tag:theconversation.com,2011:/fr/topics/early-literacy-73849/articlesearly literacy – The Conversation2024-02-12T19:04:31Ztag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2228462024-02-12T19:04:31Z2024-02-12T19:04:31ZChanges are coming to Ontario’s kindergarten program — what parents and caregivers need to know<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/574435/original/file-20240208-24-5pusnq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=14%2C592%2C4927%2C2697&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">'Back to basics' language used by the government distracts from the importance of continuously updating and revising curriculum. </span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Allison Shelley/The Verbatim Agency for EDUimages)</span>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">CC BY-NC</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>Ontario Education Minister Stephen Lecce recently announced Ontario’s full-day kindergarten program is undergoing an <a href="https://www.cp24.com/news/ontario-announces-overhaul-of-kindergarten-curriculum-1.6738400">“overhaul” which will help “to create more systemic approaches to reading instruction and the introduction, in a very basic way, of mathematical skills and numeracy skills</a>.”</p>
<p>What do these proposed changes mean for educators, parents and children? </p>
<p>The proposed revisions must be considered and understood in the context of 1) <a href="https://www.dcp.edu.gov.on.ca/en/curriculum/kindergarten">the current full-day play-based kindergarten curriculum</a>, and 2) <a href="https://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/right-to-read-inquiry-report">recommendations and research that emerged from Ontario’s Right to Read report</a>, released in February 2022, stemming from an inquiry of the Ontario Human Rights Commission (OHRC). </p>
<p>The <a href="https://www.ohrc.on.ca/sites/default/files/Right%20to%20Read%20Executive%20Summary_OHRC%20English_0.pdf">Right to Read inquiry</a> revealed Ontario’s public education system was not using evidence-based approaches to teach children with reading disabilities (and others) how to read. The education minister also said curricular updates are in keeping with <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/right-to-read-inquiry-report-literacy-ontario-1.6378408">the Right to Read report’s recommendations</a>.</p>
<p>While the province says kindergarten updates will be <a href="https://news.ontario.ca/en/release/1004097/ontario-unveils-a-back-to-basics-kindergarten-curriculum">combined with “hands-on and play-based learning</a>” there are concerns that play-based aspects of the curriculum — also grounded in <a href="https://theconversation.com/full-day-kindergarten-the-best-of-what-we-imagined-is-happening-in-classrooms-112602">evidence-based approaches to child development</a> — could be impacted by curricular revisions.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="A child seen holding a book." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/574439/original/file-20240208-18-9w9ojl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/574439/original/file-20240208-18-9w9ojl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/574439/original/file-20240208-18-9w9ojl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/574439/original/file-20240208-18-9w9ojl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/574439/original/file-20240208-18-9w9ojl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/574439/original/file-20240208-18-9w9ojl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/574439/original/file-20240208-18-9w9ojl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="caption">Curricular updates are in keeping with the Ontario Human Rights Commission’s Right to Read report recommendations.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Piqsels)</span></span>
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<h2>Teaching reading isn’t basic</h2>
<p>The “back to basics” language used in the province’s kindergarten announcement is intentionally and strategically tied to Premier Doug Ford’s promise in his <a href="https://ontariopc.ca/">election campaign</a> and is a slogan that Ford (and his team) have <a href="https://www.thestar.com/politics/provincial/premier-doug-ford-says-education-is-going-back-to-the-basics/article_50d11e2c-871b-5818-9c8d-c4aa33b6bc47.html">continued to use since becoming premier</a>. </p>
<p>It is not surprising that this political strategy is being used to market updates to the kindergarten program. </p>
<p>However, this language distracts from the importance of continuously updating and revising curriculum across the kindergarten to Grade 12 education sector. </p>
<p>It’s also important to note that the phrase “basics” is contradictory to what we know about the science of reading: teaching reading is anything but basic and <a href="https://www.aft.org/ae/summer2020/moats">involves understanding reading psychology and development, understanding language structure, applying evidence-based practices and using validated and reliable assessments to inform teaching</a>. </p>
<h2>Ontario’s full-day play-based kindergarten</h2>
<p>The current kindergarten curriculum has been in effect following a 2010 public policy shift. <a href="https://childcarecanada.org/resources/issue-files/resources/issue-files/resources/issue-files/resources/issue-files/resources">Based on recommendations from Ontario’s special advisor on early learning</a>, <a href="https://www.hdsb.ca/Documents/FDK-Parent-Fact-Sheet.pdf">in 2010 Ontario</a> began phasing in full-day play-based kindergarten for all four- and five-year old children. </p>
<p>This shift was also informed by <a href="https://www.oise.utoronto.ca/home/sites/default/files/2023-10/6-2014_-_ontario_s_full-day_kindergarten_a_bold_public_policy_initiative.pdf">interviews, focus groups and published scientific research on early learning</a>.</p>
<p>Essential to the <a href="https://www.ontario.ca/document/kindergarten-program-2016">revised kindergarten program</a> was the play-based structure of the full-day program. So was the delivery of the model by a <a href="https://theconversation.com/a-team-approach-makes-full-day-kindergarten-a-success-113339">teaching team</a> of an Ontario certified teacher and a registered early childhood educator. </p>
<p>Decisions to revise the earlier half-day kindergarten program acknowledged and leveraged research on the <a href="https://theconversation.com/kindergarten-scrapbooks-arent-just-your-childs-keepsake-theyre-central-to-learning-117066">value of play</a> and its role in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3097">supporting academic, social and emotional development</a>. </p>
<p>It is important to note that <a href="https://files.ontario.ca/books/edu_the_kindergarten_program_english_aoda_web_oct7.pdf">misconceptions exist about play-based learning</a>, including the belief that play-based learning means letting children do whatever they want. Evidence-based play-based learning <a href="https://files.ontario.ca/books/edu_the_kindergarten_program_english_aoda_web_oct7.pdf">“…involves educators being deliberate and purposeful in creating play-based learning environments</a>.” </p>
<p>Furthermore, play is a basic human right of all children as recognized in the <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child">United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child</a>. The revised play-based model in Ontario had (and continues to have) both empirical and philosophical grounds.</p>
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<img alt="An educator seen at a table with children with musical instruments." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/574443/original/file-20240208-22-4mox38.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/574443/original/file-20240208-22-4mox38.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/574443/original/file-20240208-22-4mox38.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/574443/original/file-20240208-22-4mox38.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/574443/original/file-20240208-22-4mox38.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/574443/original/file-20240208-22-4mox38.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/574443/original/file-20240208-22-4mox38.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="caption">Educators are involved in the purposeful creation of play-based learning environments.‘</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Shutterstock)</span></span>
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</figure>
<h2>The OHRC Right to Read report</h2>
<p>Changes to the above model are now being made in response to recommendations from the Right to Read inquiry. </p>
<p>The inquiry’s report includes 157 recommendations directly tied to addressing systemic issues affecting children’s right to read. These <a href="https://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/right-to-read-inquiry-report/appendix-1-list-recommendations">involve changes to curriculum, instruction and interventions and screening and assessments</a> related to reading. The recommendations for curriculum and instruction focus on the need for evidence-based direct and explicit instruction. </p>
<p>These recommendations were made based on the <a href="https://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/right-to-read-inquiry-report/executive-summary">most up-to-date research on reading, lived experiences of students, families and educators and informed by expertise in the area of human rights</a>. </p>
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<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/reading-disabilities-are-a-human-rights-issue-saskatchewan-joins-calls-to-address-barriers-214129">Reading disabilities are a human rights issue — Saskatchewan joins calls to address barriers</a>
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<p>The Right to Read report states: “Implementing the OHRC’s recommendations will ensure more equitable opportunities and outcomes for students in Ontario’s public education system.”</p>
<p>In keeping with prior revisions to the Ontario Kindergarten program, current plans to update kindergarten curriculum are being made based on empirical and philosophical grounds.</p>
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<iframe width="440" height="260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/iney0cEpx24?wmode=transparent&start=13" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
<figcaption><span class="caption">Video from the Right to Read inquiry.</span></figcaption>
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<h2>Not an either/or conversation</h2>
<p>As revisions to Ontario’s kindergarten curriculum unfold, stakeholders need to ensure the best scientific research in both play-based learning and early reading are leveraged to ensure the success of all young children. </p>
<p>The beauty is that play-based learning is not an all-or-nothing approach. Drawing on the benefits of playful learning and using these strategies in combination with evidence-based direct instructional practices in kindergarten will be essential to successfully integrating proposed revisions. </p>
<p>There are many educators in Ontario who already offer meaningful play-based learning opportunities and direct and systematic instruction in their classrooms. </p>
<p>This is evidenced in research published in 2016 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2016.1220771">by early childhood researchers Angela Pyle and Erica Danniels</a> and also in follow-up research by Pyle and colleagues in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-017-0852-Z">2018</a> which focused on how play and literacy interface in full-day kindergarten classrooms. </p>
<p>My current research in kindergarten classrooms, to be published later this year, examines how educators use a range of approaches (including teacher-directed play) to support children’s literacy and self-regulation outcomes. This research has, to date, also documented kindergarten educators using systematic instruction in combination with play-based learning.</p>
<h2>Educators need development, resources</h2>
<p>What’s needed is to ensure kindergarten educators are being provided with training and professional development to effectively lead classrooms utilizing both play-based learning and systematic instruction in reading, writing and math. This task is anything from basic — but is 100 per cent possible and necessary. </p>
<p>As curricular revisions are made, we must ask: </p>
<ul>
<li><p>Who are the stakeholders that are being invited to make the revisions to the curriculum? </p></li>
<li><p>Who is missing from the conversations? </p></li>
<li><p>What research is being used? </p></li>
<li><p>What type of training will be provided to educators? </p></li>
<li><p>Will this training include a focus on what it means to teach in evidence-based ways — and how to do so? </p></li>
<li><p>Will policymakers consider class size and sufficient resourcing for teachers so all students have the classroom supports required to ensure these changes will have real impact?</p></li>
</ul>
<p>In updating a curriculum, we cannot merely add additional content for educators to cover each day. </p>
<p>Instead, we need to consider what these changes mean and how we can best support educators in successfully supporting children’s learning — through both play-based learning and direct instruction.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/222846/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Kristy Timmons received funding from Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. She is an Associate Professor of Early Childhood Education at Queen's University, an Ontario Certified Teacher, and a Registered Early Childhood Educator. </span></em></p>We need to ensure the best scientific research in play-based learning and early reading is leveraged, and teachers receive supports to meet children’s developmental and academic needs.Kristy Timmons, Associate Professor, Early Childhood Education, Queen's University, OntarioLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1950922023-01-09T02:50:00Z2023-01-09T02:50:00ZHelp! My kid won’t read chapter books. What do I do?<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/496609/original/file-20221121-15-u8qumb.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C16%2C3716%2C2464&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/boy-reading-a-comic-book-8342188/">Photo by Mikhail Nilov/Pexels</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>Many children start school excited about learning to read. And parents too! After many years of reading and re-reading (seemingly ad nauseam) favourite picture books aloud, it’s thrilling to see your child develop their own reading skills.</p>
<p>But what if they seem to be “stuck” on books that still use lots of illustrations, such as graphic novels, comics or picture books? </p>
<p>Many parents fret about their child still not having fallen in love with chapter books. You might mourn the fact they still aren’t reading the books you loved as a child – the Roald Dahl classics, the Narnia books or more recent releases such as the Harry Potter series.</p>
<p>But the fact is, it’s counterproductive to push your child to read a whole chapter book independently if they are not ready. You might turn them off reading altogether. Here’s what to do instead. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/book-week-its-not-the-costume-that-matters-but-falling-in-love-with-reading-188748">Book Week: it's not the costume that matters, but falling in love with reading</a>
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<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/496610/original/file-20221121-18968-ovwj6y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="A kid flicks through a comic" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/496610/original/file-20221121-18968-ovwj6y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/496610/original/file-20221121-18968-ovwj6y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496610/original/file-20221121-18968-ovwj6y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496610/original/file-20221121-18968-ovwj6y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496610/original/file-20221121-18968-ovwj6y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496610/original/file-20221121-18968-ovwj6y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496610/original/file-20221121-18968-ovwj6y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Lots of kids still delight in books that rely heavily on visual aids, such as comics, graphic novels and picture books.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/crop-child-reading-comics-at-home-4142267/">Photo by Dayvison Tadeu/Pexels</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
</figcaption>
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<h2>Yes, chapter books are important. But don’t rush</h2>
<p>Chapter books are an <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19388070802062781">important step</a> in learning to read. They introduce increasingly complex storylines, themes, characters and settings. </p>
<p>They expand children’s vocabulary (which is <a href="https://ncca.ie/media/4018/improving-reading-comprehension-in-the-primary-classes-professor-timothy-shanahan-university-of-illinois-at-chicago.pdf">essential</a> for developing reading comprehension).</p>
<p>Importantly, when texts have no pictures, children must rely on decoding (recognising sound-letter relationships) to make sense of the words.</p>
<p>This helps with developing reading <a href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED489535.pdf">fluency</a> (reading accurately with expression at a pace that allows for comprehension), and developing reading stamina (maintaining comprehension over longer passages of text).</p>
<p>But the transition to chapter books can be daunting for children. It’s a big leap from picture books, where so much meaning is carried in the illustrations, to books where readers rely solely on the print to make sense of the text.</p>
<p>Your child may not be ready to read entire chapter books independently. They may still not have developed what researchers call “automaticity” in their decoding skills (reading words without having to sound them out). </p>
<p>Automaticity <a href="https://johnbald.typepad.com/files/handbookearlylit.pdf">frees up mental space</a> for paying attention to meaning. In other words, if you have to stop and sound words out all the time, it’s hard to follow the plot and can take the fun out of reading.</p>
<p>Here are some ways you can help your child develop the skills they need to read and enjoy chapter books.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/496617/original/file-20221121-18964-lmrp7g.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Narnia books sit upon a shelf." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/496617/original/file-20221121-18964-lmrp7g.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/496617/original/file-20221121-18964-lmrp7g.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496617/original/file-20221121-18964-lmrp7g.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496617/original/file-20221121-18964-lmrp7g.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496617/original/file-20221121-18964-lmrp7g.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496617/original/file-20221121-18964-lmrp7g.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496617/original/file-20221121-18964-lmrp7g.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Maybe your kids just aren’t into the same books you loved as a child – and that’s OK.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/the-chronicles-of-narnia-book-159778/">Photo by Pixabay via Pexels.</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
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<h2>Choose books that support the transition</h2>
<p>Many books are designed to support young readers, with short chapters featuring plenty of images. </p>
<p>There are picture books for older children, and don’t be frightened of <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1695">graphic novels</a>. As well as visual richness, they often offer sophisticated storylines and themes. </p>
<p>Visit your local library and ask the children’s librarian for suggestions.</p>
<h2>Share the reading, make it fun and keep the conversation going</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01443410903103657?journalCode=cedp20">Share the reading</a>; you read a page or a paragraph, and they read a page or a paragraph, or even just a sentence or two.</p>
<p>This makes reading less overwhelming for kids, but still allows them to practise.</p>
<p>Plan reading time so it doesn’t compete with distractions such as screen time or siblings.</p>
<p>Your child may even like to help read a story to a younger sibling or to grandparents via Zoom.</p>
<p>Read alongside your child so you can share ideas about the story, author or series.</p>
<p>Talk with your child about movies, video games, images, art and comics. All of this talk <a href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED583551">helps</a> build vocabulary and knowledge, which help them tackle more challenging texts.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/496615/original/file-20221121-25-u5sbv3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Two children look at a picture book" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/496615/original/file-20221121-25-u5sbv3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/496615/original/file-20221121-25-u5sbv3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496615/original/file-20221121-25-u5sbv3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496615/original/file-20221121-25-u5sbv3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496615/original/file-20221121-25-u5sbv3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496615/original/file-20221121-25-u5sbv3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496615/original/file-20221121-25-u5sbv3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Let’s not think that picture books are only for little kids.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/delighted-ethnic-little-siblings-reading-interesting-book-on-couch-6437805/">Photo by Marta Wave/Pexels</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Respect their interests and keep it positive</h2>
<p>Let your child explore the books they’re interested in.</p>
<p>Some children are not keen on fiction, and prefer to read about science or the world around them. These kinds of texts <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00461520.2016.1168741">also help</a> develop vocabulary and complex language.</p>
<p>Remember, reading for pleasure is <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12156">associated with overall reading attainment</a> and writing ability. It’s a big part of becoming a lifetime reader.</p>
<p>Yes, you can still suggest books to your child. But don’t get upset if they say no, and definitely don’t insult their tastes by putting down their favourite books and authors.</p>
<p>Whatever their response, keep the conversation channels open and help them feel confident about their own choices.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/496613/original/file-20221121-18827-pfgf3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="A child reads Captain Underpants" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/496613/original/file-20221121-18827-pfgf3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/496613/original/file-20221121-18827-pfgf3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496613/original/file-20221121-18827-pfgf3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496613/original/file-20221121-18827-pfgf3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496613/original/file-20221121-18827-pfgf3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496613/original/file-20221121-18827-pfgf3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/496613/original/file-20221121-18827-pfgf3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Don’t insult your child’s taste in books.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Check your own anxiety levels and accept it takes time</h2>
<p>Children can pick up on <a href="https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/ws/portalfiles/portal/9726474/51099conference%26%2320%3Bpaper.pdfhttps:/researchoutput.csu.edu.au/ws/portalfiles/portal/9726474/51099conference%26%2320%3Bpaper.pdf">parental anxiety</a> about academic achievement. </p>
<p>Anxiety <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26963369/">takes up mental space</a> and interferes with your child’s work as they practise more challenging reading.</p>
<p>Children may seem to master their sounds and letters quickly, but still need years of schooling to develop the knowledge and language they need for skilled reading <a href="https://ila.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1598/RRQ.40.2.3">comprehension</a>. They also need time to get used to the pages of full print and the smaller font size in chapter books.</p>
<p>Accept that learning to read is a marathon, not a sprint. It’s big work for a young person. </p>
<h2>What if I’m still worried?</h2>
<p>If you are really worried about your child’s reading, talk to their teacher and consider if a sight or hearing test is warranted (to check they can see the letters and discriminate language sounds).</p>
<p>If your child does have decoding difficulties, a <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-26550-2_8">systematic approach</a> to learning about sound-letter relationships, and practice in reading accurately and fluently is important.</p>
<p>In the end, though, your most important role is to give time and encouragement, to maintain an interest and enjoyment in reading together and independently.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/5-ways-to-support-childrens-early-literacy-skills-and-build-family-connections-this-summer-184900">5 ways to support children's early literacy skills and build family connections this summer</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/195092/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Bronwyn Parkin is affiliated with the Primary English Teaching Association of Australia. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Pauline Jones is President of the Primary English Teaching Association Australia (PETAA)</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Helen Harper and Susan Feez do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>It’s counterproductive to push your child to read a whole chapter book independently if they are not ready. You might turn them off reading altogether. Here’s what to do instead.Helen Harper, Senior Lecturer in English, Literacy and Language Education, University of New EnglandBronwyn Parkin, Adjunct lecturer, Linguistics, University of Adelaide, University of AdelaidePauline Jones, Associate Professor in Language in Education, University of WollongongSusan Feez, Senior Lecturer, School of Education, University of New EnglandLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1864562022-09-06T20:16:25Z2022-09-06T20:16:25ZHow caregivers can help build children’s emerging language skills<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/482378/original/file-20220901-14792-5mbmre.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C200%2C4677%2C2928&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">It is not just the number of words that children hear that is important — the quality of the language children hear also matters.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Shutterstock)</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>When children develop the ability to understand language, as well as speak and communicate, this helps them interact with others and learn about their world. Research shows that children’s early language skills have a long reach in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0265659020947817">affecting later life outcomes</a>. </p>
<p>Children with better language skills have an <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13540">easier time regulating their emotions and interacting with their peers</a>, likely in part because they can more easily communicate their thoughts, feelings and ideas. </p>
<p>Children with better language skills are also more likely to be ready for, and <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.10.002">succeed in school</a>, and have better <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.04.005">reading and writing skills</a>. When they are older, they are <a href="https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2009/08-0083)">more likely to be successful and fulfilled at work</a>.</p>
<p>Given the clear importance of language skills for lifelong outcomes, it is critical to set children up early for language success. Parents, grandparents, caregivers as well as early learning and care programs can play vital roles in supporting children’s language skills. We present three ways to help build children’s emerging language skills.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="A woman seen holding up fingers to a toddler and talking with him." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/482381/original/file-20220901-27-t4jryr.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/482381/original/file-20220901-27-t4jryr.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/482381/original/file-20220901-27-t4jryr.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/482381/original/file-20220901-27-t4jryr.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/482381/original/file-20220901-27-t4jryr.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/482381/original/file-20220901-27-t4jryr.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/482381/original/file-20220901-27-t4jryr.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Early learning and care programs can play vital roles in supporting children’s language skills.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Bridget Coila/Flickr)</span>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>1. Use language around children as often as possible</h2>
<p>Talking to, around, and especially with children <a href="https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-4276">supports their language learning</a>. This is the case for children of all economic and cultural backgrounds. </p>
<p>Both the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13508">quantity and the quality of what caregivers say matter</a> for children’s language learning. </p>
<p>Our research shows that children who hear more words and sentences have more words in their vocabulary and stronger language skills. So, as much as possible, talk with your children. Even when they can’t speak, children are still absorbing and learning from the language they hear around them.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="A man with two young children and a baby sit around a table." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/481910/original/file-20220830-35381-ix7qgq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/481910/original/file-20220830-35381-ix7qgq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/481910/original/file-20220830-35381-ix7qgq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/481910/original/file-20220830-35381-ix7qgq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/481910/original/file-20220830-35381-ix7qgq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/481910/original/file-20220830-35381-ix7qgq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/481910/original/file-20220830-35381-ix7qgq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Children who hear more words and sentences have more words in their vocabulary and stronger language skills.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Pexels/Keira Burton)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Pretend you are a commentator, talking out loud about what you are doing, why you are doing it, and what’s happening in the child’s environment. For example, when sitting at a park with your baby or preschooler, you might say: </p>
<blockquote>
<p>“Look at the green tree. It’s a maple tree. How many trees do we see? That tree looks different from the tree by the bench…..” </p>
</blockquote>
<p>It is not just the number of words that children hear that is important — the quality of the language children hear also matters. </p>
<p>That means it is important to use a variety of words and sentence structures when talking to children. For example, instead of just pointing to a dog and labeling it, you can describe the fur colour of the dog, talk about what the dog is doing, and ask questions about the dog. </p>
<p>For example: </p>
<blockquote>
<p>“Look at the dog. The dog is so big and fluffy and has such long legs. The dog is running towards the ball. That ball sure bounces. I hope the dog can catch it.”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Caregivers can also ask questions starting with words like “who, what, when, where, and why” to encourage children to provide a more complex response. This gives them the opportunity to use new words and sentence structures in their own speech. </p>
<p>Open-ended statements are also great to encourage language growth. You can use statements like: Tell me more, is that so, and then what happened…? Try to wait at least five to ten seconds to give your child time to respond. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="A mother, daughter and dog." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/481911/original/file-20220830-35381-phq2k6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/481911/original/file-20220830-35381-phq2k6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/481911/original/file-20220830-35381-phq2k6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/481911/original/file-20220830-35381-phq2k6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/481911/original/file-20220830-35381-phq2k6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/481911/original/file-20220830-35381-phq2k6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/481911/original/file-20220830-35381-phq2k6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Talking about different attributes of children’s environments and the objects around them helps children make connections.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Shutterstock)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>2. Read books with children daily</h2>
<p>Shared book reading provides another great opportunity for language learning. Book reading exposes children to new words that are less commonly used in everyday speech as well as a variety of sentence structures. Books are a great way to expose children to high quality language as well as create a unique bonding experience. </p>
<p>Reading together also helps children focus and pay attention for longer periods of time, which helps them learn and sets them up for success in school. </p>
<p>Caregivers can try to make reading with children part of their everyday routine. How you read can help improve the child’s ability to learn new words. Describe pictures, give a definition for new words, ask questions, and incorporate music. Stories provide an opportunity to make links with your child’s experiences. Even when children are still young, invite them to turn the pages of the book and ask them what they think might happen next.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/parents-play-a-key-role-in-fostering-childrens-love-of-reading-121089">Parents play a key role in fostering children's love of reading</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="A dad seen reading to his baby." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/482377/original/file-20220901-4342-arjlg8.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/482377/original/file-20220901-4342-arjlg8.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/482377/original/file-20220901-4342-arjlg8.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/482377/original/file-20220901-4342-arjlg8.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/482377/original/file-20220901-4342-arjlg8.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/482377/original/file-20220901-4342-arjlg8.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/482377/original/file-20220901-4342-arjlg8.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Reading with children helps them focus and pay attention for longer periods of time.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Pexels/Nappy)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>3. Engage in ‘serve and return’ interactions</h2>
<p>Language skills can be developed through everyday interactions between caregivers and children. Sensitive caregivers notice vocalizations, cries, facial expressions, and other clues signaling that children need help, comfort or reassurance. </p>
<p>Sensitive interactions are often called “serve and return” interactions because they are like a game of tennis. The child “serves” a cue by pointing to something, asking a question, or saying something, and the caregiver needs to “return” the serve by repeating, answering or commenting. </p>
<p>While parents can be sensitive when speaking with their child, they can also show sensitivity by comforting a child who is sad or hurt. Our research shows that <a href="https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-3556">when caregivers are sensitive to their child’s needs and engage in serve and return interactions</a>, children develop better language skills.</p>
<figure>
<iframe width="440" height="260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KNrnZag17Ek?wmode=transparent&start=17" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
<figcaption><span class="caption">Video on ‘serve and return’ interactions from Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University.</span></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Even young infants benefit from serve-and-return interactions. For instance, ask your infant a question, and give them some time to answer! When they do, through uttering a sound like “da”, repeat it again, and then elaborate by saying “dada” and connect it to a reference point (like “daddy”) to encourage more language use and understanding. That way, we can support children’s inherent drive to connect and communicate with us.</p>
<p>Children begin learning language as very young babies and continue to develop their language abilities throughout childhood. Caregivers can help develop and enhance this important skill in everyday life by talking, singing, reading and tuning into them!</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/186456/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Audrey-Ann Deneault receives funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and from the Fonds de recherche du Québec - Société et culture.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Lorraine Reggin receives funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and has completed two Mitacs Accelerate Internships in collaboration with Calgary Reads, a not-for-profit literacy organization in Calgary, AB. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Penny Pexman receives funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Sheri Madigan receives funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation, and the Canada Research Chairs program.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Susan Graham receives funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and the Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation through the Owerko Centre.</span></em></p>Given the clear importance of language skills for lifelong outcomes, it is critical to set children up early for language success.Audrey-Ann Deneault, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Psychology, University of CalgaryLorraine Reggin, PhD student, Cognitive Psychology, University of CalgaryPenny Pexman, Professor of Psychology, University of CalgarySheri Madigan, Professor, Canada Research Chair in Determinants of Child Development, Owerko Centre at the Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of CalgarySusan Graham, Professor, Department of Psychology, University of CalgaryLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1849002022-06-27T15:35:45Z2022-06-27T15:35:45Z5 ways to support children’s early literacy skills and build family connections this summer<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/471134/original/file-20220627-12-i5wsh2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C43%2C5656%2C3328&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Cognitive skills related to overall reading success can be nurtured by engaging in activities that develop social skills and positive self-regulation.
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Shutterstock)</span></span></figcaption></figure><iframe style="width: 100%; height: 100px; border: none; position: relative; z-index: 1;" allowtransparency="" allow="clipboard-read; clipboard-write" src="https://narrations.ad-auris.com/widget/the-conversation-canada/5-ways-to-support-children-s-early-literacy-skills-and-build-family-connections-this-summer" width="100%" height="400"></iframe>
<p>With the end of the school year here, parents, caregivers and educators may find themselves reflecting on <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/teacher-questionnaire-pandemic-yearend-1.6025149">another turbulent year in education</a>. </p>
<p>For researchers of children’s literacy, year-end reflections may prompt discussions of the “<a href="https://www.scholastic.com/parents/books-and-reading/raise-a-reader-blog/summer-slide.html">summer slide</a>” — children’s loss of knowledge over summer break, particularly in literacy and numeracy — and what can be done to mitigate this learning loss. </p>
<p>Everyday activities that promote early literacy skills can be pursued in ways that don’t involve <a href="https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-blog/2017/july/summer-break-time-to-learn-or-time-to-let-kids-be-kids">imposing rigorous summer academic work</a>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732216655542">Harnessing children’s interests and experiences</a> and prioritizing their <a href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373271">social and emotional needs</a> are critical to learning and can nurture early literacy skills.</p>
<h2>Prioritizing family well-being</h2>
<p>Although the maintenance of academic skills gained during the school year is important, discussions of the <a href="https://www.scholastic.com/parents/books-and-reading/raise-a-reader-blog/summer-slide.html">summer slide</a> should be carefully situated against the current backdrop of pandemic-related <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/covid-parent-burnout">parental burnout</a>, ongoing concerns of <a href="https://rsc-src.ca/en/voices/learning-loss-while-out-school-%E2%80%94is-it-now-time-to-worry">learning gaps</a> and the need to prioritize <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01744-3">children’s mental well-being</a>. </p>
<p>Within these discussions, a focus on <a href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1124003.pdf">parental supports and resources</a> must also be included. When parents are supported, they are better able to support their children. This is particularly critical for parents with fewer resources or supports than more advantaged parents.</p>
<p>In the classroom, the most effective way to develop early literacy skills is through <a href="https://journal.imse.com/what-is-the-science-of-reading/">explicit, systematic and evidence-based instruction</a>. At home, these skills can be reinforced in subtle ways that don’t interfere with children’s desire and need to enjoy the summer. </p>
<p>Parents and caregivers can nurture early literacy skills in ways that do not place heavy expectations on the domestic <a href="https://jourms.org/motherhood-and-mothering-during-covid-19-gendered-intersectional-analysis-of-caregiving-during-the-global-pandemic-within-a-canadian-context">responsibilities of parents, often mothers,</a> that have already intensified during the pandemic.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="A group of children are seen running outside." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/470851/original/file-20220624-16-7ui0dn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/470851/original/file-20220624-16-7ui0dn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470851/original/file-20220624-16-7ui0dn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470851/original/file-20220624-16-7ui0dn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470851/original/file-20220624-16-7ui0dn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470851/original/file-20220624-16-7ui0dn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470851/original/file-20220624-16-7ui0dn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Children’s early literacy skills can be nurtured without interfering with their much-deserved fun in the sun.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Shutterstock)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Fostering connection, supporting literacy</h2>
<p>The list below details some ways parents or caregivers can foster emotional connection and support early literacy skills when children are home this summer.</p>
<p><strong>1. Offering children space and opportunities for independence</strong>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.02.005">Research shows</a> a connection between children’s self-help skills, self-regulation and reading comprehension. These skills help promote the development of <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19455377/">executive functioning skills</a> such as organization of thought and working memory. </p>
<p>These critical skills are required in the process of <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12355">reading comprehension and decoding</a> — the process whereby children rely on what they know about <a href="https://www.readingrockets.org/reading-topics/phonics-and-decoding">letter-sound relationships to read words</a>.</p>
<p>These activities can look like encouraging independence in daily routines, cooking together or engaging <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-06419-009">in pretend play</a>.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="(A child seen washing dishes)" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/470903/original/file-20220625-22-5vtvol.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=90%2C597%2C5459%2C3358&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/470903/original/file-20220625-22-5vtvol.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470903/original/file-20220625-22-5vtvol.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470903/original/file-20220625-22-5vtvol.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470903/original/file-20220625-22-5vtvol.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470903/original/file-20220625-22-5vtvol.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470903/original/file-20220625-22-5vtvol.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Encouraging independence in daily routines is important.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Shutterstock)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p><strong>2. Get moving</strong>. Mid-20th century <a href="https://www.ortonacademy.org/resources/what-is-the-orton-gillingham-approach">pioneers of the Orton-Gillingham approach</a>, Dr. Samuel Orton and educator and psychologist Anna Gillingham, highlighted the importance of motor development in learning to read. <a href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1249558.pdf">Subsequent research</a> also shows a positive correlation between motor development and emergent literacy skills. </p>
<p>Children who engage their bodies while learning sounds of letters <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/06/220608091403.htm">significantly improve their ability to recognize individual letter sounds</a>. This summer, revamp traditional games such as hopscotch, and add letters. Children can be encouraged to identify the letter and/or corresponding sound while hopping along. Practising drawing letters using a range of arm motions can also engage gross motor movement. </p>
<p><strong>3. Visiting a library</strong>. Many public <a href="https://uil.unesco.org/literacy/libraries-and-literacy-using-libraries-support-national-literacy-efforts-uil-policy-brief-6#:%7E:text=Libraries%20provide%20literacy%20resources%20for,facilitating%20intergenerational%20and%20family%20learning.">libraries</a> facilitate free literacy programs that aim to support early literacy skills and also offer <a href="https://www.litworld.org/virtualreadalouds">virtual read-alouds</a> of children’s favourite picture books. When children can select books geared to their own interests, <a href="https://www.readingrockets.org/article/reading-motivation-what-research-says">it promotes an intrinsic motivation and desire to read</a>. Books can then be enjoyed at home together, which can strengthen <a href="https://www.readingrockets.org/article/fluency-introduction">reading fluency</a>, build <a href="https://www.clel.org/early-literacy/early-literacy-story-times/five-early-literacy-practices/">vocabulary</a> and foster a sense of connection. </p>
<p>Enjoying books together can involve what’s <a href="http://readingtokids.org/ReadingClubs/TrainingModules/ReadingComprehension_PictureWalk908.pdf">known as a “picture walk</a>”: You focus on a book’s pictures, and based on these, invite your child to make predictions about what the story may be about, or engage your child in questions like: What do you think is happening here? Picture walks can also help strengthen <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2021.1888348">background knowledge</a> (a child’s sense of bigger situations or contexts associated with the words) which helps facilitate overall comprehension. </p>
<p><strong>4. Multi-sensory experiences</strong>. Learning that connects and entices children’s senses generates greater neural connectivity and strengthens neural pathways. Engaging multiple neural pathways is beneficial for all readers, and crucial for struggling readers. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="A chlid's hands seen working on play-dough." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/470842/original/file-20220624-18-u2vo4o.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/470842/original/file-20220624-18-u2vo4o.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470842/original/file-20220624-18-u2vo4o.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470842/original/file-20220624-18-u2vo4o.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470842/original/file-20220624-18-u2vo4o.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470842/original/file-20220624-18-u2vo4o.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470842/original/file-20220624-18-u2vo4o.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Multi-sensory experiences can strengthen early literacy skills.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Shutterstock)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>When children are learning letter names (graphemes) and their sounds (phonemes), a <a href="https://www.readingrockets.org/article/phonics-instruction-value-multi-sensory-approach">multi-sensory approach</a> enhances the neurological pathways involved in <a href="https://keystoliteracy.com/blog/the-role-of-orthographic-mapping-in-learning-to-read">key early reading</a> skills. The skill of <a href="https://heggerty.org/blog/phonological-awareness-and-phonemic-awareness/">phonemic awareness</a> is the ability to understand that spoken words are made up of individual sounds, and is one of the best early predictors for reading success.</p>
<p>Phonemic awareness can be encouraged by making letters with blocks, rocks, sticks, lego or other easy-to-manipulate <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-017-9220-9">loose parts</a>, or by tracing letters in sand or dirt outdoors. Invite a child to say the letter sound. If done outdoors, children also reap the <a href="https://childnature.ca/ways-to-invite-learning-literacy-outside/">benefits of engaging in literacy activities while in nature</a>. </p>
<p><strong>5. Literacy on the go:</strong> Letters and text are all around us and this includes the print <a href="https://www.readingrockets.org/article/environmental-print">that appears everywhere in our environments in signs, labels and logos</a>. </p>
<figure class="align-left ">
<img alt="A boy is reading a label in a supermarket." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/470637/original/file-20220623-51718-u3wkpq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=53%2C26%2C5937%2C2991&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/470637/original/file-20220623-51718-u3wkpq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470637/original/file-20220623-51718-u3wkpq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470637/original/file-20220623-51718-u3wkpq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470637/original/file-20220623-51718-u3wkpq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470637/original/file-20220623-51718-u3wkpq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/470637/original/file-20220623-51718-u3wkpq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Literacy on-the-go can look like encouraging children to pay attention to letters and words that appear in labels or logos. (Shutterstock)</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Shutterstock)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Paying attention to this helps children bridge early reading skills. While on an errand, invite your child to identify the letters, sounds and/or words you see. Pointing out letters on license plates can also reinforce <a href="https://abcsofliteracy.com/teaching-letter-recognition/">letter recognition skills.</a></p>
<p>It’s important to undertake these activities with the goal of <a href="https://nurturescienceprogram.org/reading-together-strengthens-emotional-connection/">nurturing emotional connection</a> at the forefront. Parents can also know that during the school year, schools must <a href="https://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/right-to-read-inquiry-report">provide support for students</a> to help all learners develop their reading skills.</p>
<p>Focusing on social-emotional needs and connection are paramount to enriching a child’s love of literacy at home and school — during all months of the year.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/184900/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Kimberly Hillier does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Cognitive skills related to early literacy can be nurtured this summer by engaging in activities that develop social-emotional skills and positive self-regulation.Kimberly Hillier, Lecturer, Faculty of Education, University of WindsorLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1658212021-08-10T03:43:24Z2021-08-10T03:43:24Z‘I was astonished at how quickly they made gains’: online tutoring helps struggling students catch up<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/415341/original/file-20210810-15-18oiup3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C5750%2C3821&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/hispanic-teen-girl-school-college-student-1738498550">Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>One-on-one online tutoring for disadvantaged students has proved highly effective in helping them overcome their struggles with literacy and numeracy. The Smith Family, the national children’s education charity, recently completed a small pilot of the program, Catch-Up Learning, for students from financially disadvantaged backgrounds. Most made <a href="https://www.thesmithfamily.com.au/-/media/files/research/catch-up-learning/catch-up-learning-research-report-final-low-res.pdf?la=en&hash=3C936AAFFA287C6774DB4E59464AABBE">above-expected progress</a> in assessments of their literacy and numeracy by the end of the program.</p>
<p>About 100 children who participated in the program had one-on-one tutoring, with a qualified teacher, up to three times a week for 20 weeks. Being online, the tutoring could be done in the child’s home at a time that suited the family. </p>
<p>The participants were students in years 4, 5, 7 or 8 who were struggling with literacy and numeracy skills. One in five were of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander backgrounds. Two in five had a health and disability issue.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/one-quarter-of-australian-11-12-year-olds-dont-have-the-literacy-and-numeracy-skills-they-need-148912">One quarter of Australian 11-12 year olds don't have the literacy and numeracy skills they need</a>
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<p>The program was informed by strong evidence from analysis by the UK’s <a href="https://educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/evidence-summaries/teaching-learning-toolkit/">Education Endowment Foundation</a> that one-on-one tutoring with a trained teacher is very effective in helping learners catch up. It’s particularly helpful for younger learners who are behind their peers in primary school, and for reading and maths skills. </p>
<h2>What did the program achieve?</h2>
<p>Program attendance was high, including over the summer holidays – an extraordinary achievement given how prized those holidays are! Students were highly engaged and many increased their love of learning over the course of the program. This contributed to the strong improvements in literacy and numeracy they achieved.</p>
<p>Students were <a href="https://www.thesmithfamily.com.au/-/media/files/research/catch-up-learning/catch-up-learning-research-report-final-low-res.pdf?la=en&hash=3C936AAFFA287C6774DB4E59464AABBE">assessed</a> before and after the program. Skills growth was measured, taking into account the length of time the program ran. </p>
<p>The results were highly promising: 86% of students made above-expected progress in literacy or numeracy. Two in five achieved above-expected progress in both subjects. By the end of the program, six in ten students had achieved literacy levels equivalent to or stronger than their year-level peers. </p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1424855040548872194"}"></div></p>
<p>Insights from the tutors confirm a range of positive changes for students. One tutor of a year 5 student <a href="https://www.thesmithfamily.com.au/-/media/files/research/catch-up-learning/catch-up-learning-research-report-final-low-res.pdf?la=en&hash=3C936AAFFA287C6774DB4E59464AABBE">said</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>“[He] is excited to tell me how well he did in a particular lesson […] His attitude toward learning has improved so much as he learnt more during
the sessions and became confident in school as a result.”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Another <a href="https://www.thesmithfamily.com.au/-/media/files/research/catch-up-learning/catch-up-learning-research-report-final-low-res.pdf?la=en&hash=3C936AAFFA287C6774DB4E59464AABBE">said</a> of their year 4 student:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>“I was astonished at how quickly they made gains in literacy […] their reading galloped from struggling with basic texts to being able to read nine out of 10 words.”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Catch-Up Learning confirms what parents and teachers across Australia know – with the right support at the right time, all children can develop a love of learning and in turn develop key literacy and numeracy skills. The Smith Family will use the evaluation to refine the program and move to a second stage pilot with more students. </p>
<p>It is also hoped these findings resonate with education departments and schools during times when students are unable to attend school.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/victoria-and-nsw-are-funding-extra-tutors-to-help-struggling-students-heres-what-parents-need-to-know-about-the-schemes-153450">Victoria and NSW are funding extra tutors to help struggling students. Here's what parents need to know about the schemes</a>
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<p>The program is not, however, a panacea for all the educational challenges faced by many students experiencing financial disadvantage. Participants were on average three years behind their peers in numeracy at the start of the program. Unsurprisingly, despite their significant progress over the 20 weeks, they didn’t make up this large gap. There is more to be done.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Young boy prepares to write as he talks with someone on his laptop" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/415346/original/file-20210810-19-1foxb2n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/415346/original/file-20210810-19-1foxb2n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/415346/original/file-20210810-19-1foxb2n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/415346/original/file-20210810-19-1foxb2n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/415346/original/file-20210810-19-1foxb2n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/415346/original/file-20210810-19-1foxb2n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/415346/original/file-20210810-19-1foxb2n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Giving students the skills they need to re-engage with learning is an essential step in catching up with their peers.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/happy-gen-z-school-kid-headphones-2002131674">Shutterstock</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Why does this skills gap matter?</h2>
<p>In our technology-rich 21st century, strong literacy and numeracy skills are prerequisites for Australians to find a job, access services, participate in e-commerce and keep connected.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/yes-adult-literacy-should-be-improved-but-governments-can-make-their-messages-easier-to-read-right-now-164621">Yes, adult literacy should be improved. But governments can make their messages easier to read right now</a>
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<p>Unfortunately, <a href="https://www.vu.edu.au/sites/default/files/educational-opportunity-in-australia-2020.pdf">research</a> shows a clear and persistent relationship in Australia between socioeconomic background and students’ educational outcomes.
Foundations for success in literacy and numeracy are laid early on. </p>
<p>Childhood maths skills are predictive of later learning and achievement. Children who enjoy reading, read more. This, in turn, helps them to become strong readers. The converse is also true – poor readers lose motivation, tend to read less, and this leads them to falling further behind.</p>
<p>Data from international assessments show significant numbers of Australian children are not meeting important literacy and numeracy benchmarks. In the latest Trends in International Maths and Science Study (<a href="https://www.acer.org/au/timss">TIMSS</a>), less than half (48%) of Australia’s year 4 students from low socioeconomic backgrounds achieved or exceeded the national proficiency standard in numeracy, compared to 82% of those from high socioeconomic backgrounds.</p>
<p>Similarly, the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (<a href="https://www.acer.org/au/pirls">PIRLS</a>) shows 57% of year 4 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students met the national proficiency standard, compared to 83% of non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students.</p>
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<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/1-in-4-australian-year-8s-have-teachers-unqualified-in-maths-this-hits-disadvantaged-schools-even-harder-161100">1 in 4 Australian year 8s have teachers unqualified in maths — this hits disadvantaged schools even harder</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>These gaps have persisted despite the efforts of students, parents, teachers and schools over many years. They’re also pre-COVID gaps, with <a href="https://grattan.edu.au/report/covid-catch-up/">concerns</a> that remote learning <a href="https://www.vu.edu.au/sites/default/files/impact-of-learning-from-home-federal-government-brief-mitchell-institute.pdf">may have widened them</a>. These children are in danger of not being able to participate economically and socially in our community. </p>
<h2>Australia must invest in catching up</h2>
<p>We can and must do better. These skills gaps aren’t inevitable. </p>
<p>The Catch-Up Learning program confirms international evidence of the value of tutoring for helping children who are behind in literacy and numeracy. But through its innovations – using online technology so tutoring takes place in the student’s home, with their carer’s engagement a key component – it has gone further. These innovations contributed to the outcomes achieved.</p>
<p>So Catch-Up Learning is helping to build the evidence base of how young Australians can be supported to achieve educationally. Australia should seize the opportunity to build on this work.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/165821/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Sue Thomson does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>The evidence clearly shows one-on-one tutoring improves disadvantaged students’ skills. An Australian pilot program has now shown the benefits of online tutoring that supports students in their homes.Sue Thomson, Deputy CEO (Research), Australian Council for Educational ResearchLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1210892019-09-18T23:18:49Z2019-09-18T23:18:49ZParents play a key role in fostering children’s love of reading<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/290989/original/file-20190904-175691-1mzi2qh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=7%2C1%2C991%2C663&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Reading books with your child means children learn to connect reading with feelings of warmth and sharing. </span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Shutterstock)</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Learning to read is one of the most important developmental achievements of childhood, and it sets the stage for later school and life success. But learning to read is not straightforward. As child development researchers, parents often ask us how they can help their children to become good readers.</p>
<p>Parents can play a key role in supporting the development of children’s early language skills and fostering a love of reading, before and after children start formal schooling.</p>
<h2>Literacy begins early</h2>
<p>The building blocks of literacy are laid down during infancy. Even <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12564">newborn babies’ brains are sensitive to the sounds and complexities of language</a>. Babies don’t just need to hear language, they need to participate in language too. </p>
<p>Even though babies may only be able to say sounds like “ga,” “ba,” and “da,” they benefit from having these sounds repeated back to them in what are called conversational turns. A <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617742725">recent study</a> found that the number of conversational turns between babies and parents is a key ingredient to building language skills.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/292305/original/file-20190912-190012-fvilpg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/292305/original/file-20190912-190012-fvilpg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/292305/original/file-20190912-190012-fvilpg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/292305/original/file-20190912-190012-fvilpg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/292305/original/file-20190912-190012-fvilpg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/292305/original/file-20190912-190012-fvilpg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/292305/original/file-20190912-190012-fvilpg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">The number of conversational turns between babies and parents is key to building language skills.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Shutterstock)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>So, when your baby says “ba,” respond. You can repeat “ba” or ask “Is that so?” or try to guess what they are saying (“Did you see a ball?”).</p>
<p>We know that <a href="https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2018/09/06/peds.2017-4276..info?versioned=true">babies who hear more words, speak more words and who hear more complex language produce more complex language later in childhood</a>. These language skills help children get ready to read.</p>
<h2>Early childhood</h2>
<p>As babies turn into toddlers and preschoolers, <a href="https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2017.14">their language gets more complex and they start to build the knowledge of words that they will eventually need for reading</a>. By building language skills, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2014.09.010">preschoolers are also developing the attention, memory and thinking skills</a> that will prepare them for school.</p>
<p>Preschoolers <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468798415608907">benefit from having books read to them</a>. When parents read to children, it helps <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30908424">build children’s vocabulary</a> and expands conversations. You can start with short picture books like <em>Goodnight Moon</em> and move onto longer picture books like <em>Where the Wild Things Are</em> or <em>Corduroy</em>.</p>
<p>Preschoolers also learn <a href="https://bold.expert/learning-new-words-through-play">important language skills during play</a>. Board games, games like “I Spy,” singalongs and acting out stories all help build the language skills they need for learning to read. When parents interact and talk out loud with toddlers and preschoolers during play, it supports the child’s learning of sounds and words.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/292307/original/file-20190912-190031-f0nsh1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/292307/original/file-20190912-190031-f0nsh1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/292307/original/file-20190912-190031-f0nsh1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/292307/original/file-20190912-190031-f0nsh1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/292307/original/file-20190912-190031-f0nsh1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/292307/original/file-20190912-190031-f0nsh1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/292307/original/file-20190912-190031-f0nsh1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Reading books and talking with your child helps your child build a positive attitude towards language and literacy.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Shutterstock)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Having conversations, reading books to your child and playing with your child are all activities that help your child build a positive attitude towards language and literacy. They will learn to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5728185/">connect reading with feelings of warmth and sharing</a>. You can encourage them to choose the books, and the place where you will read them, and in turn start to foster their identity as a reader. These positive experiences support your child’s emotional and intellectual development.</p>
<h2>Ready to read</h2>
<p>Researchers have long debated how children learn how to read, and how best to teach them. Today, it is <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1529100618772271">clear that children need explicit phonics instruction (learning which sounds match different letters), lots of practice, and support for understanding written material</a>. This means that children must learn how to “crack the code” of reading.</p>
<p>Children need to learn that lines, curves and dots make up a letter and that each letter matches to a sound. Although the English language has 26 letters, <a href="https://alphabeticcodecharts.com/yep_2013_Amer_Can_Alphabetic_Code_complete_picture_chart.pdf">these letters make up 44 different sounds</a>. Children start to learn that the letters are paired up with certain sounds through various activities at school, and you can help your child practise when they read <a href="https://www.readingrockets.org/">out loud to you at home</a>.</p>
<p>Once children have learned to map sounds to letters, they need to learn to map the sounds to meaning or match the sounds to the words they know. They also need to build reading fluency. Fluency means reading accurately, smoothly and with expression. As a child gains fluency, they read more naturally, faster and more easily.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/292330/original/file-20190912-190007-2gdmdv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/292330/original/file-20190912-190007-2gdmdv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=428&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/292330/original/file-20190912-190007-2gdmdv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=428&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/292330/original/file-20190912-190007-2gdmdv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=428&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/292330/original/file-20190912-190007-2gdmdv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=538&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/292330/original/file-20190912-190007-2gdmdv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=538&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/292330/original/file-20190912-190007-2gdmdv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=538&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">As a child gains reading fluency, they read faster.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Shutterstock)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Parent tips for early readers</h2>
<p>Most children begin home reading programs in Grade 1 and continue with home reading into grades 2 and 3. Below are some suggestions for nurturing and building a positive home reading experience.</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Try to set aside at least 15 minutes a day for reading time.</p></li>
<li><p>Consider the factors that set reading up for success in your home. For example: What times of day might work best for your child to do their home reading with you? Where do they most like to read, on the couch or in their bed?</p></li>
<li><p>Practise reading books that are simple and easy for your child to repeat. If your child cannot get through the book, the level may be too advanced.</p></li>
<li><p>Point out periods and commas where your child should pause, and talk about using different voices. Point out different kinds of expressions. For example, if the character in the story said “STOP IT,” you could explain to your child that they could use a louder voice.</p></li>
<li><p>Indulge and support your child’s love of certain stories. The best way for children to become fluent readers on their own is through practice, and repeating beloved stories is one way to encourage practice.</p></li>
<li><p>Continue to read to your child. When parents read, children can listen and enjoy books that they wouldn’t be able to read yet. This helps build their vocabulary and enjoyment.</p></li>
<li><p>Check your child’s understanding of the book. You can help your child by asking questions before, during and after reading. Your questions create opportunities for conversation. You might ask questions like: </p></li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>“Why do you think the children snuck downstairs?”</p>
<p>“Does this story remind you of anything we have done?”</p>
<p>“Leaped is an interesting word. What does that mean? Do you know another word we could have used there?” </p>
</blockquote>
<p>Then you could mention jumped, hopped or skipped.</p>
<p>Some children will learn to read more quickly than others, but <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1529100618772271">all children need practice</a> to become skilled readers. A consistent home reading program can start children on the path to literacy and all of its benefits.</p>
<p>[ <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/ca/newsletters?utm_source=TCCA&utm_medium=inline-link&utm_campaign=newsletter-text&utm_content=thanksforreading">Thanks for reading! We can send you The Conversation’s stories every day in an informative email. Sign up today.</a></em> ]</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/121089/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Penny Pexman receives funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Sheri Madigan receives funding from Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, the Canada Research Chairs program and the Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Susan Graham receives funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and the Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Lorraine Reggin does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Early experiences sharing and developing positive connections, language and communication set the stage for home reading to start children on the path to literacy.Lorraine Reggin, PhD student, Cognitive Psychology, University of CalgaryPenny Pexman, Professor of Psychology, University of CalgarySheri Madigan, Assistant Professor, Canada Research Chair in Determinants of Child Development, Owerko Centre at the Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of CalgarySusan Graham, Professor and Director, Owerko Centre, University of CalgaryLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1217852019-08-14T21:34:24Z2019-08-14T21:34:24ZA day at the beach: Deep learning for a child<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/288069/original/file-20190814-136217-qej3jx.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Memories and the experiences gained through play are foundational to one's lifelong learning. </span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Shutterstock)</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>The beach offers a wide open playscape where children are fuelled by curiosity. Whether at the beach or elsewhere outdoors, it helps to take a moment to see the world through the lens of a child who is discovering the world anew, and slow down to be present. </p>
<p>Part of what happens through children’s play is the exhilaration of making choices. These choices, and their consequences, are <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187704281403571X">part of the child’s emerging sense of agency and identity</a>.</p>
<p>Children’s inquisitive minds crave opportunities that allow them to become designers, builders, mathematicians and innovators of their world. </p>
<p>Sand sculptures crumble, but both memories and the <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/children1030280">experiences gained through play are foundational to one’s lifelong learning</a>. As a parent or guardian, you can support the deep learning that happens through play throughout your child’s day, and later when you revisit treasured memories. </p>
<h2>Wide-open choices</h2>
<p>The beach landscape is ever-changing, presenting challenges to overcome — and endless choices with which to experiment. Children’s author Douglas Wood beautifully narrates the precious thrill a child experiences in his book <em>No One But You</em>; he explores moments where children come to <a href="http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/childcare/HowLearningHappens.pdf">understand themselves and how they are uniquely connected to the world</a>. </p>
<figure class="align-right ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/287877/original/file-20190813-9431-khdywl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/287877/original/file-20190813-9431-khdywl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=696&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287877/original/file-20190813-9431-khdywl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=696&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287877/original/file-20190813-9431-khdywl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=696&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287877/original/file-20190813-9431-khdywl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=875&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287877/original/file-20190813-9431-khdywl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=875&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287877/original/file-20190813-9431-khdywl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=875&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">‘No One But You’ by Douglas Wood.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Candlewick Press)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Design choices stretch beyond the horizon. Pools that children dig in the sand are tubs for dollies, watering holes for dinosaurs or giant castle moats. For children, the goal isn’t always a finished project. A child may be challenging themselves to dig deeper, pile higher or make winding paths for water longer. </p>
<p>Experiencing setbacks is a natural part of life, and when children try again or try something in a new way, they build their perseverance in addition to developing self-regulation. Learning and life are all about overcoming challenges, so understanding <a href="https://www.pearsoncanadaschool.com/index.cfm?locator=PS1vM5">how to regulate oneself is foundational</a> for psychological, physical, behavioural and educational well-being. </p>
<p>Stuart Shanker, professor emeritus at York University in psychology and philosophy, and an expert in self-regulation, summarizes self-regulation as “<a href="http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/childcare/shanker.pdf">the way in which people manage stresses in their lives</a>.” </p>
<p>When a child is filling and building, chasing seagulls and otherwise exploring the varied terrain of the beach, they are managing stresses that come into play. Sand castles may falter at an unanticipated time, waves may wash away a sandy message, wind and rain might dampen a plan and bridges may collapse. </p>
<p>The unpredictability of problem-solving lends itself to challenges, successes and failures. </p>
<h2>Multisensory pathways</h2>
<p>When children can run their fastest, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13502930701321733">managing the varied risks</a> and stressors of the terrain, they stumble, roll and recover, realizing their physical capabilities. They are developing <a href="https://sportforlife.ca/portfolio-view/developing-physical-literacy-a-guide-for-parents-of-children-ages-0-to-12/">physical literacy</a>, building their motivation, confidence, competence and disposition to pursue being active. </p>
<p>The beach is an an organic symphony of sound with the wind whistling, the waves lapping and the birds calling. The open sky, always changing, invites the clouds to be watched. </p>
<figure class="align-right ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/287881/original/file-20190813-9442-qie9c1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/287881/original/file-20190813-9442-qie9c1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=354&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287881/original/file-20190813-9442-qie9c1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=354&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287881/original/file-20190813-9442-qie9c1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=354&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287881/original/file-20190813-9442-qie9c1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=444&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287881/original/file-20190813-9442-qie9c1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=444&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287881/original/file-20190813-9442-qie9c1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=444&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">‘Wave’ by Suzy Lee.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Chronicle Books)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Suzy Lee’s wordless book <em>Wave</em> captures the rich drama and choreography of a child’s play day on the beach. </p>
<p>The beach presents a plethora of <a href="https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/cognitive_development_and_sensory_play">sensory choices</a> with which to contend. Through these sensory engagements a child <a href="https://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/inbrief-science-of-ecd/">builds multisensory brain pathways</a> and <a href="https://doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2004.5.1.10">explores ways to live as part of the ecosystem</a>.</p>
<p>Imagination is ignited when children explore the variety of textures, shapes and sizes of nature’s gifts. Pebbles, shells, sand grains and sticks offer multiple possibilities for being <a href="https://activeforlife.com/making-use-of-loose-parts/">manipulated and moved</a>. Mixing in a little water adds even more choice of colour and texture to the malleable medium. </p>
<h2>Supporting learning with talk</h2>
<p>Undoubtedly there will be conversations carried by the breeze. </p>
<blockquote>
<p>“I did it! I DID IT! It’s flying!!!”</p>
<p>“Hey Wave! You can’t catch me!”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-professor-james-britton-1428143.html">late great British language theorist</a> James Britton discussed how <a href="https://books.google.ca/books/about/Language_and_Learning.html?id=YDgmAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y">literacy floats on a sea of talk</a>.</p>
<p>As adults around children, we can listen to and observe children’s rich talk. In a play-based learning environment, educators of young children support learning through talk. For example, the adult can linger on the sidelines, and without interrupting children’s play, when the opportunity opens up, the adult can help name what the child is demonstrating. Or alternately, the adult can invite the child to talk about their ideas. For example: </p>
<blockquote>
<p>“You’ve really worked hard to dig that deep hole! I see how you worked together to keep the water out. Your faces sure look proud and you didn’t give up even when it was tricky, you tried again.”</p>
<p>“This looks very exciting! Can you tell me about what you are building?!”</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="align-right ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/287879/original/file-20190813-9419-i4s2a7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/287879/original/file-20190813-9419-i4s2a7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=595&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287879/original/file-20190813-9419-i4s2a7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=595&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287879/original/file-20190813-9419-i4s2a7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=595&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287879/original/file-20190813-9419-i4s2a7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=748&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287879/original/file-20190813-9419-i4s2a7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=748&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287879/original/file-20190813-9419-i4s2a7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=748&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">‘Picture the Sky’ by Barbara Reid.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(North Winds Press)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Barbara Reid’s book <em>Picture the Sky</em> illustrates how the sky can evoke observation and conversation, and demonstrates how <a href="https://www.literacytoday.ca/primary/talk/the-role-of-talk-in-learning/">building on children’s talk leads to greater capacities to read the world</a>. </p>
<p>Adults may notice that children are engaging in early mathematics experiences in ways that matter to them. You can help to name the math that comes to the surface in moments that won’t disrupt the flow of children’s play. For example: </p>
<blockquote>
<p>“That hole looks even bigger! I wonder how many buckets of water it might take to fill it? Shall we count them together?”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Mucking around with a problem and making possible solution choices can lead to powerful learning.</p>
<h2>Leaving the beach and at home</h2>
<p>Even under the open sky, children are experiencing patterns as time passes and the sun’s position and shadows change.</p>
<p>Inevitably, the beach day must come to an end. This transition can be a stressor because <a href="http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/childcare/ResearchBriefs.pdf">the child is leaving something they have been enjoying</a>.</p>
<p>Letting the child know it will be <a href="https://www.naeyc.org/resources/pubs/yc/sep2018/reducing-challenging-behaviors-during-transitions">time to leave</a> - for example, by setting a stopwatch alarm with your child — and talking about what needs to be done to clean up, creates time to prepare for the transition and opportunity to take ownership of a tidying role.</p>
<figure class="align-right ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/287889/original/file-20190813-9419-6z2sac.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/287889/original/file-20190813-9419-6z2sac.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=494&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287889/original/file-20190813-9419-6z2sac.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=494&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287889/original/file-20190813-9419-6z2sac.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=494&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287889/original/file-20190813-9419-6z2sac.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=620&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287889/original/file-20190813-9419-6z2sac.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=620&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/287889/original/file-20190813-9419-6z2sac.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=620&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">‘Day at the Beach’ by Tom Booth.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Simon and Schuster)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>At home, in the days that follow, you can connect with your child as you revisit their play memories. </p>
<p>Tom Booths’ book <em>Day at the Beach</em> is sure to spark recollections of these shared moments. It explores how children find purpose and challenge themselves beyond what they know, learning along the way. </p>
<p>Making choices, encountering unexpected challenges and social experiences all help to build far more than sand castles! </p>
<p>[ <em>Like what you’ve read? Want more?</em> <a href="https://theconversation.com/ca/newsletters?utm_source=TCCA&utm_medium=inline-link&utm_campaign=newsletter-text&utm_content=likethis">Sign up for The Conversation’s daily newsletter</a>. ]</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/121785/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Through a play day filled with choices at the beach with supportive adults, unexpected challenges and social experiences all help children to build far more than sand castles.Lotje Hives, Research Collaborator, Part-time Instructor, Schulich School of Education, Nipissing UniversityTara-Lynn Scheffel, Associate Professor, Schulich School of Education, Nipissing UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1199872019-07-22T20:46:07Z2019-07-22T20:46:07Z7 favourite books for connecting with your preschooler<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/284614/original/file-20190717-147265-k00nxr.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=1%2C101%2C997%2C441&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Whether indoors or outdoors, building a makeshift creative space to share the joy of books lays a foundation for early literacy. </span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Shutterstock)</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>A preschooler’s day is a world of adventure fuelled by an unbridled imagination. Sparked by curiosity, they set out to discover anything and everything new while <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/literacy-preschool-parents-pediatric-1.4817374">sharing about their discoveries</a>. Young children’s learning develops through making and testing theories continually. It’s exhilarating work!</p>
<p>When adults <a href="http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/literacynumeracy/inspire/research/WW_Early_Language.pdf">notice children’s ideas and theories as well as name and build children’s vocabulary through talk</a>, or when they encourage children to <a href="https://sites.google.com/a/alaska.edu/diane-kardash/Home/making-connections">make connections</a> to previous experiences as they read together, they help <a href="http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/literacynumeracy/inspire/research/ww_Supporting_Learning_Through_Play.pdf">nourish positive attitudes about literacy</a>. </p>
<p>For those slow-down moments when you as a child’s caregiver are looking for ways to <a href="http://nieer.org/2013/11/27/picture-books-throughout-early-childhood">model and enjoy literacy together</a>, one cost-friendly idea is to create a nook or nest (indoors or out) for reading. Your book nest can be as uncomplicated as gathering a sheet, some clothespins, the couch cushions and a couple of chairs.</p>
<h2>Loose parts play</h2>
<p>What is the source of all the excitement? When the child, with you alongside, can use these items <a href="http://www.imagineeducation.com.au/files/CHCECE018022/14.pdf">to design a little tent</a> or cushion nest, they are engineering spaces of their very own. The child is experiencing what early childhood development experts <a href="https://doi.org/10.18357/jcs.v42i4.18103">call loose parts play</a>: through manipulating free and loose parts, children delight in becoming architects of spaces they share. </p>
<p>With loose parts play, items can be used in multiple ways for designing, creating and testing prototypes. Every peg point and toppled pillow will offer problem-solving scenarios that call for solutions. And let’s not forget that with some pillows and soft blankets inside, the opportunity arises for the caregiver to lay back and relax!</p>
<p>Next, consider having your child fill an old cereal box, basket or cloth tote full of their favourite books to explore in their newly designed space. </p>
<h2>Books for your cozy space</h2>
<p>These seven titles are packed full of adventure and are worth a look at your local library. You may find your child asks to read favourite books over and over, celebrating the <a href="https://www.readingrockets.org/article/reading-your-child">joy of reading!</a> </p>
<h2>1. <em>Knuffle Bunny</em></h2>
<figure class="align-right ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/284751/original/file-20190718-116569-112sc3k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/284751/original/file-20190718-116569-112sc3k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=423&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284751/original/file-20190718-116569-112sc3k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=423&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284751/original/file-20190718-116569-112sc3k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=423&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284751/original/file-20190718-116569-112sc3k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=532&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284751/original/file-20190718-116569-112sc3k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=532&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284751/original/file-20190718-116569-112sc3k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=532&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Knuffle Bunny.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Walker Books Ltd.)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>By Mo Willems (2005, Walker Books Ltd.) </p>
<p>Picture books with human characters <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/uoft-storybook-research-1.4256881">offer opportunities to explore pro-social behaviour</a>. In <a href="http://www.walker.co.uk/Knuffle-Bunny-9781844280599.aspx"><em>Knuffle Bunny</em></a>, a family’s trip to the laundromat leads to mapping their way through the neighbourhood and exploring how faces and body language express how people feel. In the streetscape depicted, your child may recognize what early childhood educators talk about as environmental print — <a href="https://www.readingrockets.org/article/environmental-print">signs, labels and logos</a> visible in our everyday world. Children’s early curiosity about text and signs all around them is part of a first stage of reading awareness. They will begin to read the environmental print as they recognize shapes, colours, numbers and letters.</p>
<hr>
<h2>2. <em>Not a Box</em></h2>
<figure class="align-right ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/284550/original/file-20190717-147299-11qal7h.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/284550/original/file-20190717-147299-11qal7h.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284550/original/file-20190717-147299-11qal7h.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284550/original/file-20190717-147299-11qal7h.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284550/original/file-20190717-147299-11qal7h.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284550/original/file-20190717-147299-11qal7h.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284550/original/file-20190717-147299-11qal7h.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Not a Box.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(HarperCollins)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>By Antoinette Portis (2006, HarperCollins)</p>
<p>Children see beauty in the items that adults might otherwise discard. In a time when it is necessary to encourage environmental sustainability and ecological understandings, what’s stopping us from slowing down and offering some <a href="https://www.harpercollins.ca/9780061123221/not-a-box/">otherwise recyclable materials like boxes</a> and other found materials to become robots, wands, puppets, tents and playhouses? <em><a href="https://www.harpercollins.ca/9780061123221/not-a-box/">Not a Box</a></em> invites predicting what’s next and chiming in with each page as your child imagines “It’s not a box, it’s a …”</p>
<hr>
<h2>3. <em>Lost in the Woods</em></h2>
<figure class="align-right ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/284605/original/file-20190717-147312-t8nm32.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/284605/original/file-20190717-147312-t8nm32.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=565&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284605/original/file-20190717-147312-t8nm32.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=565&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284605/original/file-20190717-147312-t8nm32.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=565&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284605/original/file-20190717-147312-t8nm32.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=710&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284605/original/file-20190717-147312-t8nm32.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=710&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284605/original/file-20190717-147312-t8nm32.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=710&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Lost in the Woods.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Carl R. Sams II Photography)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>By Carl R. Sams II and Jean Stoick (2005, Carl R. Sams II Photography) </p>
<p>Children can imagine themselves in other places and spaces sparked by rich illustrations in picture books. <a href="https://strangerinthewoods.com/meet-the-authors/"><em>Lost in the Woods</em></a> takes you on an imaginary journey into the outdoors and is a perfect story to spark connections and questions about the natural world. You might even imagine you are camping in your reading tent! </p>
<hr>
<h2>4. <em>My Heart Fills With Happiness</em></h2>
<p>By Monique Gray Smith (2018, Orca Book Publishers) </p>
<figure class="align-right ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/284744/original/file-20190718-116557-1negb80.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/284744/original/file-20190718-116557-1negb80.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284744/original/file-20190718-116557-1negb80.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284744/original/file-20190718-116557-1negb80.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284744/original/file-20190718-116557-1negb80.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284744/original/file-20190718-116557-1negb80.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284744/original/file-20190718-116557-1negb80.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">My Heart Fills With Happiness.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Orca Book Publshers)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>This book, by an author of Cree, Lakota and Scottish ancestry, is <a href="https://www.orcabook.com/My-Heart-Fills-With-Happiness-Ni-S%C3%A2kaskineh-M%C3%AEyaw%C3%A2ten-Niteh-Ohcih-P1803.aspx">also available in a bilingual Plains Cree edition, <em>Ni Sâkaskineh Mîyawâten Niteh Ohcih</em></a> translated by Mary Cardinal Collins. It offers a wonderful opportunity to talk about emotions as it explores the concept of what makes people happy and how people express joy in different ways. The author narrates moments such as the smell of warm bannock, providing opportunities to discuss distinct aspects of Indigenous cultures or histories, as well as the similarities children and families share.</p>
<hr>
<h2>5. <em>Changes, Changes</em></h2>
<p>By Pat Hutchins (1971, Aladdin) </p>
<figure class="align-right ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/284609/original/file-20190717-147279-k5mueb.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/284609/original/file-20190717-147279-k5mueb.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=484&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284609/original/file-20190717-147279-k5mueb.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=484&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284609/original/file-20190717-147279-k5mueb.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=484&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284609/original/file-20190717-147279-k5mueb.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=608&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284609/original/file-20190717-147279-k5mueb.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=608&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284609/original/file-20190717-147279-k5mueb.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=608&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Changes, Changes.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Aladdin)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>A timeless, wordless book, <em><a href="https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Changes-Changes/Pat-Hutchins/9780689711374">Changes, Changes</a></em> invites children to explore how building blocks and little figures can be used to tell endless stories. Each page invites discussion and creates opportunities for <a href="http://www.edugains.ca/resourcesKIN/SchoolLeader/BuildingRelationships/BlocksSandandWater.pdf">problem solving, language development, creativity, mathematics and more</a>. Add some blocks to your reading nook to retell a story, recreate the illustrations or build new designs!</p>
<hr>
<h2>6. <em>Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed</em></h2>
<figure class="align-right ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/284610/original/file-20190717-147299-husjts.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/284610/original/file-20190717-147299-husjts.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=540&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284610/original/file-20190717-147299-husjts.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=540&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284610/original/file-20190717-147299-husjts.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=540&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284610/original/file-20190717-147299-husjts.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=679&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284610/original/file-20190717-147299-husjts.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=679&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/284610/original/file-20190717-147299-husjts.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=679&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Five Little Monkeys.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Clarion Books)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>By Eileen Christelow (1989, Clarion Books) </p>
<p>Books that invite children to <a href="http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/literacynumeracy/inspire/research/Placing_Music_en.pdf">sing, dance and do actions</a> with favourite childhood songs or chants are always popular. With <em><a href="https://www.hmhbooks.com/shop/books/Five-Little-Monkeys-Jumping-on-the-Bed-board-book/9781328884565">Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed</a></em>, perhaps the reading tent sets the stage for an impromptu performance entertaining a friendly, appreciative audience. </p>
<hr>
<figure class="align-right ">
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<figcaption>
<span class="caption">If You Hold a Seed.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Running Press Kids)</span></span>
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<h2>7. <em>If You Hold a Seed</em></h2>
<p>By Elly MacKay (2013, Running Press Kids)</p>
<p>The journey of a seed through the seasons comes to life in this cyclical story that begins with a young child wishing upon a seed. The text and illustrations in <em><a href="https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/elly-mackay/if-you-hold-a-seed/9780762451326/">If You Hold a Seed</a></em> will spark thoughtful discussions about <a href="https://www.back2nature.ca/ready-set-wonder/">hopes, dreams, wonders</a> and wishes. </p>
<p>A reading nest, some favourite books and a sprinkle of giggles: a recipe sure to cook up a healthy love of reading, with moments of pure joy on the side.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/119987/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>A book nest - or nook - is a cost-friendly way to model and enjoy literacy with your preschooler that invites their creative involvement and offers space for positive connections to grow.Lotje Hives, Research Collaborator, Part-time Instructor, Schulich School of Education, Nipissing UniversityTara-Lynn Scheffel, Associate Professor, Schulich School of Education, Nipissing UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.