204807">perception of affordable housing</a> and promises of local schools, childcare, shops and public transport. However, these neighbourhoods rarely live up to such expectations. Instead, they often entrench disadvantage due to the <a href="https://theconversation.com/outer-suburbs-housing-cost-advantage-vanishes-when-you-add-in-transport-it-needs-to-be-part-of-the-affordability-debate-204807">neglect of transport costs</a> when assessing how affordable suburban housing is.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/outer-suburbs-housing-cost-advantage-vanishes-when-you-add-in-transport-it-needs-to-be-part-of-the-affordability-debate-204807">Outer suburbs' housing cost advantage vanishes when you add in transport – it needs to be part of the affordability debate</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Families in <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/nov/15/a-broken-dream-the-walkable-melbourne">Truganina</a> and <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-09/tarneit-suburb-on-melbourne-fringe-feeling-growing-pains/11537562">Tarneit</a> in Melbourne’s west exemplify the daily struggles of outer suburban life. Nearly a decade after moving in, the promises of local schools and public transport had failed to materialise.</p>
<p>Likewise, in the outer suburbs of <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-04-18/western-sydney-urban-sprawl-lesson-for-other-australian-cities/100072140">Western Sydney</a>, <a href="https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/boom-but-not-bus-the-transport-issues-facing-brisbane-s-fast-growing-multicultural-fringe-20220627-p5ax11.html">Brisbane</a> and <a href="https://indaily.com.au/news/2023/06/13/no-buses-no-cars-families-daily-struggle-to-access-sa-preschools/">Adelaide</a>, families with children struggle to get to the services they need without a car. In South Australia, the <a href="https://thrivebyfive.org.au/about/">Thrive by Five</a> alliance cites transport as the <a href="https://indaily.com.au/news/2023/06/13/no-buses-no-cars-families-daily-struggle-to-access-sa-preschools/">second-biggest barrier</a> (after attendance costs) to early learning. </p>
<p>These suburbs all provide stark reminders to governments of the problems associated with the suburban sprawl they have encouraged.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="fenced grassland in front of a new housing development" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541173/original/file-20230804-21-ijijtn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541173/original/file-20230804-21-ijijtn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=397&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541173/original/file-20230804-21-ijijtn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=397&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541173/original/file-20230804-21-ijijtn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=397&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541173/original/file-20230804-21-ijijtn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=499&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541173/original/file-20230804-21-ijijtn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=499&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541173/original/file-20230804-21-ijijtn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=499&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Long after moving into their new houses, Tarneit residents are paying the price for the lack of promised services.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Suburban sprawl and car dependence go hand in hand</h2>
<p>The defining feature of suburban sprawl is car dependence. It’s linked with most of the <a href="https://theconversation.com/rapid-growth-is-widening-melbournes-social-and-economic-divide-117244">social and economic downsides</a> of sprawl. Continuing with such developments signals an acceptance of car dependence and the growing <a href="https://theconversation.com/nationals-housing-u-turn-promotes-urban-sprawl-cities-and-ratepayers-will-pick-up-the-bill-206762">social and economic burdens</a> it imposes on future generations.</p>
<p>Life on the fringe without a private car is particularly difficult for families with children due to their <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23800127.2022.2071060">complex travel patterns</a>. For example, trip chaining between children’s schools, extra-curricular activities and parents’ workplaces is common. </p>
<p>The harmful impacts of these car-centric suburbs disproportionally affect children. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/children-in-the-car-era-bad-for-them-and-the-planet-105377">Children in the car era: bad for them and the planet</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>To start with, road deaths are the <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/road-traffic-injuries">leading cause of death</a> for children and young adults globally. It’s easily one of the most underestimated issues in our world. </p>
<p>Concerns for children’s safety in car-dominated neighbourhoods and other accessibility issues make the private car “a must use tool” in outer suburbs. We know the rest: the vicious cycle of car dependence and more and more driving. </p>
<p>So suburban sprawl leads to more high-speed roads, longer distances between centres of daily activity and more time in cars. All these factors <a href="https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1541">increase the risk</a> of road deaths and injuries. </p>
<p>Car-dependent neighbourhoods <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128146941/transport-and-childrens-wellbeing">deprive children of opportunities</a> essential for their health and wellbeing. They miss out on physical activity, unstructured play, social interaction and developing social networks. In addition, traffic <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jun/02/traffic-noise-slows-childrens-memory-development-study-finds">noise</a> and <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jun/12/children-risk-air-pollution-cars-former-uk-chief-scientist-warns">air pollution</a> expose them to a wide range of environmental and health problems. </p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1557187225355427841"}"></div></p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/were-still-fighting-city-freeways-after-half-a-century-127722">We're still fighting city freeways after half a century</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Having a backyard doesn’t meet all children’s needs</h2>
<p>What does a truly child-friendly neighbourhood look like? It allows for safe and convenient active travel – walking, cycling and “<a href="https://www.transport.gov.scot/publication/active-travel-strategies-guidance-for-completion/active-travel-is-walking-wheeling-and-cycling/">wheeling</a>” (using mobility devices) – as well as public transport, to conduct daily activities. Child-friendliness is <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966692318302795">embedded in the everyday places</a>, in streets, parks, square and public transport. </p>
<p>But all too often children’s play opportunities are reduced to the tiny backyards that are now common in fringe suburbs. These suburban restrictions are at odds with globally recognised <a href="https://www.childfriendlycities.org/building-child-friendly-city">principles of child-friendliness</a>. Backyards alone cannot make up for the lack of access to child care, schools, shops, recreation and health services. </p>
<p>How can we develop better planning policies to create neighbourhoods that properly meet families’ needs? Some policies already exist, such as <a href="https://www.future.transport.nsw.gov.au/strategy-highlights/thriving-places">15-minute</a> or <a href="https://www.suburbandevelopment.vic.gov.au/suburban-revitalisation/20-minute-neighbourhoods">20-minute neighbourhoods</a>, to reduce private car use for daily activities. But these policies get sidelined when governments promote suburban sprawl and <a href="https://theconversation.com/were-still-fighting-city-freeways-after-half-a-century-127722">build more freeways</a>. </p>
<p>These governments should not dismiss the suitability of higher-density living in well-serviced neighbourhoods for families with children. Yes, some densification policies have been <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08111146.2011.627834">blind to the needs</a> of children and their families. However, when done well, high-density settings can be <a href="https://www.citiesforplay.com/child-friendly-neighbourhoods">wonderful communities</a> for such families. </p>
<p>With <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07293681003767793?journalCode=rapl20">careful planning</a>, many more families could be housed in established areas without having to significantly increase building heights.</p>
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<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/people-love-the-idea-of-20-minute-neighbourhoods-so-why-isnt-it-top-of-the-agenda-131193">People love the idea of 20-minute neighbourhoods. So why isn't it top of the agenda?</a>
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</em>
</p>
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<h2>Car-centric planning has failed families</h2>
<p>Car-centric planning dates back to the 1950s. Since then, Australian suburban fringe development has largely failed to create child-friendly neighbourhoods. Given the <a href="https://indaily.com.au/news/2023/02/16/sas-planning-minister-wants-to-reshape-debate-over-urban-sprawl/">pro-sprawl political advocacy</a>, the prospects of Adelaide’s largest ever greenfield development being good for children are rather poor, despite some <a href="https://plan.sa.gov.au/state_snapshot/better-housing-future/infrastructure-planning-and-development-unit">encouraging steps</a> by the government to ensure the new suburbs get adequate infrastructure. </p>
<p>Using aspirations of families with children to justify suburban sprawl is exploitative and misleading. It’s an approach that ignores the real-life challenges residents experience and distracts from government’s responsibility for proper planning. </p>
<p>If governments are serious about the needs of families with children, they could start by acknowledging <a href="https://apo.org.au/node/306341">children’s needs and rights</a> to be able to get to their daily destinations without a car. To deliver neighbourhoods that make this possible, governments need to be bold and decisive in their planning. </p>
<p>Suburban sprawl and car dependence go hand in hand. Our politicians must commit to urban planning where cars are no longer privileged. Otherwise we deny our children basic rights to learn, play and socialise safely in their own neighbourhoods. </p>
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<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/no-need-to-give-up-on-crowded-cities-we-can-make-density-so-much-better-131304">No need to give up on crowded cities – we can make density so much better</a>
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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/208670/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Having a small backyard in outer suburban developments doesn’t make up for everything else that’s missing in these new neighbourhoods.Hulya Gilbert, Lecturer in Planning and Human Geography, La Trobe UniversityIan Woodcock, Senior Lecturer in Urbanism, University of SydneyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2111812023-08-14T02:32:53Z2023-08-14T02:32:53ZCreating ‘sponge cities’ to cope with more rainfall needn’t cost billions – but NZ has to start now<p>Tune into news from about any part of the planet, and there will likely be a headline about extreme weather. While these stories will be specific to the location, they all tend to include the amplifying effects of climate change.</p>
<p>This includes the <a href="https://theconversation.com/australia-is-sleepwalking-a-bushfire-scientist-explains-what-the-hawaii-tragedy-means-for-our-flammable-continent-211364">wildfire devastation</a> on the island of Maui in Hawaii, where rising temperatures have dried vegetation and made the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/aug/11/hawaii-fires-made-more-dangerous-by-climate-crisis">risk that much greater</a>. In Italy, summer temperatures hit an all-time high one week, followed by <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/25/europe/wildfires-storms-sicily-italy-climate-intl/index.html">massive hail storms and flooding</a> the next.</p>
<p>Flooding in <a href="https://www.politico.eu/article/slovenia-prime-minister-robert-golob-estimates-flash-flood-damage-e500m/">Slovenia</a> recently left three people dead and caused an estimated €500 million in damage. At the same time, rainfall in <a href="https://apnews.com/article/china-beijing-rainfall-floods-1a8f968799bd539d11f3421010b8f2a9">Beijing</a> has exceeded a 140-year record, causing wide-scale flooding and leaving 21 dead.</p>
<p>These northern hemisphere summer events mirror what happened last summer in Auckland, classified as a <a href="https://niwa.co.nz/news/auckland-suffers-wettest-month-in-history">one-in-200-year event</a>, and elsewhere in the North Island. So far this year, rainfall at Auckland Airport has surpassed all records dating back to 1964.</p>
<p>Given more rainfall is one of the likeliest symptoms of a changing climate, the new report from the Helen Clark Foundation and <a href="https://www.wsp.com/en-nz/">WSP</a> – <a href="https://helenclark.foundation/publications-and-medias/sponge-cities/">Sponge Cities: Can they help us survive more intense rainfall?</a> – is a timely (and sobering) reminder of the urgency of the challenge.</p>
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<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542504/original/file-20230814-127481-j014ar.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542504/original/file-20230814-127481-j014ar.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=429&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542504/original/file-20230814-127481-j014ar.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=429&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542504/original/file-20230814-127481-j014ar.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=429&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542504/original/file-20230814-127481-j014ar.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=539&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542504/original/file-20230814-127481-j014ar.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=539&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542504/original/file-20230814-127481-j014ar.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=539&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://niwa.co.nz/">NIWA</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">CC BY-NC-ND</a></span>
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<hr>
<h2>Pipe dreams</h2>
<p>The “<a href="https://theconversation.com/auckland-floods-even-stormwater-reform-wont-be-enough-we-need-a-sponge-city-to-avoid-future-disasters-198736">sponge city</a>” concept is gaining traction as a way to mitigate extreme weather, save lives and even make cities more pleasant places to live. </p>
<p>This is particularly important when existing urban stormwater infrastructure is often already ageing and inadequate. Auckland has even been <a href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/auckland-council-cut-spending-on-stormwater-repairs-and-maintenance-before-januarys-catastrophic-floods/IRBOFWX2OVAA3EPV42JROCV3FU/">cutting spending on critical stormwater repairs</a> for at least the past two years.</p>
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<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/auckland-floods-even-stormwater-reform-wont-be-enough-we-need-a-sponge-city-to-avoid-future-disasters-198736">Auckland floods: even stormwater reform won’t be enough – we need a ‘sponge city’ to avoid future disasters</a>
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<p>Politically at least, this isn’t surprising. Stormwater infrastructure, as it is currently built and planned, is costly to develop and maintain. As the Helen Clark Foundation report makes clear, New Zealand’s pipes simply “were not designed for the huge volumes they will have to manage with rising seas and increasing extreme rainfall events”.</p>
<p>The country’s current combined stormwater infrastructure involves a 17,000 kilometre pipe network – enough to span the length of the country ten times. The cost of upgrading the entire water system, which encompasses stormwater, could reach NZ$180 billion. </p>
<p>This contrasts starkly with the $1.5 billion councils now spend annually on water pipes. The report makes clear that implementing sponge city principles won’t wholly solve flooding, but it can significantly reduce flood risks. </p>
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<h2>Trees and green spaces</h2>
<p>The real bonus, though, lies in the potential for sponge city design to reduce dependence on expensive and high-maintenance infrastructure. </p>
<p>There are already examples in Auckland’s Hobsonville Point and Northcote. Both communities have incorporated green infrastructure, such as floodable parks and planted wetlands, which kept nearby homes from flooding.</p>
<p>But the report’s recommendations are at odds with some of the current political rhetoric around land use policy – in particular “greenfields” development that <a href="https://theconversation.com/nationals-housing-u-turn-promotes-urban-sprawl-cities-and-ratepayers-will-pick-up-the-bill-206762">encourages urban sprawl</a>. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/nationals-housing-u-turn-promotes-urban-sprawl-cities-and-ratepayers-will-pick-up-the-bill-206762">National’s housing u-turn promotes urban sprawl – cities and ratepayers will pick up the bill</a>
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<p>The report urges that cities be built upwards rather than outwards, and pushes back on residential infill development encouraged by the <a href="https://environment.govt.nz/publications/medium-density-residential-standards-a-guide-for-territorial-authorities/">Medium Density Residential Standards</a>.</p>
<p>Citing a <a href="https://theconversation.com/were-building-harder-hotter-cities-its-vital-we-protect-and-grow-urban-green-spaces-new-report-201753">recent report</a> on green space from the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, the Helen Clark Foundation report argues for the preservation of urban green spaces – like backyards – as part of the flood mitigation approach. </p>
<p>Preserving tree cover is another urgent priority. Trees help absorb rainfall, reduce erosion and provide essential shade and cooling in urban areas – counteracting the dangerous <a href="https://theconversation.com/planting-more-trees-could-reduce-premature-heat-related-deaths-in-european-cities-by-a-third-new-research-198960">urban “heat island” effect</a>. Citing data from <a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/">Global Forest Watch</a>, the report states: </p>
<blockquote>
<p>Auckland has lost as much as 19% of its tree cover in the past 20 years, Dunedin a staggering 24%, Greater Wellington around 11% and Christchurch 13%. </p>
</blockquote>
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<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/planting-more-trees-could-reduce-premature-heat-related-deaths-in-european-cities-by-a-third-new-research-198960">Planting more trees could reduce premature heat-related deaths in European cities by a third – new research</a>
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<h2>Incentives for homeowners</h2>
<p>Making Aotearoa New Zealand more resilient to extreme weather, the report says, need not break the bank. </p>
<p>It recommends raising the national minimum standards governing the percentage of the total area of new developments that must be left unsealed. This would ensure the implementation of sponge city concepts, and see buildings clustered to maximise preserved green space.</p>
<p>The government should also require local councils to plan for and provide public green spaces, and to develop long-term sponge city plans – just as they do for other types of critical infrastructure.</p>
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<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/were-building-harder-hotter-cities-its-vital-we-protect-and-grow-urban-green-spaces-new-report-201753">We’re building harder, hotter cities: it’s vital we protect and grow urban green spaces – new report</a>
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<p>Neighbourhoods could be retrofitted to include green roofs, permeable pavements and unsealed car parks. Land use and zoning could also encourage more vertical development, rather than sprawl or infill housing.</p>
<p>The government could also provide incentives and education for homeowners to encourage minimising sealed surfaces, unblocking stormwater flow paths, and replacing lawns with native plants and rain gardens.</p>
<p>More extreme weather and intense rainfall is a matter of when, not if. As the Helen Clark Foundation report makes clear, spending future billions is less of a priority than acting urgently now.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/211181/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Timothy Welch does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>A new report sets out the practical ways New Zealand can improve its urban resilience to flooding due to climate change. But time, rather than money, is of the essence.Timothy Welch, Senior Lecturer in Urban Planning, University of Auckland, Waipapa Taumata RauLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2092372023-08-10T02:20:28Z2023-08-10T02:20:28ZAgeing in a housing crisis: growing numbers of older Australians are facing a bleak future<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541828/original/file-20230808-30403-q9ved7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C11%2C7360%2C4891&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Image courtesy of the Housing for the Aged Action Group</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>The collision between an ageing population and a housing crisis has left more older people in Australia enduring housing insecurity and homelessness. Our <a href="https://doi.org/10.26185/87bq-4190">research</a>, released today, explores how the scale of these problems among older people has grown over the past decade. </p>
<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.26185/87bq-4190">Our report</a>, Ageing in a Housing Crisis, shows safe, secure and affordable housing is increasingly beyond the reach of older people. This growing housing insecurity is system-wide. It’s affecting hundreds of thousands of people across all tenures, including home owners and renters. </p>
<p>The federal government released Australia’s first national wellbeing framework,
<a href="https://treasury.gov.au/policy-topics/measuring-what-matters">Measuring What Matters</a> last month. It recognises “financial security and access to housing” as essential for a secure, inclusive and fair society. However, urgent policy action is needed to reshape the Australian housing system so all older people have secure, affordable housing. </p>
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541664/original/file-20230808-29-p343gp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Graphic showing increasing proportions of marginally housed and homeless older people" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541664/original/file-20230808-29-p343gp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541664/original/file-20230808-29-p343gp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=496&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541664/original/file-20230808-29-p343gp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=496&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541664/original/file-20230808-29-p343gp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=496&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541664/original/file-20230808-29-p343gp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=623&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541664/original/file-20230808-29-p343gp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=623&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541664/original/file-20230808-29-p343gp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=623&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://doi.org/10.26185/87bq-4190">Authors & Housing for the Aged Action Group</a></span>
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<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/weve-all-done-the-right-things-in-under-cover-older-women-tell-their-stories-of-becoming-homeless-188356">'We've all done the right things': in Under Cover, older women tell their stories of becoming homeless</a>
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</em>
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<hr>
<h2>Older people are increasingly at risk</h2>
<p>We analysed the most recent Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/tags/2021-census-articles">census data</a> and <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/housing/estimating-homelessness-census/latest-release">homelessness estimates</a>. More older people lived in <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/guide-census-data/census-dictionary/2021/variables-topic/housing/homelessness-operational-groups-opgp">marginal housing</a> – defined by the ABS as including crowding (less severe), improvised dwellings and caravans – and more were homeless in 2021 than a decade earlier. </p>
<h3>Older people experiencing homelessness by gender and category in 2011, 2016 and 2021</h3>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541594/original/file-20230808-17-p5ddl5.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541594/original/file-20230808-17-p5ddl5.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541594/original/file-20230808-17-p5ddl5.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=757&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541594/original/file-20230808-17-p5ddl5.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=757&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541594/original/file-20230808-17-p5ddl5.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=757&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541594/original/file-20230808-17-p5ddl5.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=951&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541594/original/file-20230808-17-p5ddl5.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=951&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541594/original/file-20230808-17-p5ddl5.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=951&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541668/original/file-20230808-19-voz4jb.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Graphic showing the decreasing proportion of older people living in social housing" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541668/original/file-20230808-19-voz4jb.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541668/original/file-20230808-19-voz4jb.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=253&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541668/original/file-20230808-19-voz4jb.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=253&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541668/original/file-20230808-19-voz4jb.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=253&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541668/original/file-20230808-19-voz4jb.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=318&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541668/original/file-20230808-19-voz4jb.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=318&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541668/original/file-20230808-19-voz4jb.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=318&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<figure class="align-right zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541670/original/file-20230808-24-9qgvng.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Graphic showing increasing proportion of older people living in private rental housing" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541670/original/file-20230808-24-9qgvng.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541670/original/file-20230808-24-9qgvng.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=279&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541670/original/file-20230808-24-9qgvng.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=279&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541670/original/file-20230808-24-9qgvng.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=279&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541670/original/file-20230808-24-9qgvng.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=351&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541670/original/file-20230808-24-9qgvng.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=351&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541670/original/file-20230808-24-9qgvng.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=351&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption"></span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://doi.org/10.26185/87bq-4190">Authors & Housing for the Aged Action Group. (Click on graphics to enlarge.)</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>The proportion of older people in private rental housing has also increased. This means more older people are exposed to the <a href="https://www.pc.gov.au/research/completed/renters">insecurity of renting</a> and <a href="https://news.anz.com/posts/2023/05/anz-news-corelogic-housing-affordability-report-2023?pid=bln-link-td-bln-03-23-tsk-corelogic-har23">rising rents</a>. Our work shows they are struggling to afford private rental housing.</p>
<p>The lowest-income households are the hardest hit. The private rental market is <a href="https://www.anglicare.asn.au/publications/2023-rental-affordability-snapshot/">failing to supply</a> housing they can afford. The shortfall in subsidised social housing is huge. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/its-soul-destroying-how-people-on-a-housing-wait-list-of-175-000-describe-their-years-of-waiting-210705">'It's soul-destroying': how people on a housing wait list of 175,000 describe their years of waiting</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Older people who receive government benefits and allowances are at most risk because their incomes are not keeping up with housing costs. </p>
<p>In 2019-20 only 19% of older people on very low incomes (the lowest 20% of household incomes) lived in households whose rent was affordable. This means four out of five were spending more than 30% of their income on rent (the affordability benchmark for low-income households). Two in five were paying severely unaffordable rents – more than 50% of their income.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541659/original/file-20230808-23-rzkgxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Graphic showing 73% increase in the total number of older private renters in a decade" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541659/original/file-20230808-23-rzkgxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541659/original/file-20230808-23-rzkgxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=626&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541659/original/file-20230808-23-rzkgxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=626&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541659/original/file-20230808-23-rzkgxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=626&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541659/original/file-20230808-23-rzkgxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=787&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541659/original/file-20230808-23-rzkgxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=787&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541659/original/file-20230808-23-rzkgxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=787&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption"></span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://doi.org/10.26185/87bq-4190">Authors & Housing for the Aged Action Group</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>For older people who don’t own their homes, rising housing prices create <a href="https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/373">financial risk rather than windfall</a>. At the same time, more older people have mortgages. This increases their risk of housing insecurity or financial stress in retirement. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/fall-in-ageing-australians-home-ownership-rates-looms-as-seismic-shock-for-housing-policy-120651">Fall in ageing Australians' home-ownership rates looms as seismic shock for housing policy</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Ageing magnifies unaffordable housing impacts</h2>
<p>Rising housing costs, falling home ownership rates, mortgage debt carried into retirement, insecure private rental tenures and the worsening shortage of social housing are markers of system-wide housing insecurity. </p>
<p>Insecure or marginal housing affects all generations. However, for older people the risks are made worse by limited income-earning ability, increasing frailty, illness and/or caring responsibilities, growing need for at-home support, and age-based discrimination. These factors make it even harder to meet rising housing costs. </p>
<p>Housing insecurity widens the gap between the housing older people have and the housing they need to live safe, secure and dignified lives as they age. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541665/original/file-20230808-21-l54cpd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Graphic showing breakdown of 270,000 older people who are homeless, marginally housed or renting a home they can't afford" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541665/original/file-20230808-21-l54cpd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541665/original/file-20230808-21-l54cpd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=653&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541665/original/file-20230808-21-l54cpd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=653&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541665/original/file-20230808-21-l54cpd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=653&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541665/original/file-20230808-21-l54cpd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=821&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541665/original/file-20230808-21-l54cpd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=821&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541665/original/file-20230808-21-l54cpd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=821&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption"></span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://doi.org/10.26185/87bq-4190">Authors & Housing for the Aged Action Group</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>System-wide risks demand system-wide action</h2>
<p>Growing housing insecurity among older people is a result of system-wide problems. This means system-wide solutions are needed. </p>
<p>We call for: </p>
<ul>
<li><p>adequate social housing supply that reflects population growth and ensures it’s available for older people across all states and territories, including by increasing aged-specific options and reducing the age at which social housing applicants are given priority to 45-55 </p></li>
<li><p>stronger national <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-5-key-tenancy-reforms-are-affecting-renters-and-landlords-around-australia-187779">tenancy regulations</a> that prioritise homes over profit </p></li>
<li><p>dedicated marginal and specialist homelessness services that are well designed with and for older people who have experienced housing insecurity and support systems </p></li>
<li><p>support for people to remain in their own homes, across all tenures. </p></li>
</ul>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1683318520061526017"}"></div></p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/how-5-key-tenancy-reforms-are-affecting-renters-and-landlords-around-australia-187779">How 5 key tenancy reforms are affecting renters and landlords around Australia</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Responses and assistance models must allow for gender diversity, income difference, Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people’s cultural needs, as well as those of other culturally and linguistically diverse older people. Disability, caring responsibilities, history of trauma, and individuals’ unique housing pathways and experiences must all be considered. </p>
<p>Older people must have a say in reshaping the housing system. The Albanese government is developing a <a href="https://www.dss.gov.au/housing-support-programs-services-housing/developing-the-national-housing-and-homelessness-plan">National Housing and Homelessness Plan</a>. It’s essential that this plan, along with state, territory and local government implementation plans, consider the voices, experiences, concerns and aspirations of older people. </p>
<h2>Housing reform is good for everyone</h2>
<p>Older people are only one part of the population facing housing insecurity and homelessness. A comprehensive national housing plan must respond to all generational needs. Housing solutions for older people must not come at the expense of – or compete with – the needs of other generations. </p>
<p>Housing insecurity and homelessness in childhood, younger years and early adult life all warrant meaningful and urgent housing solutions. Making sure all people have lifelong access to secure housing will begin to reverse the growing problems identified by our report. Otherwise, Australia faces a future where more and more older people struggle with inadequate and unaffordable housing. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/efforts-to-find-safe-housing-for-homeless-youth-have-gone-backwards-heres-what-the-new-national-plan-must-do-differently-210704">Efforts to find safe housing for homeless youth have gone backwards. Here's what the new national plan must do differently</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>National reform that includes a focus on generational needs can deliver a housing system that provides affordable homes for everyone. This will ensure everyone is able to maintain community connections, which for older people means being able to age in safe, secure and affordable homes.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/209237/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Emma Power receives funding from the Australian Research Council and the Housing for the Aged Action Group. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Amity James receives funding from the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute and the Housing for the Aged Action Group.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Francesca Perugia receives funding from the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute and the Housing for the Aged Action Group.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Margaret Reynolds receives funding from the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute and the Housing for the Aged Action Group</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Piret Veeroja receives funding from the Australian Research Council, the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, the Housing for the Aged Action Group and Kids Under Cover.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Wendy Stone receives funding from the Australian Research Council, the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, the Housing for the Aged Action Group and Kids Under Cover. </span></em></p>An ageing population is caught in a perfect storm of rising house prices and rents, falling home ownership rates, mortgage debt carried into retirement, insecure rentals and a lack of social housing.Emma Power, Associate Professor, Geography and Urban Studies, Western Sydney UniversityAmity James, Associate Professor and Discipline Lead Property, Curtin UniversityFrancesca Perugia, Senior Lecturer, School of Design and the Built Environment, Curtin UniversityMargaret Reynolds, Research Fellow, Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of TechnologyPiret Veeroja, Research Fellow, Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of TechnologyWendy Stone, Professor of Housing & Social Policy, Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of TechnologyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2107052023-08-07T20:02:24Z2023-08-07T20:02:24Z‘It’s soul-destroying’: how people on a housing wait list of 175,000 describe their years of waiting<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540968/original/file-20230803-29-4mxua0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C5296%2C3520&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Nationally, about <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/housing-assistance/housing-assistance-in-australia/contents/households-and-waiting-lists#Waiting">175,000 households</a> are on the social housing waiting list. An individual usually has to be in “<a href="https://meteor.aihw.gov.au/content/269613%2520(Accessed%252019%2520April%25202023)">greatest need</a>” to get on the list. Even then, being listed does not mean you will be given the keys to a home any time soon.</p>
<p>This is especially so if an applicant is put on the general waiting list and not the priority list. In New South Wales in June 2022, for example, 57,550 were on the waiting list: 51,031 on the general waiting list and <a href="https://www.facs.nsw.gov.au/housing/help/applying-assistance/expected-waiting-times">6,519 on the priority list</a>. The NSW government <a href="https://www.facs.nsw.gov.au/housing/help/applying-assistance/expected-waiting-times">website</a> indicates people on the general waiting list can expect to wait ten years or more in most locations. </p>
<p>Even people on the priority list can wait a long time, especially if they <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19491247.2022.2132460?casa_token=KR6As6n8pJcAAAAA:YZ3vLWMlwUop37-oy-VVENBCfuezqi8gRSLY_cYNrhSeiWKB3xARu8LcHx459zQJ0VHcLhODEHW5A9c">have special requirements</a>, such as housing with no stairs.</p>
<p>For <a href="https://waitingforsocialhousing.com/2023/08/02/waithood-the-experiences-of-applying-for-and-waiting-for-social-housing/">our research</a>, we interviewed people on waiting lists in NSW, Queensland and Tasmania. Thirty interviewees were on the general waiting list and 49 on the priority list. The interviews covered various themes, but all of the interviewees were asked: “What words would you use to describe your wait for social housing?” This article focuses on their responses to this question.</p>
<iframe title="Households on public housing waiting lists in Australia" aria-label="Stacked Column Chart" id="datawrapper-chart-n6yQI" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/n6yQI/2/" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;" height="400" data-external="1" width="100%"></iframe>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/yes-the-1-5-million-australians-getting-rent-assistance-need-an-increase-but-more-public-housing-is-the-lasting-fix-for-the-crisis-200908">Yes, the 1.5 million Australians getting rent assistance need an increase, but more public housing is the lasting fix for the crisis</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Lives on hold</h2>
<p>Most interviewees found the endless waiting extremely challenging. It commonly left them feeling powerless, extremely stressed and unable to plan ahead.</p>
<p>Tania* in Queensland, who had escaped domestic violence, powerfully captured the perception of her life being put on hold:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>It sucks. […] They [state government housing department] just give you no answers […] It’s stopped our whole life. Running from him [her ex-partner] was hard enough, but asking them [the housing department] for help is ten times worse […] They don’t care. It’s pure and simple. They don’t care. Yeah, as I said, it’s like jail and they’re the screws, whatever they’re called. They’re the ones that run the jail.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/i-left-with-the-kids-and-ended-up-homeless-with-them-the-nightmare-of-housing-wait-lists-for-people-fleeing-domestic-violence-187687">'I left with the kids and ended up homeless with them': the nightmare of housing wait lists for people fleeing domestic violence</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Zeynep, in her mid-70s, had been on the waiting list in Queensland for 13 years. Her response was particularly expansive:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Yes, I’ve got a few words. Frustration, disappointment, nerve-racking, just being beside myself sometimes. Why do I have to do this? Why do I have to keep moving and packing and finding places? It’s soul-destroying, really.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2>A traumatising wait</h2>
<p>Single parents found the waiting particularly hard. Thea was in a shelter in Tasmania with her three children. The uncertainty of waiting had shaken her confidence.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>It’s been painful […] My anxiety has gone through the roof. It’s affected my mental health […] It makes me feel like I’m not good enough as a parent because I can’t provide a stable home for my children […] If it was just me, I could survive. But when I’ve got three little people that I’ve got to care for and provide for, that’s when it gets hard.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Kylie’s description was similar. She has a child with a disability and had been on the NSW general waiting list for several years.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>It’s quite nerve-wracking. It’s quite depressing just for the uncertainty of everything, you know. I feel like so many thoughts that I have in my head I’m just trying to pick the best one. I would say […] it’s kind of traumatic as well, quite traumatic […] why can’t you support me to better my life in order for a child to have a better life and break that cycle, that generational cycle of poverty.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/focus-on-managing-social-housing-waiting-lists-is-failing-low-income-households-120675">Focus on managing social housing waiting lists is failing low-income households</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>In Tasmania, Basma and her three children were living in crowded transitional housing attached to a women’s shelter. She also described the waiting as traumatic. </p>
<blockquote>
<p>It’s trauma. It’s made my health go down. My children and I are always angry. […] It’s terrible.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1684724600104722432"}"></div></p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/getting-onto-the-wait-list-is-a-battle-in-itself-insiders-on-what-it-takes-to-get-social-housing-184838">'Getting onto the wait list is a battle in itself': insiders on what it takes to get social housing</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Losing self-esteem and hope</h2>
<p>Interviewees said the endless waiting affected how they saw themselves. Jacqui was living in her car in regional NSW.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>I think it just it robs you of your pride and your dignity, your peace of mind and it leaves you psychologically exhausted […] being on that waiting list thinking that is today the day […] and then the call doesn’t come. It is like that loss of, you know, self-esteem and loss of hope […] So I think my words [to describe the wait] is my continual shame. You feel shame every day and other than that […] you have to deal with a loss of control over […] your position on the wait list. You have no control over anything.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Many described a sense of hopelessness. Geoff in Sydney has to use a wheelchair and the house he was renting was totally unsuitable. He was despondent about ever getting suitable housing:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>I think the word is hopeless. You feel hopeless because you’ve done as much as you can to get the housing [department] to expedite your application, assuming that they have approved my application for priority housing, but there’s no interpretation of that as to what they mean by the priority.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1227208658464849921"}"></div></p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/ive-been-on-the-waiting-list-for-over-20-years-why-social-housing-suitable-for-people-with-disabilities-is-desperately-needed-193455">'I've been on the waiting list for over 20 years': why social housing suitable for people with disabilities is desperately needed</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>After 20 months on the priority list, Lily was blunt about the impact on her sense of self:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Yeah, you feel deficient. You feel forgotten. You feel really forgotten, yeah, and if you ring up and it’s about a number and even once they’ve got your file open I can’t remember being addressed by my name very much […] You feel a bit like an outcast.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Josie also talked about being made to feel like a second-class citizen:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Demoralising, because you’ve been trying to do the right thing and do everything that you’re asked. You try so many different approaches and you’re getting brick walls everywhere. And demeaning, because your situation is not properly recognised or catered for. So you almost start feeling like well, we can’t help you, but if you were good enough you wouldn’t be in this situation. [It’s] a nightmare, dreadful. I’ve never experienced anything like this before. Like never, ever, ever.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Clearly, the long wait for social housing is devastating for many people. Day after day of not knowing makes everyday life extremely challenging. The shocking aspect is that the huge shortage of social housing means a substantial proportion of people on the general waiting list could be waiting forever.</p>
<p><em>* Pseudonyms have been used to protect the confidentiality of participants in the study.</em></p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/210705/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Alan Morris receives funding from the Australian Research Council. </span></em></p>People on the general waiting list can wait a decade to be housed. Even those on the priority list may wait years. Asked how the wait affects them, their responses reveal devastating impacts.Alan Morris, Professor, Institute for Public Policy and Governance, University of Technology SydneyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2106282023-08-02T19:59:43Z2023-08-02T19:59:43ZWild bird feeding surged worldwide during lockdowns. That’s good for people, but not necessarily for the birds<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540341/original/file-20230801-17-ue73zh.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C4265%2C2845&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/65749227@N00/4308184842">Robyn Jay/Flickr</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>Feeding wild birds in backyards was already known to be extremely popular in many parts of the northern hemisphere and in Australia, despite being <a href="https://wildlifehealthaustralia.com.au/Portals/0/Documents/FactSheets/Avian/Biosecurity_concerns_associated_with_feeding_wild_birds.pdf">strongly discouraged</a>. But the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns led to a dramatic increase in wild bird feeding around the world, our <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0287116">research</a> published today shows. There was a surge in interest beyond traditional bird-feeding countries in North America, Europe and Australia: 115 countries in total, including many where feeding was assumed not to occur.</p>
<p>Those opposed to feeding wild birds cite a plethora of reasons: </p>
<ul>
<li>the spread of diseases (well-documented in the <a href="https://extension.usu.edu/archive/your-bird-feeder-may-be-spreading-disease">US</a> and <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/mar/12/garden-bird-feeders-help-spread-disease-among-wild-birds">UK</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7984256/">poor nutrition</a> as a result of an unbalanced diet</li>
<li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2017.00081/full">advantaging</a> already <a href="https://theconversation.com/garden-bird-feeders-are-boosting-blue-tit-numbers-but-leaving-other-species-hungry-161568">abundant species</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1501489112">changing</a> <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2021.0480">community</a> <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10111-5">structure</a> (birds that visit feeders prosper at the cost of those that don’t)</li>
<li>even <a href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1410&context=natrespapers">altering migration patterns</a>. </li>
</ul>
<p>These impacts occur everywhere wild birds are fed and are potentially serious.</p>
<p>On the other hand, engaging with wild birds in this way is now <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0158717">recognised</a> as one of the most effective ways people can connect with nature. There is strong evidence that spending time in natural settings is <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsc.2020.00018/full">good for people’s wellbeing</a> and mental health. This becomes increasingly important as more and more of the world’s people <a href="https://unhabitat.org/wcr/">live in large cities</a>. </p>
<p>These trends mean the simple, common practice of attracting birds to your garden by feeding them is taking on much greater significance for the welfare of both birds and people.</p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1263485152954478592"}"></div></p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/why-you-may-need-to-encourage-social-distancing-around-your-bird-feeder-137134">Why you may need to encourage social distancing around your bird feeder</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>What did the study look at?</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7579058/">Previous</a> <a href="https://theconversation.com/birdwatching-increased-tenfold-last-lockdown-dont-stop-its-a-huge-help-for-bushfire-recovery-141970">studies</a> documented a global increase in birdwatching during lockdowns. We wondered whether interest in feeding birds might have increased similarly as well. That usually means buying seed mixes and providing a feeder. To be included in our study, some cost was required; discarded food scraps were not counted as feeding.</p>
<p>It was important to go beyond the countries where we already knew feeding was common. We wanted to compare the interest levels for more than 100 countries during and after lockdowns. We also examined whether the level of interest in bird feeding was related to the diversity of birds in each country, a measure known as “species richness”.</p>
<p>We assessed the weekly frequency of search terms, including “bird feeder”, “bird food” and “bird bath”, using Google Trends for all countries with sufficient search volumes from January 1 2019 to May 31 2020. We wanted to see if these searches increased during each country’s specific lockdown period (generally around February-April 2020). We drew on bird species richness data for each nation from the <a href="http://datazone.birdlife.org/home">BirdLife International</a> database.</p>
<p>Comparing the interest volume for 52 weeks leading up to the lockdown with the week immediately before, we found no discernible change. Within only two weeks, however, the frequency of searches showed a surge in bird feeding interest during the general lockdown period across 115 of the countries surveyed. This happened in both the northern and southern hemispheres.</p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1263814650539507715"}"></div></p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/biodiversity-and-our-brains-how-ecology-and-mental-health-go-together-in-our-cities-126760">Biodiversity and our brains: how ecology and mental health go together in our cities</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>What explains the change?</h2>
<p>There are several possible reasons for this change. People throughout the world were forced to remain close to home. The backyard or nearby park became the focus of attention, perhaps for the first time. </p>
<p>Lockdowns were a time of high anxiety and stress. Aspects of life that seemed to be carrying on regardless, such as birds arriving each day to be fed, may have been a course of comfort and reassurance. </p>
<p>Feeding birds has been <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4948881/">found to enhance</a> feelings of personal worth and peace. Presumably, it’s because of the relative intimacy associated with being able to attract wild, unrestrained creatures to visit by simply providing some food.</p>
<p>Bird feeding is also cheap, simple and available to virtually everyone. Birds will visit a feeder in a private garden, a public park or even a balcony on a residential tower. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/birdbath-food-or-water-how-to-attract-your-favourite-birds-to-your-garden-70258">Birdbath, food or water? How to attract your favourite birds to your garden</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>And what difference does bird diversity make?</h2>
<p>We found a clear association between the level of interest in feeding and species diversity. Countries that lacked bird-related search interest had an average of 294 bird species. In contrast, those countries with clear interest had an average of 511 species. </p>
<p>This clear difference suggests that having a greater variety of species prompts more bird feeding. It may also mean places with more species have a larger number of bird types living in their cities (where most feeders live). This remains to be be investigated. We do know that feeding birds leads to <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1501489112">more birds overall</a>, but not more species.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540332/original/file-20230801-238580-vky10c.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="World map showing numbers of bird species for each country or region" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540332/original/file-20230801-238580-vky10c.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540332/original/file-20230801-238580-vky10c.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=243&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540332/original/file-20230801-238580-vky10c.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=243&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540332/original/file-20230801-238580-vky10c.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=243&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540332/original/file-20230801-238580-vky10c.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=305&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540332/original/file-20230801-238580-vky10c.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=305&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540332/original/file-20230801-238580-vky10c.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=305&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Total number of bird species for each country or region.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0287116">Doremus, Li & Jones (2023)/PLOS ONE</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Because we used Google searches as the proxy measurement for bird-feeding interest, bird-feeding practices in countries with lower income or less internet access may not have been adequately captured. Nonetheless, our method was able to detect a surge of interest in bird feeding in countries such as Pakistan and Kenya.</p>
<p>The COVID-19 lockdowns seemed to encourage people all over the world to seek connection and interaction with their local birds. We hope future studies can further analyse the global extent of bird feeding and capture more data in previously understudied countries.</p>
<p>Feeding birds is obviously very popular. For people. But it can lead to problems for the birds. To minimise the risks, keep in mind some simple rules: </p>
<ul>
<li>keep the feeder extremely clean (disease is always a concern)</li>
<li>don’t put out too much food (they don’t need it)</li>
<li>provide food that is appropriate for the species (never human food – buy wild bird food from pet food companies). </li>
</ul>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/yes-its-okay-to-feed-wild-birds-in-your-garden-as-long-as-its-the-right-food-92919">Yes it's okay to feed wild birds in your garden, as long as it's the right food</a>
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</em>
</p>
<hr>
<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/210628/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Darryl Jones does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Interest in bird feeding surged soon after COVID lockdowns began in more than 100 countries. While this activity boosts people’s wellbeing, care must be taken to ensure it’s also good for the birds.Darryl Jones, Deputy Director of Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2106962023-08-01T00:40:02Z2023-08-01T00:40:02Z70 years of road-based policies created today’s problems – does National’s transport plan add up?<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540309/original/file-20230731-255453-hk7shy.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=8%2C8%2C5570%2C3997&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Getty Images</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>The old joke about “just one more lane” being all that’s needed to solve traffic congestion has been heard a few times since the National Party released its <a href="https://www.national.org.nz/speech_national_s_transport_for_the_future_plan">transport policy</a> this week.</p>
<p>The plan is nothing if not ambitious: more and bigger roads worth nearly NZ$25 billion over ten years, including a four-lane motorway from Whangārei to Tauranga at a stated cost of $6 billion.</p>
<p>That might sound like a lot, with the cost per kilometre of road being about $20 million. But recent big road projects suggest it could be a significant underestimate. </p>
<p>Wellington’s Transmission Gully spans just 27km and cost an <a href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/analysis-taxpayers-in-the-dark-over-final-cost-of-transmission-gully/L4H226JFRKC4DHNCDMQTXCNRZY/#:%7E:text=Taxpayers%20still%20don%27t%20know,much%20remains%20to%20be%20seen">estimated $1.25 billion</a> – that equates to over $46 million per kilometre. The recently opened Ara Tūhono (dubbed the “holiday highway”) from <a href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/300906854/prime-minister-cuts-ribbon-to-open-aucklands-new-1-billion-motorway">Puhoi to Warkworth</a> north of Auckland cost about $1.05 billion for just 18.5km – almost $57 million per kilometre. </p>
<p>A four-lane motorway between Whangarei and Tauranga would face more challenging terrain than Transmission Gully or Ara Tūhono and would span much longer distances. </p>
<p>Given the significant cost overruns of recent big roading projects, as well as the time it will take to build these roads, it’s likely the bill will be much more than $6 billion.</p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1685534440934518784"}"></div></p>
<h2>Private versus public transport</h2>
<p>The opportunity cost of these projects also needs to account for those who don’t – or don’t want to – drive a car.</p>
<p>National’s proposal calls for scrapping most of the “<a href="https://www.thepost.co.nz/a/politics/350045125/national-axe-lets-get-wellington-moving-promises-four-lanes-planes">Let’s Get Wellington Moving</a>” project, including a long-planned light rail line. This is on top of the party’s promise that it will axe the proposed Auckland light rail scheme.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/nationals-housing-u-turn-promotes-urban-sprawl-cities-and-ratepayers-will-pick-up-the-bill-206762">National’s housing u-turn promotes urban sprawl – cities and ratepayers will pick up the bill</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Both light rail proposals have been a point of contention: National argues that additional motorways and tunnelling in Wellington would be more cost-effective, and tunnelled light rail in Auckland has an enormous price tag. </p>
<p>But the transport mode itself is fast, efficient and equitable. A similarly controversial <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/sydney-finally-embraces-cbd-light-rail-as-patronage-surges-20230404-p5cxx3.html">light rail line in Sydney</a> opened a few years ago, with patronage more than doubling in a single year, despite the pandemic.</p>
<p>Public transport pollution is far less than that from personal vehicles. Buses and trains produce about <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/17/10652">80% less carbon emissions</a> per passenger kilometre than personal vehicles.</p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1685897579975106560"}"></div></p>
<h2>Roads versus climate</h2>
<p>Around the same time National was releasing its transport policy, July was confirmed to be the <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/july-2023-is-hottest-month-ever-recorded-on-earth/">hottest month ever on Earth</a> (though August could replace that soon). </p>
<p>The northern hemisphere is experiencing extreme heatwaves. Some places are reaching the <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/global-heat-wave-weather-temperatures-07-18-23/">upper limits of human survival</a>. In the American southwest, the pavement got so hot people were treated for <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/07/16/second-degree-burns-heat-dome-us-116-farenheit-california/">second-degree burns</a>.</p>
<p>Records are also breaking around Antarctic sea ice melt, with the most significant deviations from historical averages ever recorded. Wildfires have raged across Canada, Sicily, Algeria and other countries. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/too-big-too-heavy-and-too-slow-to-change-road-transport-is-way-off-track-for-net-zero-208655">Too big, too heavy and too slow to change: road transport is way off track for net zero</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Human-generated carbon emissions have exacerbated these extremes. Of those emissions, <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-from-transport">almost 25% are from the transport sector</a>, and passenger transport (cars and light trucks) accounts for about 45% of the sector’s emissions.</p>
<p>Given the observable realities of the climate crisis, many have questioned the logic of leaning into road expansion as a policy, especially at the expense of efficient public transport. </p>
<p>More roads encourage <a href="https://www.wired.com/2014/06/wuwt-traffic-induced-demand/">more traffic and more driving</a>, often leading to even worse congestion. Expanded road networks also encourage development in lower-density areas by making them more accessible, at least in the short term. </p>
<p>While this is a selling point in National’s transportation plan, it often leads to more car-dependent development that make <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136192091830628X">traffic congestion even worse</a>. Combined with National’s proposal to <a href="https://theconversation.com/nationals-housing-u-turn-promotes-urban-sprawl-cities-and-ratepayers-will-pick-up-the-bill-206762">build housing in “greenfields” zones</a> away from cities, it risks locking the country into a car-dependent, high-carbon future.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/electric-cars-alone-wont-save-the-planet-well-need-to-design-cities-so-people-can-walk-and-cycle-safely-171818">Electric cars alone won’t save the planet. We'll need to design cities so people can walk and cycle safely</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>The EV mirage</h2>
<p>National leader Christopher Luxon has <a href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/nationals-new-transport-policy-laughable-at-best-according-to-labour/PUPHBLW2MVBHVN6RJ6PQSOGYO4/">made the point</a> that “even electric vehicles need adequate roads”. But this begs a bigger question about <a href="https://theconversation.com/electric-cars-alone-wont-save-the-planet-well-need-to-design-cities-so-people-can-walk-and-cycle-safely-171818">relying on EVs</a> to solve transport and climate problems.</p>
<p>Despite years of generous subsidies, battery-electric vehicles still make up just <a href="https://evdb.nz/growth-evs-nz">1.3% of New Zealand’s total fleet</a>. This is nowhere near the numbers needed to make a meaningful dent in transport emissions. </p>
<p>EVs require the same amount of road space and, due to their increased weight, potentially cause more road damage. But EV owners don’t buy petrol, which means they don’t pay excise tax – the same tax that pays for expanding roads.</p>
<p>Even with inflation around 7%, the excise tax has not increased in more than four years, meaning every year the tax’s purchasing power diminishes.</p>
<p>National’s plan to build more roads rather than focus on better public transport is reminiscent of transport policies from the 1950s and 1960s. That era saw the construction of the car-centric cities we now struggle to maintain and move around in. </p>
<p>That era also moved us closer to climate disaster, and generally made transport less efficient and less equitable. In hindsight, massive roading infrastructure projects weren’t the solution they might have seemed 70 years ago. But they have at least provided a lesson in what not to do today.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/210696/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Timothy Welch does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>The National Party’s transport policy risks locking the country into a car-dependent, high-carbon future.Timothy Welch, Senior Lecturer in Urban Planning, University of Auckland, Waipapa Taumata RauLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2106492023-07-31T20:01:05Z2023-07-31T20:01:05ZCooking (and heating) without gas: what are the impacts of shifting to all-electric homes?<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540063/original/file-20230731-238580-434fnd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=446%2C0%2C4289%2C2868&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Gas connections for all new housing and sub-divisions will be <a href="https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/new-victorian-homes-go-all-electric-2024">banned in Victoria</a> from January 1 next year. The long-term result of the state government’s significant change to planning approvals will be all-electric housing. The ACT made <a href="https://www.climatechoices.act.gov.au/policy-programs/preventing-new-gas-network-connections">similar changes</a> early this year, in line with a shift away from gas across <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47559920">Europe</a> and <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/19/gas-stove-culture-war-united-states">other locations</a>, although the NSW Premier Chris Minns has <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jul/31/nsw-wont-ban-gas-in-new-homes-as-premier-declares-i-dont-need-another-complication">baulked</a> at doing the same. </p>
<p>Around <a href="https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/renewable-energy/victorias-gas-substitution-roadmap">80% of homes</a> in Victoria are connected to gas. This high uptake was driven by gas being seen as more affordable and sustainable than electricity over past decades. The situation has <a href="https://www.iea.org/events/net-zero-by-2050-a-roadmap-for-the-global-energy-system">changed dramatically</a> as renewable electricity generation increases and <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-27/aemo-wholesale-electricity-prices-fall-impact-power-bills/102654498">costs fall</a>.</p>
<p><a href="https://theconversation.com/all-electric-homes-are-better-for-your-hip-pocket-and-the-planet-heres-how-governments-can-help-us-get-off-gas-207409">Research</a> has suggested for more than a decade that the benefits of all-electric homes <a href="https://bze.org.au/research_release/energy-efficient-buildings-plan/">stack up in many locations</a>. New homes built under mandatory building energy performance standards (increasing from <a href="https://thefifthestate.com.au/innovation/building-construction/victoria-kicks-the-can-down-the-road-again-on-the-national-construction-code/">6 to 7 stars</a> in Victoria in May 2024) need smaller, cheaper heating and cooling systems. Installing reverse-cycle air conditioning for cooling provides a cost-effective heater as a bonus. </p>
<p>Savings from not requiring gas pipes, appliances and gas supply infrastructure help to offset the costs of highly efficient electric appliances. Mandating fully electric homes means economies of scale will further reduce costs. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/all-electric-homes-are-better-for-your-hip-pocket-and-the-planet-heres-how-governments-can-help-us-get-off-gas-207409">All-electric homes are better for your hip pocket and the planet. Here's how governments can help us get off gas</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1684723132048056320"}"></div></p>
<h2>How does this ban help?</h2>
<p>To achieve environmentally sustainable development, reforms of planning policy and regulation <a href="https://theconversation.com/sustainable-cities-australias-building-and-planning-rules-stand-in-the-way-of-getting-there-84263">are essential</a> to convert innovation and best practice to mainstream practice. Planning policy is particularly important for apartment buildings and other housing that may be rented or have an owners’ corporation. Retrofits to improve energy efficiency can be difficult in these situations. </p>
<p>Banning gas in new and renovated housing will <a href="https://grattan.edu.au/report/getting-off-gas/">cut greenhouse gas emissions</a>. It’s also <a href="https://theconversation.com/gas-cooking-is-associated-with-worsening-asthma-in-kids-but-proper-ventilation-helps-151591">healthier for households</a> and <a href="https://www.sustainability.vic.gov.au/research-data-and-insights/research/research-reports/the-victorian-healthy-homes-program-research-findings">reduces healthcare costs</a> as well as <a href="https://grattan.edu.au/report/getting-off-gas/">energy bills and infrastructure costs</a>. The Victorian government suggests the change will save all-electric households <a href="https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/new-victorian-homes-go-all-electric-2024">about $1,000 a year</a>. Houses with solar will be even better off.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/heat-pumps-can-cut-your-energy-costs-by-up-to-90-its-not-magic-just-a-smart-use-of-the-laws-of-physics-185711">Heat pumps can cut your energy costs by up to 90%. It’s not magic, just a smart use of the laws of physics</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>The government appears to be offering wide support to ensure these changes happen, but this will need to be monitored closely.</p>
<p>Some households will face extra costs for electric appliances and solar panels. The government’s announcement of <a href="https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/new-victorian-homes-go-all-electric-2024">$10 million</a> for Residential Electrification Grants should help with some of these costs while the industry adjusts.</p>
<p>There will be impacts and benefits for the local economy. Some jobs may be lost, particularly in the gas appliance and plumbing industry. The government has announced financial support to retrain people and they will still have essential roles in the existing housing sector. </p>
<p>Many gas appliances are imported, including ovens, cooktops and instantaneous gas water heaters. Some components of efficient electric products, such as hot water storage tanks, are made locally. Local activities, including distribution, sales, design, installation and maintenance, comprise much of the overall cost. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="An electric heat pump installed next to a gas meter outside a home" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540062/original/file-20230731-3718-wtpcdl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540062/original/file-20230731-3718-wtpcdl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540062/original/file-20230731-3718-wtpcdl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540062/original/file-20230731-3718-wtpcdl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540062/original/file-20230731-3718-wtpcdl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540062/original/file-20230731-3718-wtpcdl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540062/original/file-20230731-3718-wtpcdl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="caption">Households will ultimately benefit from avoiding the costs of having both electricity and gas services.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/keen-to-get-off-gas-in-your-home-but-struggling-to-make-the-switch-research-shows-youre-not-alone-209589">Keen to get off gas in your home, but struggling to make the switch? Research shows you're not alone</a>
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<h2>Challenges of change must be managed</h2>
<p>Sustainability benefits will depend on what <a href="https://grattan.edu.au/report/getting-off-gas/">happens with the energy network</a>. We need more renewable energy, energy storage and smarter management of electricity demand.</p>
<p>The shift to all-electric homes may mean winter peak demand for heating increases. Energy market operators and governments will have to monitor demand changes carefully to avoid the reliability issues we already see in summer. However, improving energy efficiency, energy storage and demand management will help reduce this load (and household costs).</p>
<p>While the benefits are clear for new homes, the changes may <a href="https://www.bsl.org.au/research/publications/enabling-electrification/">increase gas costs and energy poverty</a> for residents of existing housing who don’t shift to efficient electric solutions. The government has reconfirmed financial rebates to help households switch from gas. </p>
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<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/solar-power-can-cut-living-costs-but-its-not-an-option-for-many-people-they-need-better-support-201090">Solar power can cut living costs, but it's not an option for many people – they need better support</a>
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<p>In addition, existing housing may face building quality and performance issues. Some may require electrical wiring upgrades as part of the transition. </p>
<p>Social acceptance of some electric appliances may also be an issue. For example, <a href="https://www.rmit.edu.au/about/schools-colleges/property-construction-and-project-management/research/research-centres-and-groups/sustainable-building-innovation-laboratory/projects/heet-housing-energy-efficiency-transitions">our research</a> has found some households dislike the way heating from reverse cycle air conditioners feels. Others do not like cooking on induction cooktops. </p>
<p>Consumer education and modifications to appliances and buildings may be needed to increase acceptance and avoid backlash.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="pot on the boil on a gas stove with a woman preparing food in the background" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540064/original/file-20230731-105442-1c4ax5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540064/original/file-20230731-105442-1c4ax5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540064/original/file-20230731-105442-1c4ax5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540064/original/file-20230731-105442-1c4ax5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540064/original/file-20230731-105442-1c4ax5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=506&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540064/original/file-20230731-105442-1c4ax5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=506&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540064/original/file-20230731-105442-1c4ax5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=506&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="caption">Some people prefer gas cooktops despite their impacts on health and emissions.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
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<p>Some electric appliances are available overseas but not in Australia. Higher demand may increase the range of imports. For example, floor-mounted heat pumps can make heating feel similar to gas heating while still providing effective cooling.</p>
<p>We should not assume electric appliances are all equal. To improve consumer protection, action is needed on weak standards and limited and inconsistent public information. For example, information on noise levels and efficiency under a range of weather conditions must be standardised.</p>
<p>Moving housing away from gas is an <a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-99-2760-9">important step</a> in the transition to a zero-carbon economy and energy system. Careful management is needed to ensure this transition is effective, accepted and fair. </p>
<p>Continued planning reforms are also essential to ensure environmentally sustainable development of housing and communities. Other urgent priorities include urban cooling and greening, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/turning-the-housing-crisis-around-how-a-circular-economy-can-give-us-affordable-sustainable-homes-208745">circular economy approaches</a> to reduce the material and waste impacts of housing and thus the carbon that goes into building and running homes.</p>
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<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/turning-the-housing-crisis-around-how-a-circular-economy-can-give-us-affordable-sustainable-homes-208745">Turning the housing crisis around: how a circular economy can give us affordable, sustainable homes</a>
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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/210649/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Trivess Moore has received funding from various organisations including the Australian Research Council, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, Victorian Government and various industry partners and is currently working on a project funded by the Future Fuels CRC exploring the use of gas and electricity in Victorian homes. He is a trustee of the Fuel Poverty Research Network.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Alan Pears consults to and advises a number of industry organisations, government agencies and community groups. He has received funding from and has affiliations with government agencies, community groups and industry groups with interests in housing, climate and energy policy. He has received funding from various organisations including ARENA, RMIT University, University of Melbourne, RACE for 2030 Cooperative Research Centre, Victorian and Australian Governments and various industry partners. He is currently working with the Australian Alliance for Energy Productivity.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Joe Hurley has received funding from various organisations including the Federal Government, the Victorian Government and various industry partners and is currently working on a project funded by the Australian Research Council on measuring cumulative heat in Australian cities. He is a on the technical advisory committee for the Council Alliance for Sustainable Built Environment.</span></em></p>The ban on gas connections to new homes in Victoria reflects global trends and will ultimately save households money and cut their emissions.Trivess Moore, Senior Lecturer, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT UniversityAlan Pears, Senior Industry Fellow, RMIT UniversityJoe Hurley, Associate Professor, Sustainability and Urban Planning, RMIT UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2101372023-07-24T20:09:27Z2023-07-24T20:09:27ZBuilding houses in factories for the Commonwealth Games was meant to help the housing crisis. What now?<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/538911/original/file-20230724-25-3s1qad.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=27%2C6%2C4573%2C3055&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Huge sporting events come with substantial public investment in housing. After Melbourne hosted the 1956 Olympics, about 600 houses in the athlete village became public housing in West Heidelberg. After Melbourne hosted the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the athlete village in Parkville was <a href="https://www.development.vic.gov.au/projects/parkville-gardens?page=overview">largely sold off</a>, with 320 houses going to social housing. </p>
<p>Victoria’s now cancelled 2026 Commonwealth Games were meant to have the same effect in the state’s smaller cities. New dwellings were intended to help boost social and private housing supply amid the ongoing housing crisis. Ironically, the broader housing crisis <a href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/how-the-housing-crisis-helped-kill-off-the-commonwealth-games-20230719-p5dpij.html">may have contributed</a> to the cancellation, as worker shortages and building material price spikes took their toll. </p>
<p>Importantly, half of these <a href="https://builtoffsite.com.au/news/development-victoria-issues-advanced-tender-for-2026-commonwealth-games-with-commitment-for-50-prefabricated-buildings-and-structures/">were to be</a> prefabricated and modular buildings. This would speed up construction and demonstrate what’s now possible. While regions like Scotland now do almost all of their construction in factories, Australia is only just beginning. </p>
<p>So is cancellation of the games a blow for prefab construction in Australia? It’s a PR setback, given the attention it would have received. The state government has committed to building 1,300 new homes in the regions, the same number intended for the games. As yet, we don’t know if these will be prefab. </p>
<h2>Building the prefab profile</h2>
<p>Victoria agreed to host the games only last year. That gave very little lead time – the games will start in just two and a half years, assuming a new host is found. This rapid time frame was why Victoria’s government looked to prefab to provide the thousands of dwellings needed for officials, athletes and workers. </p>
<p>After the games, these houses in Victoria’s fast-growing host cities of Bendigo, Ballarat, Geelong and Shepparton were meant to boost social and affordable <a href="https://www.theurbandeveloper.com/articles/victorian-government-eoi-commonwealth-games-villages">housing supply</a>.</p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/turning-the-housing-crisis-around-how-a-circular-economy-can-give-us-affordable-sustainable-homes-208745">Turning the housing crisis around: how a circular economy can give us affordable, sustainable homes</a>
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<p>The plans were a welcome shot in the arm for Australia’s prefab industry, which was just <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/may/21/could-prefab-homes-be-future-australian-house-houses">5% of new builds</a> this year, though it’s expected to reach <a href="https://builtoffsite.com.au/emag/issue-01/prefab-australian-building-sector/">10% by 2030</a>. Scaling up the use of prefabrication will need government support and leadership. </p>
<p>Leading prefab jurisdictions like <a href="https://www.nweurope.eu/media/10913/tg_construction_oxford_meeting_brochure.pdf">Scotland</a> and <a href="https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/scandinavia-prefabricated-housing-market">Sweden</a> have needed government support to get to where they are, with prefab accounting for 84%.</p>
<h2>Why look to prefab homes at all?</h2>
<p>Factories are a way of producing standardised products more cheaply. Bringing <a href="https://aecom.com/without-limits/article/offsite-construction-unlocking-a-thriving-and-sustainable-construction-industry">these techniques</a> to bear on houses cuts costs, slashes waste by up to half, and can quickly boost housing supply. Waste can be cut by precise standardised measurements and the use of low-carbon materials like timber or <a href="https://www.arup.com/news-and-events/aisc-design-guide-for-hybrid-steel-timber">hybrid steel-timber</a> reduces environmental impact. </p>
<p>You might think prefab homes would all look the same or lack quality. But standardisation can often be high quality. When construction is done in a factory setting with a controlled environment, it can be easier to ensure it’s airtight, well insulated and meets standards.</p>
<p>Prefab factories can reduce the impact of weather on construction, though it does create another challenge – transporting the dwelling to the site. </p>
<p>It’s not just for single or double-storey buildings. More than 500 apartments were delivered to a vacant site in London using modular systems, which were then slotted into place to <a href="https://www.hta.co.uk/project/101-george-street">build Ten Degrees</a>, the world’s tallest residential modular building to this date. The process cut embodied carbon by up to 40%, according to the building’s designers. </p>
<h2>Boosting prefab without the games</h2>
<p>In a <a href="https://www.mbav.com.au/news-information/policy-and-advocacy/building-transition-report?policy">recent report</a> led by Master Builders Victoria, we examined how experiences of the Birmingham 2022 and Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games in the UK helped the construction industry innovate in areas like prefab housing. </p>
<p>Preparations for the Birmingham games faced the unprecedented challenge of the COVID pandemic. As a result, the planned athlete village was <a href="https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/homes-and-property/first-time-home-buyers-luck-26680120">never used</a> for athletes, and the units built eventually became private and social housing. Prefab techniques <a href="https://familybusinessunited.com/2021/02/26/willmott-dixon-embraces-innovative-approach-in-birmingham">were used</a> to build 430 apartments. </p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1565624266766393345"}"></div></p>
<p>Even with the COVID challenge, these apartments were completed ahead of time. In contrast to traditional construction methods, there was more use of the local workforce.</p>
<h2>Why isn’t Australia embracing these techniques?</h2>
<p>Inertia. To make prefab housing mainstream in Australia will mean major changes to the way things are done at present. Our construction industry is not always able to take risks, which makes innovation challenging. </p>
<p>One way to get around this is to create the demand for these types of houses. In Victoria, the government’s pledge to still deliver the promised regional housing could be tied to prefabrication, to help deliver high quality, <a href="https://theconversation.com/turning-the-housing-crisis-around-how-a-circular-economy-can-give-us-affordable-sustainable-homes-208745">sustainable and affordable housing</a> more quickly and begin reshaping the wider industry.</p>
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/538906/original/file-20230724-23-3c5cz0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="modular office building" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/538906/original/file-20230724-23-3c5cz0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/538906/original/file-20230724-23-3c5cz0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=427&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538906/original/file-20230724-23-3c5cz0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=427&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538906/original/file-20230724-23-3c5cz0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=427&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538906/original/file-20230724-23-3c5cz0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=536&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538906/original/file-20230724-23-3c5cz0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=536&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538906/original/file-20230724-23-3c5cz0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=536&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<span class="caption">Prefab buildings can be produced to be modular, meaning they can stack or connect, as in this image of a modular office building in Berlin.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Even with the games gone, other pressures like the rental and housing crisis are only intensifying. Prefab could help here by offering more affordable and sustainable housing as an option, especially outside metropolitan areas where the cost of land makes up a smaller proportion of the cost of a house or as urban infill.</p>
<p>The games would have helped supercharge the prefab industry. But Australia has an urgent need for more housing. Prefab could <a href="https://thefifthestate.com.au/innovation/residential-2/why-prefab-building-is-going-gangbusters-smart-building-for-the-21st-century/">help deliver this</a> more cheaply and more sustainably. </p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/building-in-the-same-old-ways-wont-end-the-housing-crisis-we-need-innovation-to-boost-productivity-206862">Building in the same old ways won't end the housing crisis. We need innovation to boost productivity</a>
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<p><em>Former RMIT researcher and Master Builders Victoria adviser Joana Correia contributed to this piece.</em></p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/210137/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Louise Dorignon has received funding from various organisations including the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute and various industry partners.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Trivess Moore has received funding from various organisations including the Australian Research Council, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, Victorian Government and various industry partners. He is a trustee of the Fuel Poverty Research Network.</span></em></p>If we build homes on a production line, we could make them cheaper, faster and more sustainable.Louise Dorignon, Vice-Chancellor Postdoctoral Research Fellow, RMIT UniversityTrivess Moore, Senior Lecturer, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2095892023-07-24T02:39:07Z2023-07-24T02:39:07ZKeen to get off gas in your home, but struggling to make the switch? Research shows you’re not alone<p>More than five million households in Australia are connected to the gas network. Tackling climate change requires homes and businesses to move away from gas, and instead embrace electric appliances as the power grid shifts to renewable energy.</p>
<p>People can <a href="https://grattan.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Getting-off-gas-why-how-and-who-should-pay.pdf">save</a> considerable money by switching away from gas – even more so if they have solar panels installed. But still, millions of Australians haven’t yet made the move. Why?</p>
<p>Our new research, <a href="https://www.bsl.org.au/research/publications/enabling-electrification/">released today</a>, seeks to shed light on this question. We focused on lower-income households in Victoria and found while most participants supported the transition from gas, few owned electric appliances for heating, cooking and hot water. </p>
<p>There were two main barriers: people couldn’t afford the upfront cost of buying new electric appliances, or were renting and so had little or no say over what appliances were installed. Overcoming these and other challenges is crucial to ensure no-one gets left behind in Australia’s energy transition. </p>
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<img alt="baby floating in bath beside rubber ducks" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/538551/original/file-20230720-15-10gmso.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/538551/original/file-20230720-15-10gmso.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538551/original/file-20230720-15-10gmso.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538551/original/file-20230720-15-10gmso.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538551/original/file-20230720-15-10gmso.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538551/original/file-20230720-15-10gmso.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538551/original/file-20230720-15-10gmso.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="caption">Few study participants owned electric appliances for heating, cooking and hot water.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
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<h2>Making it fair for all</h2>
<p>Victoria has <a href="https://www.climatechange.vic.gov.au/climate-action-targets">committed</a> to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2045. To help achieve this, the state government is developing a <a href="https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/renewable-energy/victorias-gas-substitution-roadmap">plan</a> for the state to electrify. Other states and <a href="https://www.climatechoices.act.gov.au/energy/switching-from-gas#:%7E:text=The%20ACT%20will%20transition%20away%20from%20fossil%20fuel,ACT%20during%203%20March%20%E2%80%93%2020%20April%202023.">territories</a> are also moving in this direction. </p>
<p>But to date, not enough research and policy attention has been paid to making this transition fair and equitable for everyone.</p>
<p>Low-income households <a href="https://www.bsl.org.au/research/publications/energy-stressed-in-australia/">spend</a> a larger proportion of their income on energy bills compared to higher-income households. This is despite those households using less energy.</p>
<p>The affordability of gas will become worse as more households electrify. That’s because part of a gas bill includes the fixed cost of running gas infrastructure – so as progressively fewer people use gas, the remaining users pay more. </p>
<p>And those who don’t make the move away from gas miss out on the long-term economic benefits. <a href="https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0039/579882/Victorias-Gas-Substitution-Roadmap-Embracing-electricity-to-cut-your-bills-at-home.pdf">Analysis</a> last year suggested a typical Victorian household could reduce its annual energy costs by A$1,020 by replacing gas heating, cooking and hot water systems with electric ones. The figure rises to $1,250 for those with solar power. These savings will be amplified if the price of gas continues to rise relative to electricity.</p>
<p>That’s why it’s important to help as many lower-income people as possible to make the switch to electric appliances. Our research set out to understand what might prevent or enable that shift. </p>
<p>We studied households in Victoria: the state with the highest prevalence of residential gas use in Australia and where plans for an economy-wide transition away from fossil gas are underway.</p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/all-electric-homes-are-better-for-your-hip-pocket-and-the-planet-heres-how-governments-can-help-us-get-off-gas-207409">All-electric homes are better for your hip pocket and the planet. Here's how governments can help us get off gas</a>
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<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="hands reach towards gas heater" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/538553/original/file-20230720-21-zgmt4r.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/538553/original/file-20230720-21-zgmt4r.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538553/original/file-20230720-21-zgmt4r.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538553/original/file-20230720-21-zgmt4r.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538553/original/file-20230720-21-zgmt4r.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538553/original/file-20230720-21-zgmt4r.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538553/original/file-20230720-21-zgmt4r.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Gas will become less affordable as more people move to electric appliances.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>What we found</h2>
<p>We conducted an online survey, which received 220 eligible responses. We also undertook focus groups with 34 people. All participants were from lower-income households.</p>
<p>Most participants – 88% – used gas in the home, reflecting its prevalence in Victoria.</p>
<p>More than two-thirds indicated some level of support for a transition away from household gas to cleaner energy sources. Support was greater with higher levels of education. There was no significant difference based on financial stress, housing tenure, location or age. </p>
<p>But this support had not translated into action. Just one in ten surveyed households had replaced gas appliances with electric ones within the past five years. Among those who had switched or planned to switch, the main reasons were lower running costs and environmental benefits. </p>
<p>Respondents considered electric appliances to be safer and better for the environment. Gas appliances were considered better for heating and cooking. Many respondents were unsure about the relative benefits of electric versus gas appliances when it came to cost, reliability, safety and the environment. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/538548/original/file-20230720-15-61nj78.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/538548/original/file-20230720-15-61nj78.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=175&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538548/original/file-20230720-15-61nj78.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=175&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538548/original/file-20230720-15-61nj78.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=175&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538548/original/file-20230720-15-61nj78.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=221&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538548/original/file-20230720-15-61nj78.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=221&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538548/original/file-20230720-15-61nj78.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=221&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Graph showing the benefits of gas versus electric appliances, as perceived by participants in the study.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Preferences were strongly linked to what people were currently using. Most people preferred gas cooktops over electric ones, because of the perceived speed, ease and flexibility. However, few participants had used electric induction stoves, which can also offer these benefits.</p>
<p>People who spoke a language other than English were significantly more likely to prefer gas for heating and hot water.</p>
<p>For those who had not replaced gas appliances, being a renter was one of the biggest barriers to electrification. Some renters said they lived in poor housing, but were unwilling to request improvements in case the landlord increased the rent or evicted them. </p>
<p>Respondents also said they would struggle to afford the upfront costs of electrification, such as buying new appliances and, in some cases, wiring upgrades and other building modifications. </p>
<p>Many participants were aware of and had received state government assistance to help with energy bills. But far fewer people knew about or had used <a href="https://www.solar.vic.gov.au/home-heating-cooling-upgrades?redirectSrc=heatingupgrades.vic.gov.au">programs</a> that could support them to adopt electric appliances.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/gas-cooking-is-associated-with-worsening-asthma-in-kids-but-proper-ventilation-helps-151591">Gas cooking is associated with worsening asthma in kids. But proper ventilation helps</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Embracing the switch</h2>
<p>An overall strategy is needed to help all households make the shift to electric appliances and technology. Our research suggests this must include specific measures for lower-income households, such as:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>targeted and well-promoted electrification programs</p></li>
<li><p>more evidence-based information on the benefits of electric appliances</p></li>
<li><p>incentives for landlords and standards requiring efficient electric appliances in rental homes</p></li>
<li><p>means-tested rebates for electric appliances such as reverse cycle air-conditioners and heat pump hot water, and where appropriate, no- or low-interest loans. </p></li>
</ul>
<p>These measures should, where possible, be linked to measures to improve household energy efficiency. And lower-income households, as well as others facing barriers to getting off gas, must be included when planning the transition. </p>
<p><em>Researchers David Bryant and Damian Sullivan from the Brotherhood of St Laurence contributed to this article and co-authored the research upon which it is based.</em></p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/heat-pumps-can-cut-your-energy-costs-by-up-to-90-its-not-magic-just-a-smart-use-of-the-laws-of-physics-185711">Heat pumps can cut your energy costs by up to 90%. It’s not magic, just a smart use of the laws of physics</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/209589/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Sangeetha Chandrashekeran receives funding from the Australian Research Council's Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course (Project ID CE200100025). This project was also funded by Energy Consumers Australia (<a href="http://www.energyconsumersaustralia.com.au">www.energyconsumersaustralia.com.au</a>) as part of its grants process for consumer advocacy projects and research projects. The views expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect the views of Energy Consumers Australia.
</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Julia de Bruyn worked for the Australian Research Council's Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course (Project ID CE200100025) at the time of conducting this research. This project was also funded by Energy Consumers Australia (<a href="http://www.energyconsumersaustralia.com.au">www.energyconsumersaustralia.com.au</a>) as part of its grants process for consumer advocacy projects and research projects. The views expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect the views of Energy Consumers Australia.</span></em></p>Victoria has a plan for the state to electrify, but how do we make the transition fair and equitable for everyone? New research suggests a way forward.Sangeetha Chandrashekeran, Senior Research Fellow, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of MelbourneJulia de Bruyn, Associate Investigator, ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of MelbourneLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2072042023-07-18T03:32:29Z2023-07-18T03:32:29ZNIMBYism in Sydney is leading to racist outcomes<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/537217/original/file-20230713-19-oqfqum.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C3904%2C2581&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Inner Sydney has near-zero population growth.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Residents of the affluent east and north of Greater Sydney <a href="https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/the-suburbs-that-are-home-to-sydney-s-biggest-nimbys-20230308-p5cqam">have strongly resisted</a> housing development in their suburbs. This NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) resistance has led to urban sprawl in areas of Western Sydney with a well-documented lack of <a href="https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/content/dam/digital/images/centre-for-western-sydney/WesternSydneyProgressandProspects.pdf">services</a>, <a href="https://mckellinstitute.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/McKell_Super-Funding-Infrastructure.pdf">infrastructure</a> and <a href="https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/1782931/where-are-the-jobs-report-part-2.pdf">jobs</a>. </p>
<p><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197397523000115">Recent research</a> showed affluent Sydney communities closer to the city centre are highly influential and organised in resisting development in their neighbourhoods. The result has been a socioeconomically divided city. </p>
<p>Ethnic segregation is a less-talked-about aspect of this divide. Most population growth in Sydney is from non-white new migrants. Dumping them all in the city’s west, when many are suited for and employed in professional jobs, is not only economically unproductive, it also leads to an ethnically segregated city. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/jobs-deficit-drives-army-of-daily-commuters-out-of-western-sydney-139384">Jobs deficit drives army of daily commuters out of Western Sydney</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>The ethnic divide is growing</h2>
<p>A recent NSW Productivity Commission <a href="https://www.productivity.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-06/202305_01-building-more-homes-where-people-want-to-live.pdf">report</a> shows less than 20% of new dwellings were built within 10 kilometres of the CBD between 2016 and 2021. Unmet demand is greatest in the inner city. As the chart below shows, most residential development has been in the outer suburbs, 30-40km from the city centre. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/537190/original/file-20230713-22-axlryx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/537190/original/file-20230713-22-axlryx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/537190/original/file-20230713-22-axlryx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=424&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537190/original/file-20230713-22-axlryx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=424&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537190/original/file-20230713-22-axlryx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=424&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537190/original/file-20230713-22-axlryx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=533&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537190/original/file-20230713-22-axlryx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=533&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537190/original/file-20230713-22-axlryx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=533&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Net dwelling completions from 2016-17 to 2020-21.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.productivity.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-06/202305_01-building-more-homes-where-people-want-to-live.pdf">Chart: NSW Productivity Commission. Data: DPE; Greater Cities Commission; NSW Productivity Commission</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>NSW Department of Planning and Environment <a href="https://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/research-and-demography/population-projections/explore-the-data">population projections</a> for 2021-2041 suggest the vast majority of population growth is going to be in these outer areas. The projections are based on analysis of historical trends, announced policies and local intelligence. </p>
<p>The map below shows inner local council areas will grow much more slowly than the outer ones. These outer areas also have much higher base populations, so their additional people and residential development are going to be large in absolute numbers.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/537192/original/file-20230713-17-t3oxmp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Map showing forecast population growth for local government areas across Greater Sydney" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/537192/original/file-20230713-17-t3oxmp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/537192/original/file-20230713-17-t3oxmp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=404&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537192/original/file-20230713-17-t3oxmp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=404&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537192/original/file-20230713-17-t3oxmp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=404&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537192/original/file-20230713-17-t3oxmp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=508&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537192/original/file-20230713-17-t3oxmp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=508&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537192/original/file-20230713-17-t3oxmp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=508&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Population growth forecasts for local government areas across Greater Sydney.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Map created by authors using NSW Department of Planning population projection (2021-41)</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Inner-city councils areas, such as Mosman (0.06%), Inner West (0.3%), Woollahra (0.24%) and Waverly (0.17%), are forecast to grow by much less than 1% a year. Most outer council areas are forecast to grow by at least 1-2%.</p>
<p>Inner-city areas also have a much higher percentage of white residents. The map below, constructed using 2021 census data for place of birth, shows this disparity. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/537193/original/file-20230713-30-lp5zxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Map showing percentages of non-white residents for each local government area across Greater Sydney" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/537193/original/file-20230713-30-lp5zxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/537193/original/file-20230713-30-lp5zxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=404&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537193/original/file-20230713-30-lp5zxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=404&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537193/original/file-20230713-30-lp5zxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=404&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537193/original/file-20230713-30-lp5zxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=508&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537193/original/file-20230713-30-lp5zxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=508&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537193/original/file-20230713-30-lp5zxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=508&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Percentages of non-white population by local government area across Greater Sydney.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Map created by authors using ABS 2021 Census data</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>While place of birth is not a perfect indicator of ethnicity, it is commonly used for and serves the purposes of this sort of analysis. The map clearly shows the outer areas of Sydney have a higher proportion of non-white residents. The wealthier inner areas have a much higher concentration of white residents. </p>
<p>These inner areas also tend to have a higher level of NIMBYism and lower population growth projections. </p>
<p>As the map below shows, the concentration of the non-white population in outer areas is also increasing at a much faster rate.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/537195/original/file-20230713-15-wi8ptg.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Map showing increases in percentage of non-white resident population from 2016 to 2021 for local government areas across Sydney." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/537195/original/file-20230713-15-wi8ptg.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/537195/original/file-20230713-15-wi8ptg.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=405&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537195/original/file-20230713-15-wi8ptg.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=405&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537195/original/file-20230713-15-wi8ptg.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=405&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537195/original/file-20230713-15-wi8ptg.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=509&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537195/original/file-20230713-15-wi8ptg.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=509&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/537195/original/file-20230713-15-wi8ptg.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=509&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Increase in percentage of non-white resident population from 2016 to 2021 for local government areas across Sydney.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Map created by authors using 2016 and 2021 census data</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/another-tale-of-two-cities-access-to-jobs-divides-sydney-along-the-latte-line-96907">Another tale of two cities: access to jobs divides Sydney along the 'latte line'</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>And the trend is set to continue</h2>
<p>The national <a href="https://population.gov.au/publications/statements/2022-population-statement">2022 Population Statement</a> shows Australia’s net overseas migration is estimated to be 235,000 per year until 2032-33. That’s about two-thirds of the nation’s total population growth. The report forecasts about 27% (64,000 a year) of the international migrants will settle in Greater Sydney.</p>
<p>Natural population increase (births minus deaths) for Greater Sydney is estimated to be around 36,000 a year. The net effect of internal migration adds up to around 33,000 people leaving Sydney. So most of the city’s population growth is going to be from international migration.</p>
<p>The Commonwealth’s <a href="https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-program-2021-22.pdf">2021-22 Migration Program Report</a> shows more than 80% of international migration is from non-white countries (when we consider the top ten countries of origin). Migration data from recent years also indicate this trend is likely to continue or even grow.</p>
<p>Based on the housing growth and immigration projections, we can conclude population growth will continue to be concentrated in outer Western Sydney, and non-white international migrants will account for most of this growth. This will intensify the concentration of the non-white population in these areas, increasing the ethnic divide between the city’s east and west.</p>
<p>It can be argued, then, that limiting housing options for new immigrants to the outer areas of Sydney could be considered systemic racism. System racism occurs “when racially unequal opportunities and outcomes are inbuilt or intrinsic to the operation of a society’s structures”, as one <a href="https://cognitiveresearchjournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41235-021-00349-3">study</a> explained. And it “can emerge with or without intention to harm and with or without awareness of its existence”.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/bold-and-innovative-planning-is-delivering-australias-newest-city-but-it-will-be-hot-and-can-we-ditch-the-colonial-name-203932">Bold and innovative planning is delivering Australia’s newest city. But it will be hot – and can we ditch the colonial name?</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>By reducing the ethnic divide, Sydney will be better off</h2>
<p>The NSW Productivity Commission’s recent <a href="https://www.productivity.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-06/202305_01-building-more-homes-where-people-want-to-live.pdf">report</a>, “Building more homes where people want to live”, argues that the focus on growth areas in Western Sydney is coming at a high cost to both social wellbeing and government budgets. He recommends the government shift its focus to higher-density housing in the CBD and inner suburbs. </p>
<p>Soon after NSW elected a new Labor government in March, Premier Chris Minns <a href="https://www.news.com.au/finance/real-estate/sydney-nsw/nsw-premier-chris-minns-puts-sydney-nimbys-on-notice/news-story/aef04c273a0b04c81531bd5cf989eaae">stressed the need</a> to counter NIMBYism and build such housing closer to amenities and jobs. </p>
<p>Areas closer to the city centre are where people most want to live. Developing more housing in these areas will make housing there more affordable. It will also reduce the environmental impacts of urban growth. </p>
<p>Continued urban sprawl on <a href="https://theconversation.com/half-of-western-sydney-foodbowl-land-may-have-been-lost-to-development-in-just-10-years-190148">former farmlands</a> and natural woodlands in outer Western Sydney is leading to poorer <a href="https://theconversation.com/another-tale-of-two-cities-access-to-jobs-divides-sydney-along-the-latte-line-96907">economic</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/as-western-sydney-residents-grapple-with-climate-change-they-want-political-action-200917">sustainability</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/climate-change-hits-low-income-earners-harder-and-poor-housing-in-hotter-cities-is-a-disastrous-combination-180960">climate</a> outcomes. New developments are occurring in areas that are <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-western-sydney-is-feeling-the-heat-from-climate-change-more-than-the-rest-of-the-city-201477">extremely hot</a> in summer and <a href="https://theconversation.com/as-western-sydney-residents-grapple-with-climate-change-they-want-political-action-200917">prone to bushfires and floods</a>. </p>
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<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/half-of-western-sydney-foodbowl-land-may-have-been-lost-to-development-in-just-10-years-190148">Half of Western Sydney foodbowl land may have been lost to development in just 10 years</a>
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<p>At the same time, the population in many affluent areas of Sydney has been <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/from-bondi-to-byron-wealthy-suburbs-with-shrinking-populations-20221125-p5c1a2.html">decreasing</a> and these areas are reported to have <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/leichhardt-s-rundown-italian-forum-sold-to-mystery-developer-20230404-p5cy09.html">lost vitality</a>. They also <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jun/08/essential-workers-priced-out-of-housing-near-sydney-workplaces-and-face-even-longer-commutes">lack housing</a> for their essential workers.</p>
<p>There is a need for further research on the relationship between ethnic segregation and our decisions on what to build and where. We need to better understand NIMBYs’ motivations for opposing all development in their areas and the systemic racism resulting from this resistance.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/207204/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>George Greiss is Mayor of Campbelltown City Council, Chairperson of The Parks Mayoral Forum, a non-executive director of Local Government NSW and a member of the Liberal Party. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Awais Piracha does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Inner-city resistance to higher-density housing has diverted most of Sydney’s population growth, driven largely by non-white migrants, to the outer suburbs. The result is a racially divided city.Awais Piracha, Associate Professor of Urban Planning, Director Academic Programs, Geography Tourism and Urban Planning, Western Sydney UniversityGeorge Greiss, Adjunct Associate Professor in Urban Planning, Western Sydney UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2092222023-07-13T20:05:55Z2023-07-13T20:05:55ZHow far to the next electric vehicle charging station – and will I be able to use it? Here’s how to create a reliable network<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/536950/original/file-20230712-22-ztwm9r.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C16%2C5503%2C3641&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">STIV abc/Pixabay</span>, <a class="license" href="http://artlibre.org/licence/lal/en">FAL</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>You’re ready for your first long road trip with your new electric vehicle. But there are nagging questions in your mind. “What if I can’t find an available charging station when I need it?” “What if the charger doesn’t work?”</p>
<p>A new concern is overtaking the once-dominant “range anxiety”, the fear of your vehicle running out of charge before reaching a charging station. “Charging anxiety” now arises from the uncertainty of finding an available and functional charging station when needed. </p>
<p>With <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/electric-vehicle-sales-accelerate-but-not-fast-enough-20230706-p5dm5z.html">electric vehicle sales</a> surging, the reliability of the network of chargers is no longer a potential problem on the horizon. It’s now an urgent matter.</p>
<p>In the United States, the world’s second-largest electric vehicle market, up to <a href="https://www.jdpower.com/business/press-releases/2022-us-electric-vehicle-experience-evx-public-charging-study">20% of charging attempts fail</a>. The most common cause is charging equipment malfunctions.</p>
<p>But what if we told you we already have a blueprint for reliable charging stations? It’s right before our eyes, in our trusty petrol stations. We can draw on the lessons of the petrol network to develop a charging network that’s ready for mass adoption of electric vehicles.</p>
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<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/australias-electric-vehicle-numbers-doubled-last-year-whats-the-impact-of-charging-them-on-a-power-grid-under-strain-201478">Australia's electric vehicle numbers doubled last year. What's the impact of charging them on a power grid under strain?</a>
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</p>
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<h2>How did petrol stations become so reliable?</h2>
<p>For decades, the petrol industry has maintained a <a href="https://www.trilliumenergy.com/en/why-trillium/99-percent-station-uptime">99.9% availability and reliability rate</a> for its fuel pumps. How was this remarkable feat achieved? </p>
<p>The secret lies in factors such as stringent quality control, standardised equipment, comprehensive technician training, robust network design and a mature industry. All these elements work together to ensure widespread reliability. Whenever you need to fill up your car you can.</p>
<p>The contrast between the petrol industry and today’s electric vehicle charging infrastructure is striking. Petrol bowser manufacturing and service station operations have been largely consolidated under a few industry giants. The charging industry is fragmented and lacks standardisation. </p>
<p>Electric vehicle users must deal with variations in plug types, payment options, communication protocols between chargers, and charging speeds offered by different manufacturers.</p>
<p>The influx of new manufacturers and operators makes the situation worse. In their eagerness to seize opportunities in this fast-growing market, these newcomers may struggle to maintain consistent service quality. Early market instability may mean companies are taken over or go out of business, possibly leaving stranded assets. </p>
<p>Another issue is charger ownership and maintenance responsibilities. If a business pays for an electric vehicle charging company to install a charger, it’s not always clear who’s responsible when it breaks. Clear terms of ownership and maintenance, including who bears the cost of repairs or replacements, are needed. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Cars refilling at a service station" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/536954/original/file-20230712-28-d0l72z.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/536954/original/file-20230712-28-d0l72z.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/536954/original/file-20230712-28-d0l72z.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/536954/original/file-20230712-28-d0l72z.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/536954/original/file-20230712-28-d0l72z.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/536954/original/file-20230712-28-d0l72z.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/536954/original/file-20230712-28-d0l72z.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">The petroleum industry has consolidated its refuelling infrastructure into a highly reliable network that drivers trust.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
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<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/australias-adoption-of-electric-vehicles-has-been-maddeningly-slow-but-were-well-placed-to-catch-up-fast-203923">Australia’s adoption of electric vehicles has been maddeningly slow, but we’re well placed to catch up fast</a>
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<hr>
<h2>What can governments do to help?</h2>
<p>Overcoming “charging anxiety” calls for a two-pronged strategy to increase consumer confidence in electric vehicle charging: rigorous efforts by the industry itself, and effective government policy frameworks. Priorities include standardisation, quality control and ongoing skills development, as well as warranty, service and reliability requirements, and monitoring of chargers.</p>
<p>Governments can actively promote standardised charging infrastructure. This will make it more user-friendly and intuitive. </p>
<p>Australia, for instance, doesn’t have an official charging standard. The <a href="https://www.evolutionaustralia.com.au/beginner-guide-electric-car-charger">Type-2</a> charger is merely the de facto default option. The government must rectify this.</p>
<p>Governments can also impose warranty and service requirements. Enforcing robust reliability standards will ensure problems with charging stations are fixed quickly. In the United States, federally funded chargers must maintain an up-time of 97%. </p>
<p>Governments also have a role to play in developing specialised training programs. These will equip workers with the skills and knowledge needed to handle charger manufacturing, installation and maintenance. </p>
<p>Governments must also ensure co-funding grants to develop charging infrastructure are put to the best possible use. These grants should be distributed on merit, giving priority to organisations with proven expertise. This will help pave the way for more robust, reliable charging stations. </p>
<p>Importantly, charger specifications should be rooted in the reality of current customer usage data and foreseeable developments in electric vehicle technology. The focus should be on meeting immediate practical needs, rather than chasing over-ambitious future-proofing.</p>
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<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/thinking-of-buying-an-electric-vehicle-for-your-next-car-heres-the-market-outlook-and-what-to-consider-179293">Thinking of buying an electric vehicle for your next car? Here's the market outlook and what to consider</a>
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<hr>
<h2>Electric vehicle industry has a digital advantage</h2>
<p>Developing a highly reliable charging network is undeniably a challenge. However, the industry has the advantage of being able to harness digital technology. </p>
<p>Integrating Internet of Things technology into these chargers, coupled with data analytics, enables real-time monitoring and diagnostics to enhance charger performance. Operators can then identify and resolve issues before they lead to charger failure, or quickly identify failures and fix the charger. It also enables tracking of communication issues between the charger and the vehicle, ensuring a smoother charging process.</p>
<p>However, reliability isn’t just a matter of technology. Other factors might hinder charging, including physical obstacles such as other vehicles blocking access to chargers. Smart design of charging station locations and efficient management systems can help ensure unimpeded access.</p>
<p>Continuous data collection and analysis enable operators to identify patterns and trends. They can then anticipate faults and perform preventive maintenance. This can minimise downtime and maximise charger availability. </p>
<p>This preventive approach not only ensures more reliable charging for electric vehicle users but also reduces operators’ costs.</p>
<p>So, what’s the takeaway? A cohesive approach will pave the way to a reliable charging network. We must learn from the past successes and limitations of the petrol industry, embrace the transformative power of digital technologies, and adopt policies to steer the industry in the right direction. </p>
<p>Australia needs charging infrastructure that is robust, reliable and ready for electric mobility. It’s a collective responsibility of industry stakeholders and government bodies. As we speed up our efforts to get this right, we can finally put an end to range anxiety and its successor, charging anxiety.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/209222/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Kai Li Lim is the inaugural St Baker Fellow in E-Mobility at The University of Queensland's Dow Centre for Sustainable Engineering Innovation. His position is endowed through the St Baker Energy Innovation Fund, but he does not receive any income from it or any of its portfolio companies.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Scott Hardman receives funding from the California Air Resources Board, the California Department of Transportation, the U.S. Department of Transportation, CliamteWorks Foundation, and the Institute he works in receives funding from many major automakers, infrastructure providers, and energy companies.</span></em></p>There is already a blueprint for a reliable network of charging stations. The industry can learn a lot from the petrol station giants – plus its chargers can harness the powers of digital technology.Kai Li Lim, St Baker Fellow in E-Mobility, The University of QueenslandScott Hardman, Professional Researcher, Electric Vehicle Research Center, University of California, DavisLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2087452023-07-11T20:06:13Z2023-07-11T20:06:13ZTurning the housing crisis around: how a circular economy can give us affordable, sustainable homes<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/536705/original/file-20230711-27-ldp7md.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C5%2C3402%2C2256&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Landcorp's White Gum Valley development is a sustainable housing project in WA.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Josh Byrne & Associates</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Households across Australia are struggling with soaring energy and housing costs and a lack of housing options. Mixed with a climate crisis, economic volatility and social inequality, it’s a potent set of policy problems. Australia needs a circuit-breaker – a bold national project to tackle the climate crisis and support households by shifting to a more sustainable housing industry.</p>
<p>This is a project based on <a href="https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/topics/circular-economy-introduction/overview">circular economy principles</a>. The emphasis is on reducing materials and resources, optimising building lifespan, designing for reuse and zero waste, and regenerating nature. By getting the most out of finite resources, we can minimise waste and shrink our carbon footprint. </p>
<p>Our <a href="https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/403">research</a> for the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute (AHURI) applies these principles to housing. We developed a comprehensive strategy for the sector’s transition to a circular economy. It gives priority to local jobs, access to affordable housing, resilient and functional design, and carbon-neutral, energy-efficient operation. </p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1675960339807223808"}"></div></p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/building-activity-produces-18-of-emissions-and-a-shocking-40-of-our-landfill-waste-we-must-move-to-a-circular-economy-heres-how-206188">Building activity produces 18% of emissions and a shocking 40% of our landfill waste. We must move to a circular economy – here’s how</a>
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<h2>Solving two problems at once</h2>
<p>The circular economy offers answers to the dual challenges of housing affordability and sustainability. These solutions work across households, renters and owners. </p>
<p>Both the climate crisis and the human right to adequate housing demand urgent policy responses. Despite this, new energy-efficiency standards that the nation’s building ministers <a href="https://theconversation.com/7-star-housing-is-a-step-towards-zero-carbon-but-theres-much-more-to-do-starting-with-existing-homes-189542">had agreed</a> would take effect in October this year have since <a href="https://thefifthestate.com.au/innovation/building-construction/victoria-kicks-the-can-down-the-road-again-on-the-national-construction-code/">been delayed</a> in a majority of states. </p>
<p>Standards are the key to unlocking the shift needed to deliver housing that is both affordable and sustainable. In combination with fiscal and financial policy frameworks, business support schemes and education and training, the housing industry can develop its capacity to embrace and exceed standards. Australian households and the planet will benefit.</p>
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<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/7-star-housing-is-a-step-towards-zero-carbon-but-theres-much-more-to-do-starting-with-existing-homes-189542">7-star housing is a step towards zero carbon – but there's much more to do, starting with existing homes</a>
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<hr>
<h2>How can Australia lift its game?</h2>
<p>Housing policymakers across Asia and Europe are actively <a href="https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/circular-economy-action-plan_en">pursuing circular economy goals</a>. As a result, Australia can learn from a wide range of circular economy approaches. Using better designs, techniques and materials, we can readily reduce the carbon footprint of our housing. </p>
<p>As the AHURI report details, a step change of comprehensive housing reforms that lead to more affordable housing and energy bills can also deliver greater resilience and social justice. The strategy identifies four areas of reform:</p>
<ul>
<li>assign a higher value to the sustainability of housing</li>
<li>shift market processes</li>
<li>tilt investment flows by providing incentives for circular housing designs and projects </li>
<li>build the sector’s capacities to deliver sustainable outcomes.</li>
</ul>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/535993/original/file-20230706-17-tzuxhg.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/535993/original/file-20230706-17-tzuxhg.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/535993/original/file-20230706-17-tzuxhg.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=227&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535993/original/file-20230706-17-tzuxhg.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=227&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535993/original/file-20230706-17-tzuxhg.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=227&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535993/original/file-20230706-17-tzuxhg.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=285&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535993/original/file-20230706-17-tzuxhg.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=285&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535993/original/file-20230706-17-tzuxhg.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=285&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<span class="caption">The four areas of reform in a national circular economy housing strategy.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.ahuri.edu.au/sites/default/files/documents/2023-07/Executive-Summary-FR403a-Informing-a-strategy-for-circular-economy-housing-in-Australia.pdf">Informing a strategy for circular economy housing in Australia/AHURI</a>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
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<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/our-buildings-are-driving-us-closer-to-climate-hell-how-do-we-get-back-on-course-to-net-zero-194166">Our buildings are driving us closer to 'climate hell' – how do we get back on course to net zero?</a>
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<p>Our research also recognises the specific forms of housing and the supply chains of materials to build them. These forms include residential neighbourhoods and precincts, new and renovated apartments, and social housing. </p>
<p>Internationally, we see a growing number of “<a href="https://thefifthestate.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Precincts_ebook_final-double-page.pdf">eco-precincts</a>” – walkable, sustainable, mixed-use developments. However, these are still seen as niche experiments, individual and not joined together across neighbourhoods.</p>
<p>Australian apartment building standards also leave much room for improvement. Robust and specific regulations to embed the circular economy in the construction, use and reuse of apartment buildings would provide clarity for the industry. </p>
<p>Apartment projects typically involve major developers and lenders. As a result, success with circular economy practices in this part of the housing sector can be a catalyst for adopting them more widely. </p>
<p>And because a <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/housing/housing-census/latest-release">high proportion of apartments</a> are rented in Australia, higher energy standards for rental properties can help counter increasing energy poverty. </p>
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<p>In social housing, tenant preferences are rarely considered in sustainable retrofits. Circular economy retrofitting delivers benefits for both landlords and tenants, through better design and lower bills. </p>
<p>Energy efficiency and alternative energy technologies have largely driven sustainable retrofit activity in Australia. Less attention has been paid to other circular economy housing priorities. Much more work must be done to extend housing lifespans and ensure passive design as standard practice, drawing on natural sources of heating and cooling such as sunshine and ventilation. </p>
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<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/australia-is-facing-a-450-000-tonne-mountain-of-used-solar-panels-heres-how-to-turn-it-into-a-valuable-asset-204792">Australia is facing a 450,000-tonne mountain of used solar panels. Here's how to turn it into a valuable asset</a>
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<p>We lack adequate data tracking material stocks and flows through the housing sector, including for retrofits. This applies to both new and recycled/reused materials in the construction and demolition waste streams. </p>
<p>Our analysis shows the use of concrete in housing continues to increase. This means <a href="https://phys.org/news/2022-06-cement-carbon-dioxide-emissions-quietly.html">concrete-related emissions</a> are increasing too. Better data systems to track material flows would give us a clearer picture of where to target efforts to reduce embodied carbon in housing.</p>
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<em>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/a-third-of-our-waste-comes-from-buildings-this-ones-designed-for-reuse-and-cuts-emissions-by-88-147455">A third of our waste comes from buildings. This one's designed for reuse and cuts emissions by 88%</a>
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<h2>Towards a national strategy</h2>
<p>Radical decarbonisation is needed. It won’t happen without big shifts in practices and materials. </p>
<p>Circular economy housing is a social project as much as a regulatory reform. Success depends on buy-in to the whole process across all levels of government, civil society, private sector and education and training institutions. </p>
<p>Simply relying on market demand to drive the supply of circular goods and services neglects the nature of current supply chains and the weakness of consumer voices. In particular, the one in three households that are tenants have little say in how sustainable their housing is. Stronger partnerships between governments, private developers and local communities are needed to deliver the scale of change required.</p>
<p>The housing industry can step up, with the support of policy incentives, to embrace leading circular economy practice. Housing has a big role to play in the economy-wide changes needed to achieve sustainable use of materials and net-zero emissions.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/208745/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Ralph Horne has received funding from various organisations including the Australian Research Council, Victorian Government and various industry partners. He led the research underpinning this article which was funded by the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute: 'PRO 53280 - Inquiry into housing in a circular economy'. The AHURI report was co-authored by researchers at RMIT University (Ralph Horne, Louise Dorignon, Julie Lawson, Trivess Moore, Tony Dalton), UNSW (Hazel Easthope, Hal Pawson), University of South Australia (Stefanie Dühr), University of Adelaide (Emma Baker) and University of Tasmania (Peter Fairbrother).</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Julie Lawson receives funding from the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute and co-operates with Housing Europe which supports a circular approach to affordable and inclusive housing. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Louise Dorignon has received funding from various organisations including the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute and various industry partners.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Trivess Moore has received funding from various organisations including the Australian Research Council, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, Victorian Government and various industry partners. He is a trustee of the Fuel Poverty Research Network.</span></em></p>A new report outlines a comprehensive strategy for Australia to reduce the carbon footprint of our homes while making them more comfortable and affordable.Ralph Horne, Associate Deputy Vice Chancellor, Research & Innovation, College of Design & Social Context, RMIT UniversityJulie Lawson, Adjunct Professor, Centre for Urban Research, RMIT UniversityLouise Dorignon, Vice-Chancellor Postdoctoral Research Fellow, RMIT UniversityTrivess Moore, Senior Lecturer, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1953662023-07-11T02:53:18Z2023-07-11T02:53:18ZWhy is it so hard for Local Aboriginal Land Councils to develop land when the public needs are huge?<p>Some of the largest landowners across New South Wales are <a href="https://www.aboriginalaffairs.nsw.gov.au/land-rights/nswalc-and-the-lalc-network-to-aboriginal-land-councils-in-nsw/">Local Aboriginal Land Councils</a>. Given the acute needs for housing and infrastructure, it’s time the state government enabled these land councils to play a greater role in development.</p>
<p>According to the Greater Cities Commission’s outgoing chief commissioner, Geoff Roberts, Local Aboriginal Land Councils (LALC) are the largest landowners in three of the region’s <a href="https://greatercities.au/six-cities-region/six-cities-region-vision">six cities</a> from Newcastle in the north to Wollongong in the south. </p>
<p>Roberts told me the commission’s strategic plans simply cannot be carried out without embedding in them Aboriginal values and perspectives. “We cannot move forward, without going back.” And by back, he meant returning to where it all began with European invasion. </p>
<p>In April, the commission set up the <a href="https://greatercities.au/engagement/first-nations-advisory-panel">First Nations Advisory Panel</a> to “help identify strategic issues in the planning system that work against First Nations people’s aspirations and […] provide advice regarding system-level change to address these challenges”. </p>
<p>Government can learn a lot from the commission’s approach. Recognition is growing within the state government that good development – for housing and commercial purposes, in transport, or within cultural precincts – requires reckoning with the past by partnering with Indigenous communities to deliver the future city. This has led to policies such as the <a href="https://www.governmentarchitect.nsw.gov.au/projects/designing-with-country">Connecting with Country Framework</a> and the <a href="https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/epi-2021-0724#ch.3">Aboriginal Land State Environmental Planning Policy</a>.</p>
<p>Yet good intentions have been slow to deliver results.</p>
<p>I have been researching the work and policy environment of Local Aboriginal Land Councils since 2020 and found they face three kinds of planning and development roadblocks in Greater Sydney: legal and bureaucratic, political, and relational.</p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/how-can-aboriginal-communities-be-part-of-the-nsw-renewable-energy-transition-181171">How can Aboriginal communities be part of the NSW renewable energy transition?</a>
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<h2>Legal and bureaucratic challenges</h2>
<p>Aboriginal land councils are member-based organisations established under the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (NSW). Membership is open to all adult Aboriginal people in each council’s area. </p>
<p>These councils have the right to claim Crown land that is not lawfully used or occupied, or needed for an essential public purpose, among other things. </p>
<p>Land councils can sell, lease and/or develop the claimed land, and are bound by planning laws and regulations like any other landowner. However, land councils are different since they own land acquired through a compensatory framework to redress severe historical dispossession. </p>
<p>In practice, NSW’s <a href="https://www.aboriginalaffairs.nsw.gov.au/land-rights/nswalc-and-the-lalc-network-to-aboriginal-land-councils-in-nsw/">120</a> Local Aboriginal Land Councils face mounting difficulties, both in claiming land and in planning, developing and using their land to benefit their communities and the public. </p>
<p>A 2021 <a href="https://www.aboriginalaffairs.nsw.gov.au/media/website_pages/land-rights/the-aboriginal-land-rights-act-1983-alra/legislative-review/Aboriginal-Land-Rights-Act-1983-2021-Statutory-Review-Report.pdf">review</a> found long delays in determining land claims across NSW. Over <a href="https://www.audit.nsw.gov.au/our-work/reports/facilitating-and-administering-aboriginal-land-claim-processes">38,000 claims</a> awaited the minister’s determination – roughly 70% of the total made in the 40 years since the law took effect. Around 60% were five or more years old. </p>
<p>At the current rate, it will take 22 years to determine existing claims. And land under claim cannot be developed.</p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/in-nsw-there-have-been-significant-wins-for-first-nations-land-rights-but-unprocessed-claims-still-outnumber-the-successes-186121">In NSW there have been significant wins for First Nations land rights. But unprocessed claims still outnumber the successes</a>
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<p>Land councils also find it incredibly difficult to activate successfully claimed land. Typically, it’s disused Crown land on the fringes of suburbs and towns. </p>
<p>At times, this land is downzoned as “conservation” after its transfer to the land council. Land councils must then prepare expensive planning proposals to rezone the land as residential, straining their limited resources. </p>
<p>Recognising these difficulties, in 2019 the NSW government introduced a <a href="https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/epi-2021-0724#ch.3">policy</a> permitting land councils to submit <a href="https://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-05/development-delivery-plan-darkinjung-local-aboriginal-land-council.pdf">development delivery plans</a> for approval by the planning minister. These measures are designed to approach Aboriginal land development strategically and holistically, rather than in a piecemeal way. Their long-term impact is yet to be seen. </p>
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<h2>Political challenges</h2>
<p>Some are unhappy with the “special treatment” of land councils and with their development agenda. Sometimes objections to development come from Traditional Owners and Custodians of the land. </p>
<p>This is partly due to the distinction <a href="https://aiatsis.gov.au/publication/35094">observed</a> by historian <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/heidi-norman-859">Heidi Norman</a> that emerged between “Aboriginal owners” and “land council members” following the Commonwealth Native Title Act 1993. In my interviews, policymakers and bureaucrats have expressed confusion about adhering to cultural protocols while also dealing fairly and professionally with Aboriginal landowners. </p>
<p>But more often it’s non-Indigenous residents who oppose Aboriginal land development. One example, reported as an “<a href="https://www.afr.com/property/commercial/aboriginal-land-rights-test-case-in-sydney-s-northern-beaches-20220309-p5a32l">Aboriginal land rights test case</a>”, involves a proposed development in Belrose in Sydney’s Northern Beaches. </p>
<p>Local MPs, residents and councillors have opposed the plan to develop 71 hectares of bushland as a 450-lot subdivision. They cite environmental reasons, pressures on infrastructure and fire risks. First submitted to the Department of Planning in 2014, the plan became a state <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/local-landowners-call-in-lawyers-over-bid-to-block-housing-in-sydney-bushland-20230308-p5cqcq.html">election issue</a> this year. </p>
<p>A revised proposal gained a so-called <a href="https://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/plans-for-your-area/priority-growth-areas-and-precincts/northern-beaches-aboriginal-land">“Gateway” preliminary approval</a> last month. Opposition is bound to continue through the long approval process.</p>
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<h2>Relational challenges</h2>
<p>Many land councils are land-rich, but most are cash-poor. They are understandably reluctant to sell land. This means they have to find partners to realise their development plans. </p>
<p>The main model for land council developments is joint ventures with private or state-owned developers. Co-design and co-management of projects requires partnerships built on strong relationships. Despite a willingness to engage, both government and industry often lack understanding of the issues land councils face. As a senior planning department official told me:</p>
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<p>That conversation and engagement to understand how you put that cultural overlay and the trauma and the healing into the [planning] strategy […] that is a long, ongoing conversation. And you can’t force it. It has to be organic, and it has to be [based] on trust and rapport. But no government workflow or business case [operates on that timeline].</p>
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<p>Due to this misalignment of approaches and frequent public sector personnel changes, the conditions for meaningful collaboration are rarely met. </p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/indigenous-communities-are-reworking-urban-planning-but-planners-need-to-accept-their-history-92351">Indigenous communities are reworking urban planning, but planners need to accept their history</a>
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<h2>Land councils can be development allies</h2>
<p>NSW Premier Chris Minns recently announced <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/minns-to-turbocharge-sydney-s-density-with-affordable-housing-bonuses-for-developers-20230614-p5dglv.html">incentives for large developers</a> to build higher, denser housing in Sydney. “State significant developments” will be fast-tracked, bypassing local councils and planning panels. </p>
<p>Land councils own large areas of land in areas of immense need. Unlike profit-driven developers, they champion social and economic justice. Yet land councils still face major barriers to development. </p>
<p>What if the government considered land councils as allies in the struggle to meet housing and other needs? Development that properly considers where and how to build and for whose benefit would be better for both Indigenous communities and the rest of the public.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/195366/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Naama Blatman receives funding from The Urban Studies Foundation (<a href="https://www.urbanstudiesfoundation.org/">https://www.urbanstudiesfoundation.org/</a>). </span></em></p>Local Aboriginal Land Councils are some of the largest private landowners in NSW. Making it easier for them to develop their land will benefit Indigenous communities and the rest of the public.Naama Blatman, Research Theme Fellow, Urban Living Futures & Society, Western Sydney UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2067652023-07-05T01:26:04Z2023-07-05T01:26:04ZYIMBYs and NIMBYs unite! You can have both heritage protection and more housing<p>Heritage conservation <a href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/victoria-s-heritage-conundrum-20230630-p5dkuy.html">has been blamed</a> for making the housing crisis worse by standing in the way of new, higher-density housing. But protecting heritage and increasing housing should be complementary objectives. Heritage suffers when not enjoyed by our growing communities. Housing suffers when not shaped by our communal heritage.</p>
<p><a href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691200224/yes-to-the-city">YIMBYs</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/30-minute-city-not-in-my-backyard-smart-cities-plan-must-let-people-have-their-say-59161">NIMBYs</a> are usually on opposing sides of this debate. Yet what they agree on is the desirability of heritage areas. People in both the Not In My Back Yard and Yes In My Back Yard camps want to live in established suburbs, often in the inner city, with attractive <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1026">historic urban landscapes</a>.</p>
<p>Unfortunately, NIMBYs have exploited heritage loopholes to prevent development. There is a problem with how overly cautious practitioners and <a href="https://heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/2020/12/the-state-of-heritage-review-local-heritage/">under-resourced authorities</a> are <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429352713-10/changing-cities-evolving-values-1980s%E2%80%9390s-james-lesh?context=ubx&refId=1b4f749d-521c-4aec-b0d6-d1723b731852">applying heritage protections</a>. So, YIMBYs wrongly blame heritage itself for housing issues. </p>
<p>Empirical evidence that heritage is a barrier to housing supply is practically non-existent. It’s not a talking point among housing experts. The <a href="https://theconversation.com/4-ways-to-bring-down-rent-and-build-homes-faster-than-labors-10billion-housing-fund-205643">real issues</a> are urban policy, the tax system and housing supply.</p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/why-heritage-protection-is-about-how-people-use-places-not-just-their-architecture-and-history-138128">Why heritage protection is about how people use places, not just their architecture and history</a>
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<h2>In support of both heritage and housing</h2>
<p>Heritage should be seen as part of the housing solution. Advocates for both heritage and housing can and have been allies. </p>
<p>In Victoria, for example, architect and politician <a href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/former-labor-planning-minister-evan-walker-remembered-20150217-13gvr5.html">Evan Walker</a> introduced the first comprehensive local protections in the mid-1980s. He was ably supported by <a href="https://architectureau.com/articles/david-yencken-a-modern-day-polymath/">David Yencken</a>, who had been the first chairman of the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2018.1475406">Australian Heritage Commission</a> and a developer of <a href="https://architectureau.com/articles/vermont-park/">innovative suburban housing</a>. These city visionaries recognised that we could keep the best of the past and complement it with new, higher-density builds.</p>
<p>Heritage protections were <a href="http://values.heritage.city/">created</a> at a time when our historic neighbourhoods were at risk of widespread demolitions for inferior new buildings. High-rise towers threatened areas like The Rocks in Sydney and Carlton in Melbourne. A surge in ad-hoc redevelopment put valued homes at risk in suburbs such as Brisbane’s New Farm, North Adelaide and Perth’s Subiaco.</p>
<p>Our heritage suburbs were not desirable like today. We only have our fabulous cities of villages because people fought hard for heritage protections. </p>
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/534959/original/file-20230630-15-e2we55.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="A black and white photo of residents protesting against the development of their suburb" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/534959/original/file-20230630-15-e2we55.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/534959/original/file-20230630-15-e2we55.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=370&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/534959/original/file-20230630-15-e2we55.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=370&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/534959/original/file-20230630-15-e2we55.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=370&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/534959/original/file-20230630-15-e2we55.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=465&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/534959/original/file-20230630-15-e2we55.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=465&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/534959/original/file-20230630-15-e2we55.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=465&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<span class="caption">A residents’ group protests against redevelopment in Woolloomooloo, Sydney, ca. 1973.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">City of Sydney Archives</span></span>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/our-cities-owe-much-of-their-surviving-heritage-to-jack-mundey-138293">Our cities owe much of their surviving heritage to Jack Mundey</a>
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<p>Heritage is about <a href="https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/books/values_heritage_management.html">what we find significant</a>. Eroding protections risks the social, physical and historic fabric of heritage neighbourhoods, the very reasons so many of us – including both YIMBYs and NIMBYs – want to live in them. These areas have vibrant high streets, excellent services such as schools and hospitals, and many transport options.</p>
<p>It’s notable, too, that the smaller block sizes in older suburbs already produce <a href="https://thefifthestate.com.au/columns/treading-the-line-between-densifying-housing-and-preserving-our-built-heritage/">high levels of density by Australian standards</a>. Their walkability and infrastructure also make them more liveable. This heritage of urban vitality is worth conserving and replicating.</p>
<h2>We can build more housing in heritage areas</h2>
<p>A more palatable and sustainable solution is to build well-designed homes, hapartments and townhouses in and around heritage areas. There are architects and developers <a href="https://architectureau.com/articles/2023-houses-awards-shortlist-house-in-a-heritage-context/">who do this</a>. It may be a case of adapting obsolete historical buildings or constructing new buildings on appropriate sites. </p>
<p>When done well, new builds and incremental change improve our historic urban landscapes. Good examples include Perth’s Northbridge, Melbourne’s <a href="https://findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/scholarlywork/1566289-adaptive-histories--the-role-of-architectural-historians-in-urban-redevelopment-outcomes">Collingwood</a> and Sydney’s Chippendale.</p>
<p>Importantly, the best-designed new homes respect local history, prevailing design forms and <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2009.10753406">neighbourhood character</a>. That is a great strength of heritage: it allows us to embrace the most significant and beautiful aspects of our existing built forms and social lives.</p>
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<img alt="A new development rises behind a street of heritage building facades." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/534962/original/file-20230630-17-kpnylj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/534962/original/file-20230630-17-kpnylj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/534962/original/file-20230630-17-kpnylj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/534962/original/file-20230630-17-kpnylj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/534962/original/file-20230630-17-kpnylj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/534962/original/file-20230630-17-kpnylj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/534962/original/file-20230630-17-kpnylj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="caption">In Northbridge, Perth, new builds and incremental change have enhanced a heritage neighbourhood.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Northbridge_Sign_and_The_Rechabite.jpg">The Logical Positivist/Wikimedia</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA</a></span>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/preserving-cities-how-trendies-shaped-australias-urban-heritage-66515">Preserving cities: how 'trendies' shaped Australia's urban heritage</a>
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<p>Heritage is <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/may/07/our-cities-are-not-museums-we-must-stop-nimbys-weaponising-heritage-laws-to-block-affordable-housing">not just about</a> protecting grand monuments along Spring or Macquarie streets. It is also about everyday aspects of our suburbs: the sturdy stone street kerb, the intricate iron and lacework terrace, the worker’s timber cottage, the subdivided Federation home, the industrial warehouse turned apartment block and, of course, uplifting gardens, parks and trees.</p>
<p>The precincts, places and features that are heritage-protected reflect decades of community efforts. Today, residents still must have a <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jun/08/how-gentrified-is-your-postcode-search-our-map-of-australias-capital-cities">right to have a say in planning</a> and to see their heritage protected. Conservation is enshrined in planning and heritage legislation and widely supported by the community.</p>
<h2>Overcoming barriers to densifying heritage areas</h2>
<p>Authorities too often say “no” to appropriate housing in heritage areas. It happens for many reasons, though so-called NIMBYism is a factor.</p>
<p>Many local councils have also had <a href="https://heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/research-projects/the-state-of-heritage-review-local-heritage/">funding for conservation cut</a>, while federal and state leadership in urban heritage is minimal. </p>
<p>Some traditional approaches to conservation do tend to prevent rather than promote reasonable change to heritage places. This is also unsustainable: adapting existing buildings is good for the environment.</p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/frozen-in-time-weve-become-blind-to-ways-to-build-sustainability-into-our-urban-heritage-187284">Frozen in time, we've become blind to ways to build sustainability into our urban heritage</a>
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<p>Many authorities lack the knowledge and resources to ensure new housing is consistent with heritage. We need to equip them with the innovative heritage approaches and creative design outlook they need to make better decisions. Planning and design panels with wide-ranging skills, including heritage, could work with communities to increase housing supply and choice where people want to live.</p>
<p>It’s essential to address the housing crisisc. More people should be able to enter the housing market and enjoy living in established suburbs. We have the heritage, planning and design tools to achieve both objectives. </p>
<p>Heritage strategies for increasing housing supply can include subdivision, adaptive reuse and infill development in and around heritage areas. It’s about designing the best housing for the specific context. Heritage policies should be reviewed and updated across Australia to support these kinds of outcomes.</p>
<p>The urban heritage of Australia’s cities is what makes them among the world’s most liveable. Heritage should not be about blocking housing, but rather about asking “how can we build housing better?”. Let’s embrace our urban past to shape our urban future. </p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/war-on-the-demolishers-probably-not-and-timing-of-nsw-heritage-review-is-curious-159525">War on the demolishers? Probably not, and timing of NSW heritage review is curious</a>
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<p class="fine-print"><em><span>James Lesh has consulted in the area of heritage conservation.</span></em></p>YIMBYs and NIMBYs agree on one thing – they both want to live in desirable heritage neighbourhoods. And despite heritage being blamed for lack of new housing in these areas, it’s not the real issue.James Lesh, Lecturer in Cultural Heritage and Museum Studies, Deakin UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.