tag:theconversation.com,2011:/fr/topics/solar-pv-17476/articlesSolar PV – The Conversation2024-01-30T22:36:36Ztag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2218382024-01-30T22:36:36Z2024-01-30T22:36:36ZHow a ‘turn it off’ approach to energy conservation could benefit Canada, and the planet<iframe style="width: 100%; height: 100px; border: none; position: relative; z-index: 1;" allowtransparency="" allow="clipboard-read; clipboard-write" src="https://narrations.ad-auris.com/widget/the-conversation-canada/how-a-turn-it-off-approach-to-energy-conservation-could-benefit-canada-and-the-planet" width="100%" height="400"></iframe>
<p>The challenge for climate change communicators a couple of decades ago was conveying what the research was showing: that the burning of fossil fuels was altering the planet’s climate. That communication played a vital role in facilitating the current widespread understanding that the climate is changing and it is a crisis. </p>
<p>There remains, however, a fundamental communication challenge in moving the focus from consuming different kinds of energy to facilitating a revolution of consuming less. Recent electrical grid events in Alberta offer a compelling case study.</p>
<p><a href="https://globalnews.ca/news/10217359/alberta-extreme-cold-warning-january-2024/">On Jan. 13, 2024, extreme cold hit Alberta — the coldest in half a century</a>. As people turned up their thermostats to stay warm, Alberta’s power grid was put under immense strain. To avoid taking pressure off the electrical grid with rolling blackouts (rotating half an hour power outages throughout Alberta), the <a href="https://edmonton.ctvnews.ca/albertans-asked-to-conserve-energy-for-2-hours-during-electric-grid-alert-1.6725104">Alberta Emergency Management Agency sent an alert to all Albertans</a>. </p>
<p>This unprecedented use of the emergency system, the first of what would be four alerts, asked Albertans <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-electrical-grid-emergency-decarbonization-1.7083664">to turn off unnecessary electricity — lights, electrical appliances and devices — and use “essentials only.”</a></p>
<p>Albertans responded. <a href="https://calgaryherald.com/opinion/columnists/varcoe-power-grid-alerts-aeso-alberta">Within minutes of the initial emergency alert being issued, demand on Alberta’s power grid decreased by 150 megawatts and continued to fall</a>. <a href="https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/en/data-analysis/energy-markets/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles-alberta.html">Alberta has an estimated generative capacity of around 16,330 megawatts.</a>.</p>
<p>Because many people and some businesses voluntarily switched off appliances and other electrical devices that were not needed, there was no need for the rolling blackouts.</p>
<h2>Switching off</h2>
<p>The brief experience of turning off highlighted a couple of things. First, that people are willing to change behaviours when asked. Second, the behaviour change, for some, was positive. As one Albertan <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/alberta/comments/196675j/visual_of_the_immediate_reduced_power_consumption/?rdt=41028">posted on Reddit</a> </p>
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<p>“Our kids made a game out of it. Showered with a candle in the bathroom, we had one small light to read books, ALL the lights off in and outside the house, no TV obviously.” </p>
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<p>Another poster on the same Reddit thread offered that their 10-year-old excitedly asked that all the lights and TV be turned off and added: “It looks like the alert does work.”</p>
<p>In the aftermath, <a href="https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/canada/alberta-emergency-power-alert-underlines-challenge-of-energy-transition-on-prairies/ar-AA1mXFZm">the news has focused on critiques of Alberta’s current energy generation and how to facilitate growing energy output in the future as fossil-fuels continue to be phased out</a>. Politicians and experts wondered how the grid could be more robust and fail-safe so that there is no need to ask people to turn things off. </p>
<p><a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-electrical-grid-emergency-decarbonization-1.7083664">Critiques of solar and wind were also quickly offered</a> as were the benefits of new power generation such as <a href="https://calgaryherald.com/opinion/columnists/varcoe-power-grid-alerts-aeso-alberta">Alberta’s Cascade Power Project — a 900 megawatt natural gas-fired plant</a> —
and <a href="https://calgaryherald.com/opinion/columnists/opinion-how-alberta-can-avoid-another-grid-alert">increased energy generation flexibility</a>.</p>
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<figcaption><span class="caption">A report on the January cold wave produced by the CBC.</span></figcaption>
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<p>But what if the opportunity in Alberta’s power grid struggles is not about producing different kinds of energy but consuming less? </p>
<h2>Looking beyond supply</h2>
<p>The January cold wave is a critical moment to reflect upon the status quo and reimagine a system that values consuming less, not producing more.</p>
<p>Alberta’s electrical grid alerts gave us a glimpse, for a few hours, of a topic largely absent from climate communication: we are consuming too much of everything. We must use and consume less. Less energy, less stuff. We <a href="https://time.com/6341884/climate-change-consumption/">cannot consume our way out of this crisis</a>. </p>
<p>We must consume less, and Albertans proved that this is not only possible but can even be a positive experience.</p>
<p>It is also important, in the depths of an unprecedented cold-weather event, to not lose sight of the fact that globally 2023 was the warmest year on record “by far” — <a href="https://www.noaa.gov/news/2023-was-worlds-warmest-year-on-record-by-far#:%7E:text=Earth's%20average%20land%20and%20ocean,0.15%20of%20a%20degree%20C">beating 2016 (the previous record-setting year) by .15 degrees Celsius (also a record)</a>. </p>
<p>The 10 warmest years on record — since 1850 — have been in the past 10 years and this changing climate is causing extreme wildfires, tornadoes, cyclones, drought, flooding, heat and cold. Here and around the world <a href="https://theconversation.com/2023s-extreme-storms-heat-and-wildfires-broke-records-a-scientist-explains-how-global-warming-fuels-climate-disasters-217500">lives and habitats are indiscriminately being destroyed</a>. This is our emergency alert.</p>
<h2>A new normal</h2>
<p>Shifting to turning off and reducing consumption patterns for individuals, businesses and industry will be incredibly hard. The global economy, and related jobs, are built on consuming more. But the climate crisis, as well as growing inequality and ecosystem destruction, will make status quo levels of consumption increasingly untenable. </p>
<p>The Alberta Emergency Management Agency sent emergency alerts asking people to turn off because the alternative would have been mandatory rolling blackouts. Asking people to turn off voluntarily allowed Albertans to respond with thoughtfulness, dignity and agency. </p>
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<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/cop28-why-we-need-to-break-our-addiction-to-combustion-218019">COP28: Why we need to break our addiction to combustion</a>
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</em>
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<p>We, collectively across Canada and around the world, are in an emergency. The climate crisis is upon us and we have a choice. We can delay structural change and await the extreme climate crisis consequences. Or we can demand that government and industry implement the systemic changes required to avert (or at least mitigate) this catastrophe.</p>
<p>Regardless, the lessons from Alberta are clear. We could all try “turning off” from time to time — saving money, <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190320145559.htm">helping the planet</a> and perhaps reconnecting with friends and family. That, if nothing else, could be a benefit worth championing.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/221838/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Jennifer Ellen Good does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Alberta’s experiment with voluntary ‘switching off’ was a success both in terms of saving electricity and in showcasing the power of proactive informed action to address the climate crisis.Jennifer Ellen Good, Associate Professor and Chair, Communication, Popular Culture and Film, Brock UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2153672023-10-26T14:47:09Z2023-10-26T14:47:09ZSolar power expected to dominate electricity generation by 2050 – even without more ambitious climate policies<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/556078/original/file-20231026-28-48xtfa.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C6800%2C4538&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Solar power is likely to become the dominant electricity source worldwide by 2050.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/rows-solar-panels-field-on-plateau-370794914">Mny-Jhee/Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>In pursuit of the ambitious goal of reaching net-zero emissions, nations worldwide must expand their use of clean energy sources. In the case of solar energy, this change may already be upon us.</p>
<p>The cost of electricity from solar plants has experienced a remarkable reduction over the past decade, <a href="https://mc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2023/Aug/IRENA_Renewable_power_generation_costs_in_2022.pdf?rev=cccb713bf8294cc5bec3f870e1fa15c2">falling by 89%</a> from 2010 to 2022. Batteries, which are essential for balancing solar energy supply throughout the day and night, have also undergone a similar price revolution, <a href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/articles/fotw-1272-january-9-2023-electric-vehicle-battery-pack-costs-2022-are-nearly">decreasing by the same amount</a> between 2008 and 2022.</p>
<p>These developments pose an important question: have we already crossed a tipping point where solar energy is poised to become the dominant source of electricity generation? This is the very question we sought to address in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41971-7">our recent study</a>.</p>
<p>Our findings, which were obtained by plugging the latest technological and economic data from 70 regions across the globe into a <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X18300129">macroeconomic model</a>, suggest that the solar revolution has, indeed, arrived. Solar energy is on track to make up more than half of global electricity generation by the middle of this century – even without more ambitious climate policies.</p>
<p>This projection far exceeds any previous expectations. In 2022, the International Energy Agency’s <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2022">World Energy Outlook report</a> predicted that solar energy would account for a mere 25% of electricity production by 2050.</p>
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/555797/original/file-20231025-19-oein2p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="A huge solar power plant stretching towards the horizon." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/555797/original/file-20231025-19-oein2p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/555797/original/file-20231025-19-oein2p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/555797/original/file-20231025-19-oein2p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/555797/original/file-20231025-19-oein2p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/555797/original/file-20231025-19-oein2p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=565&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/555797/original/file-20231025-19-oein2p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=565&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/555797/original/file-20231025-19-oein2p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=565&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<span class="caption">A solar power plant in Qinghai Province, China.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/solar-power-plants-look-down-above-636564578">lightrain/Shutterstock</a></span>
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<h2>Solar and storage cheapest by 2030</h2>
<p>We identified two key factors that will drive the rapid expansion of solar energy: its affordability and swift construction timeline. The construction of a solar farm usually takes just one year to complete. In comparison, offshore wind farms can take up three years to construct. </p>
<p>The faster construction of solar farms allows investors to take advantage of their cost-effectiveness sooner than they would be able to do with offshore wind farms (and many other renewable energy infrastructures).</p>
<p>We see the interplay of these factors forming a self-reinforcing cycle. As producers and installers gain more experience, prices are projected to continue their decline. This will render solar energy an even more attractive prospect for investors. </p>
<p>Our projections suggest that the average cost of generating electricity through solar energy will decrease substantially, by 60% from 2020 to 2050, even when factoring in the growing demand for energy storage.</p>
<p>Should these forecasts prove accurate, solar energy combined with storage is expected to become the cheapest option for generating electricity in nearly all regions worldwide by 2030. In that same year, it is expected to be 50% less costly than constructing new coal-fired power plants in six major regions: the EU, US, India, China, Japan and Brazil.</p>
<p>Countries that continue to construct fossil-based infrastructure run the risk of putting their electricity-intensive sectors at a significant competitive disadvantage. Consequently, we must question whether it is realistic to rely on fossil fuels for the power sector. The future appears to be beckoning in a more sustainable direction.</p>
<p><strong>Solar is becoming the cheapest option for generating electricity</strong></p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/556067/original/file-20231026-27-4ztmyh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Four maps showing how solar energy will become the cheapest way of generating electricity by 2030." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/556067/original/file-20231026-27-4ztmyh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/556067/original/file-20231026-27-4ztmyh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=342&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/556067/original/file-20231026-27-4ztmyh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=342&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/556067/original/file-20231026-27-4ztmyh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=342&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/556067/original/file-20231026-27-4ztmyh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=429&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/556067/original/file-20231026-27-4ztmyh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=429&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/556067/original/file-20231026-27-4ztmyh.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=429&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<span class="caption">Maps showing the energy source with the lowest average cost of electricity (including necessary storage) in the 70 world regions in 2020, 2023, 2027 and 2030.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41971-7">Nijsse et al. (2023)/Nature Communications</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">CC BY-NC-SA</a></span>
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<h2>But barriers remain</h2>
<p>The rapid expansion of solar is very likely, and could lead to exceptionally affordable electricity. However, several hurdles must be overcome to ensure that solar’s ascent can be sustained.</p>
<p>Solar energy is highly variable, dependent on factors like the time of day, season and weather conditions. To accommodate this variability, electricity grids must be designed with flexibility in mind. This will require extensive energy storage, an expanded network of transmission cables linking different regions, and more investment in complementary renewable energy sources like wind.</p>
<p>In a future where solar energy dominates, there will also be a substantial demand for various critical metals and minerals. In fact, the International Energy Agency <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions/executive-summary">predicts</a> that, by 2040, renewable technologies will account for approximately 40% of the total demand for copper, between 60% and 70% for nickel and cobalt, and nearly 90% for lithium.</p>
<p>To ensure a steady future supply of essential materials, recycling initiatives will have to be developed further. Global mining activities must be diversified too. This will help spread the risks associated with concentrating mining activities in unstable regions. </p>
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/555800/original/file-20231025-15-cywgiy.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="An aerial view of lithium fields in a desert." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/555800/original/file-20231025-15-cywgiy.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/555800/original/file-20231025-15-cywgiy.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/555800/original/file-20231025-15-cywgiy.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/555800/original/file-20231025-15-cywgiy.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/555800/original/file-20231025-15-cywgiy.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/555800/original/file-20231025-15-cywgiy.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/555800/original/file-20231025-15-cywgiy.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Lithium fields in the Atacama Desert, Chile.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/aerial-view-lithium-fields-atacama-desert-2341431741">Freedom_wanted/Shutterstock</a></span>
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<p>Access to financial resources is a critical factor in sustaining the growth of solar. But, at present, the bulk of <a href="https://unfccc.int/topics/climate-finance/resources/biennial-assessment-and-overview-of-climate-finance-flows">climate-related funding</a> is concentrated in developed or emerging economies. </p>
<p>Between 2011 and 2020, <a href="https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Global-Landscape-of-Climate-Finance-A-Decade-of-Data.pdf">75% of all climate finance</a> was channelled into North America, western Europe and east Asia (primarily led by China). Africa, one the other hand, received only 5% of total global climate finance over the same period. </p>
<p>One potential avenue to bridge this funding gap is the implementation of mechanisms that <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24305-3">absorb currency and investment risks</a> in developing countries, thereby unlocking international capital flows.</p>
<p>The solar revolution has arrived. Countries and regions that do not incorporate renewables into their energy risk losing their competitive edge, particularly within their industrial sectors. To remain at the forefront, nations should not just maintain their current progress but rather accelerate their efforts to integrate solar energy into their grids, supported by investments in complementary technologies.</p>
<p>By doing so, they can avoid the looming risk of new coal and gas plants becoming obsolete and financially burdensome stranded assets. The sun is rising on a new era of energy – the time to embrace it is now.</p>
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<img alt="Imagine weekly climate newsletter" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<p><strong><em>Don’t have time to read about climate change as much as you’d like?</em></strong>
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<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Nadia Ameli receives funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 802891).</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Femke Nijsse receives funding from the Children's Investment Fund Foundation and the Department of Net Zero and Energy Security. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Jean-Francois Mercure previously received funding from the UK's Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, UKRI, Horizon Europe and the Children's Investment Fund Foundation. He currently works at the World Bank using funds from the German Department for International Development (GIZ) under the Climate Support Facility. </span></em></p>Solar energy is set for a rapid expansion – but only if several barriers are overcome, according to new research.Nadia Ameli, Principal Research Fellow at the Institute for Sustainable Resources, UCLFemke Nijsse, Lecturer at Global Systems Institute, University of ExeterJean-Francois Mercure, Associate Professor in Climate Change Policy, University of ExeterLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2138762023-10-18T00:49:51Z2023-10-18T00:49:51ZClimate change will affect solar power and grid stability across Australia – here’s how<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/554431/original/file-20231017-15-sromml.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=821%2C0%2C4486%2C2393&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/huge-solar-power-plant-panels-renewable-2142285649">Taras Vyshnya/Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>Renewable electricity generation is at record levels in Australia. Renewables produced <a href="https://assets.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/documents/Clean-Energy-Australia-Report-2023.pdf">36% of the nation’s electricity</a> in 2022. Solar photovoltaics (PV) had the highest renewable contribution (about 15%) and are expected to keep growing in coming years. </p>
<p>But the increase in the share of grid-connected renewables adds to the challenge of maintaining a stable electricity grid, given the impact of weather conditions on their output. </p>
<p>An increasingly important question is what impact will climate change have on weather-induced inconsistencies in solar generation? <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2023.112039">Our newly published research</a> is the first to quantify climate change’s impact on solar resource reliability in Australia over the next century.</p>
<p>We find that as the climate warms, in some regions of Australia there will be more weather-induced variability than in others. In particular, the eastern parts of Australia can expect fewer intermittent or lull periods of solar power generation by the end of the century. By contrast, some regions in the west will face prolonged periods of minimum-to-no power generation in the future. </p>
<p>Despite the changing climate, the good news is the future of solar power looks promising in most of Australia. Our research suggests solar resource reliability will increase in the regions where we have our existing solar farms. </p>
<p><iframe id="tc-infographic-948" class="tc-infographic" height="400px" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/infographics/948/288b55303b284314a27a69ec97008bf5a1f567e8/site/index.html" width="100%" style="border: none" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/a-successful-energy-transition-depends-on-managing-when-people-use-power-so-how-do-we-make-demand-more-flexible-213079">A successful energy transition depends on managing when people use power. So how do we make demand more flexible?</a>
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<h2>How does solar growth affect grid stability?</h2>
<p>The grid distributes electricity generated from coal and gas-fired power stations, large solar and wind farms, rooftop solar, hydropower and so on. </p>
<p>Unlike coal or gas-fired stations, the power renewables generate is not constant. It varies depending on the local weather. For example, the amount of solar power generated depends on the <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2a64/meta">amount of irradiance</a> (intensity of sunlight) and, most importantly, cloud cover at that location. </p>
<p>So, any changes in the weather affect the amount of energy supplied to the grid. These variable outputs can not only cause an imbalance between electricity supply and demand, but also lead to voltage fluctuations and blackouts. </p>
<p>Electrical equipment is designed to function at a specific frequency and voltage. If the voltage exceeds the threshold it can damage the equipment. At a larger scale, voltage changes or frequency instability can trigger safety mechanisms that take parts of the grid offline, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-38566-z">leading to blackouts</a>.</p>
<p><iframe id="cOGin" class="tc-infographic-datawrapper" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/cOGin/2/" height="400px" width="100%" style="border: none" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>
<h2>How does climate change affect solar output?</h2>
<p>Using regional climate model projections, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2023.112039">our results</a> predict that under a higher emissions scenario known as <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-the-high-emissions-rcp8-5-global-warming-scenario/">RCP8.5</a>, often described as “business as usual”, the availability of solar resources will increase in most of Australia by up to 1% by 2099. We predict minor decreases of 0.25–0.5% near the west.</p>
<p>Similarly, the duration of extractable solar power (called “episode lengths”) will increase in the east by up to 30 minutes per year. We predict minor decreases in the west. This means the resource will be more reliable in the east and we can expect a more stable electricity supply from solar PV generation. This doesn’t take into account higher temperatures, which can <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2a64/meta">decrease the PV yield</a>.</p>
<p>We also predict the times with no-to-minimum power generation (called “lulls”) will reduce in eastern Australia by about 25 minutes per year. We expect minor increases in lulls in the west. These changes are mainly due to an increase in the number of clear-sky days in the east. </p>
<h2>A less sunny outlook for world’s largest solar farm</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.suncable.energy/our-projects">Sun Cable</a> is developing the largest solar farm in the world in the Northern Territory. It will have a generation capacity of at least 14 gigawatts. Sun Cable plans to supply electricity to Darwin and Singapore.</p>
<p>Based on our simulations, we predict a 2% reduction in radiation at the Sun Cable solar farm by 2099. This could lead to a loss of about 280 megawatts in its total generation capacity by then. </p>
<p>We also predict reduced episode lengths for the Sun Cable farm. This points to shorter periods of reliable power output. Likewise, the power generated is predicted to be highly variable throughout the day due to an increase in lull periods.</p>
<p>Sun Cable will likely need to consider having energy storage systems and strategies to control voltage fluctuations to tackle intermittency. </p>
<h2>What else does Australia need to consider?</h2>
<p>The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/">report</a> stresses the urgent need to prepare for extreme climate change and greatly reduce carbon emissions. One of the most efficient ways to do this is to develop more grid-connected renewable energy technologies world-wide. </p>
<p>Australia has an ambitious <a href="https://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/advocacy-initiatives/renewable-energy-target">renewable energy target</a>, and we expect more grid-connected solar farms in the future. This means grid operators and distributors will have to manage future periods of high demand and variable supply. </p>
<p>One of the most efficient solutions is to use storage facilities to soak up energy at times of high output. These can then supply energy when renewable output stops or is intermittent. Batteries are an obvious choice, and Australia will have <a href="https://www.power-technology.com/data-insights/top-five-energy-storage-projects-in-australia/">several big battery storage plants</a> by 2025. </p>
<p>Before setting up large-scale solar plants, we should assess the impacts of climate change using a range of climate models and different future scenarios to minimise future risks. We should also consider installing hybrid renewable energy plants, such as solar and wind at the same site. This will help optimise the energy mix to reduce intermittency.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/213876/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Shukla Poddar is affiliated with the ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes.
</span></em></p>Solar power generation varies greatly depending on the weather. A new study suggests in some parts of Australia, solar has a bright future.Shukla Poddar, Senior Research Fellow, School of Photovoltaics and Renewable Energy Engineering, UNSW SydneyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2124092023-09-05T20:22:38Z2023-09-05T20:22:38ZMixed-use solar and agricultural land is the silver bullet Alberta’s Conservatives have wished for<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/545121/original/file-20230828-13578-t120xq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C3840%2C2160&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Placing vertical solar panels on farming land allows for energy production and higher yields.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aasen_agrivoltaics_solar_plant_with_walls_of_vertical_bifacial_modules_near_Donaueschingen_Germany_5.jpg">(Wikimedia Commons)</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">CC BY-NC-SA</a></span></figcaption></figure><iframe style="width: 100%; height: 100px; border: none; position: relative; z-index: 1;" allowtransparency="" allow="clipboard-read; clipboard-write" src="https://narrations.ad-auris.com/widget/the-conversation-canada/mixed-use-solar-and-agricultural-land-is-the-silver-bullet-albertas-conservatives-have-wished-for" width="100%" height="400"></iframe>
<p>The Alberta government recently announced a much-maligned <a href="https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=887605547987E-EABF-5E23-DFF2C9F72DB845E6">seven-month pause on renewable (including solar) energy development in the province</a>. While the exact reasons are up for debate, one specific factor has been the desire to investigate ways to make renewable energy, particularly solar, more integrated within the province over the long term. </p>
<p>Specifically, there is a real concern among some in the party and the general public that industrial solar will displace farming and raise food prices as well as create <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-renewable-energy-jason-schneider-vulcan-county-1.6939218">end-of-life problems with potentially abandoned equipment</a>. </p>
<p>Luckily, we can have our cake and eat it too, with a new concept of agrivoltaics. Agrivoltaics is the simultaneous placement of food crops and solar photovoltaic systems that produce electricity directly from sunlight — <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.04.012">while also producing a beneficial micro climate</a>. Covering crops with solar panels may not seem intuitive, however, dozens of studies from all over the world have shown that <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043228">many crop yields increase when they are partially shaded from solar panels</a>.</p>
<p>This is good news for everyone, but especially for Alberta’s ruling Conservatives, as it provides a seemingly simple solution to a potentially complicated land-use debate between agriculture and energy generation within the province. </p>
<h2>Alberta and energy</h2>
<p>Alberta’s energy portfolio is changing rapidly. <a href="https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/solar-pv">Low-cost solar energy</a> is now <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/what-on-earth-solar-power-alberta-1.6695287">growing so fast as to be a “gold rush” in Alberta</a>. </p>
<p>In fact, much to <a href="https://cleanenergycanada.org/report/a-renewables-powerhouse/">Ontario’s shame, Alberta</a> has taken on the leadership role in solar development in Canada, generating millions of solar dollars and creating thousands of <a href="https://renewablesassociation.ca/alberta-renewable-energy-surge-could-power-4500-jobs/">solar jobs for Alberta’s energy workers</a>. </p>
<p>Solar companies have grown so fast precisely because there is profit in offsetting costly fossil-fuel electricity. However, many in Alberta are worried that this new boom will lead to <a href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/36-28-0001/2023007/article/00005-eng.htm">higher food costs</a>, <a href="https://www.orphanwell.ca/about/orphan-inventory/">scarred landscapes</a> and <a href="https://globalnews.ca/news/7990003/alberta-oil-gas-wells-cleanup/">a repeat of costs from cleaning up after the oil and gas industry</a>.</p>
<p>This particular <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.024">land-use conflict between solar and agriculture</a> has been a concern for solar researchers like myself for some time. However, our research in the United States has shown that <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.024">agrivoltaics provide higher economic productivity, energy and food yields</a>. So much so that the U.S. <a href="https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-announces-8-million-integrate-solar-energy-production-farming">Department of Energy is now investing millions of dollars</a> to ensure America’s dominance in the field. </p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/how-shading-crops-with-solar-panels-can-improve-farming-lower-food-costs-and-reduce-emissions-202094">How shading crops with solar panels can improve farming, lower food costs and reduce emissions</a>
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<p>One of the studies in the U.S., for example, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0364-5">observed pepper production shoot up by more than 200 per cent</a> while other crops like wheat in Germany were more reserved with a few per cent increase — but they still produced more wheat. </p>
<p>Not surprisingly, agrivoltaics is slated to grow to a <a href="https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/agrivoltaics-market-A47446">$9.3 billion market by 2031</a>.</p>
<h2>Agrivoltaics in Canada</h2>
<p>Agrivoltaics is happening right here in Canada already (mostly with sheep grazing between panels on marginal land). Last year, we held the <a href="https://www.ivey.uwo.ca/news/news-ivey/2022/december/are-solar-farms-the-answer-to-feeding-the-world-and-combatting-climate-change/">first agrivoltaics conference anywhere in North America at the Ivey Business School</a>. </p>
<p>The trade group made up of farmers and solar companies called <a href="https://agrivoltaicscanada.ca/">Agrivoltaics Canada</a> has formed because agrivoltaic farming can help meet Canada’s food and energy needs all the while getting rid of our fossil fuel reliance and <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/how-canadians-can-cut-carbon-footprints-1.6202194">greenhouse gas emissions</a> (and the associated <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.025">emissions liabilities</a>). </p>
<p>Agrivoltaics will allow Alberta’s farmers to keep farming, make more money, drop energy costs, and help protect the environment for all of our children. To take advantage of all the profit that agrivoltaics represents for the province, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010053">our team completed a study</a> that showed the changes to Alberta’s regulations would actually need to be relatively modest.</p>
<p>The simple trick is to install solar systems that enable conventional farming, so farmers do not need to change anything. By spacing solar rows out far enough that <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7020034">combines/tractors can drive between them using vertical racks or tracker systems</a>, agrivoltaics are out of the way when the farmer needs to farm. We did a study that looked specifically at Alberta’s agrivoltaic potential, which was second only to <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass3020012">Saskatchewan</a> in Canada. </p>
<h2>Moving forward together</h2>
<p>Agrivoltaics really has broad appeal. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121885">Farmers love it as it increases yields and provides steady incomes</a> and so do <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102023">solar developers</a> and environmentalists. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s44173-022-00007-x">Even most Americans support solar development when agrivoltaics protects farm jobs</a>. It is thus not surprising that <a href="https://www.precedenceresearch.com/press-release/agrivoltaics-market">agrivoltaics is exploding on the world market.</a></p>
<p>Eighty-nine per cent of Alberta’s electricity came from fossil fuels, yet we published an article this year that showed <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043228">that agrivoltaics on just one per cent of the current agricultural land would eliminate the carbon emissions entirely</a>. Less than one per cent of Alberta’s farm land dedicated to agrivoltaics, cuts all harmful emissions from Alberta’s electricity sector while making more food. </p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/growing-farmland-inequality-in-the-prairies-poses-problems-for-all-canadians-196777">Growing farmland inequality in the Prairies poses problems for all Canadians</a>
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<p>This is a win-win for the farmers, and consumers alike. As Alberta’s Conservatives are now able to lift the renewable energy ban knowing that the environment and the food system will be protected, they should ensure that large-scale solar in the province is encouraged to be agrivoltaic. Then all of us, regardless of party, can enjoy the conserved beauty of nature, lower-cost electricity and more food produced per acre. Whether or not this will result in lower costs at the grocery store checkout is a question yet to be answered — but we can hope.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/212409/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Joshua M. Pearce has received funding for research from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, Mitacs, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), U.S. Department of Defense, The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and the National Science Foundation (NSF). In addition, his past and present consulting work and research is funded by the United Nations, the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine, many non-profits and for-profit companies in the energy and solar photovoltaic fields. He is a founding member of Agrivoltaics Canada. He does not directly work for any solar manufacturer and has no direct conflicts of interests. </span></em></p>Using agricultural land for both solar and food production presents huge opportunities for Canadian farmers, especially in Alberta.Joshua M. Pearce, John M. Thompson Chair in Information Technology and Innovation and Professor, Western UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2092192023-08-21T01:52:23Z2023-08-21T01:52:23ZIs it worth investing in a battery for your rooftop solar? Here’s what buyers need to know (but often can’t find out)<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/536382/original/file-20230708-35060-lwu843.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C3326%2C2210&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Recent electricity price increases of <a href="https://www.9news.com.au/national/electricity-prices-set-to-soar/5ed9ec22-0861-4546-9291-15b6c2f3094b">20–30%</a> have hit households hard. Some are installing rooftop solar systems and batteries to reduce or even <a href="https://reneweconomy.com.au/what-if-one-third-of-australians-chose-to-go-off-grid-85095/">end their reliance</a> on energy providers.</p>
<p>However, Australia’s uptake of household batteries lags well behind rooftop solar installations. The <a href="https://www.wa.gov.au/system/files/2020-04/DER_Roadmap.pdf">high upfront cost</a> of batteries is a <a href="https://www.solarchoice.net.au/residential/battery-storage-price/">key reason</a>. </p>
<p>A household battery stores excess electricity generated by your solar power system. You can use it later when solar generation can’t meet your needs – for example, at night or on cloudy days. This reduces the amount of power you buy from the grid.</p>
<p>But how long will the battery take to pay for itself, in the form of lower power bills? The answer varies. It depends, among other things, on where you live, your solar system size and design, how much electricity you use and at what times, network tariffs, and limits on how much surplus electricity you can feed into the grid. </p>
<p>Our current <a href="https://www.ecu.edu.au/schools/engineering/staff/profiles/lecturers/dr-asma-aziz">research project</a> has found cases in which a solar panel and battery system will save you money in Western Australia. But the situation varies across Australia. Here, we take a look at what to consider before you buy. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Solar panel ready to be installed in front of a household battery mounted on a wall" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542542/original/file-20230814-25-bxxy9p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542542/original/file-20230814-25-bxxy9p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542542/original/file-20230814-25-bxxy9p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542542/original/file-20230814-25-bxxy9p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542542/original/file-20230814-25-bxxy9p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542542/original/file-20230814-25-bxxy9p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542542/original/file-20230814-25-bxxy9p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="caption">Consumers need to consider many factors to work out whether adding a battery to their solar system is worth it.</span>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/solar-curtailment-is-emerging-as-a-new-challenge-to-overcome-as-australia-dashes-for-rooftop-solar-172152">Solar curtailment is emerging as a new challenge to overcome as Australia dashes for rooftop solar</a>
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<h2>A tricky transition for consumers</h2>
<p>Almost <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/feb/28/solar-already-australias-largest-source-of-electricity-as-rooftop-capacity-hits-20gw-consultancy-says">a third</a> of Australian households have rooftop solar systems – the <a href="https://www.powermag.com/a-global-look-at-residential-solar-adoption-rates/">highest rate</a> in the world. Households can now generate electricity on a massive collective scale. </p>
<p>This capability is key to the clean energy transition. But when solar systems aren’t generating enough power, households must draw electricity from the grid or a battery.</p>
<p>Battery costs vary with brand, size and location. On average, you’ll pay around <a href="https://www.solarchoice.net.au/solar-batteries/price/#The_Are_we_there_yet_Meters">A$1,420 per kilowatt-hour</a> (kWh) to install 1–5kWh of storage capacity. That’s down from $1,710 per kWh in 2017. The point at which buying a battery makes sense for most households is estimated at <a href="https://www.solarchoice.net.au/solar-batteries/price/#The_Are_we_there_yet_Meters">around $700 per kWh</a> (for a lithium battery with a ten-year warranty).</p>
<p>At current prices, <a href="https://www.solarchoice.net.au/research-solar/is-home-battery-storage-worth-it/">online</a> <a href="https://redbacktech.com/wa-electricity-costs-comparison-solar-and-batteries/">advice</a> suggests the warranty will typically expire before the battery pays for itself. So consumers might conclude they are better off buying solar systems only and waiting for battery prices to drop.</p>
<p>That’s not always the case. Our modelling found the payback time is less than the warranty period in Perth for at least two cases: using 50kWh per day with a 13.5kW solar system and 13kWh Tesla Powerwall 2 battery, and at 30kWh per day with a 6.6kW system and 6.5kWh LG Chem RESU battery. These batteries will cost you around <a href="https://www.solarchoice.net.au/products/batteries/tesla-powerwall-2-review">$12,900</a> and <a href="https://www.solarquotes.com.au/battery-storage/comparison-table/">$5,300</a> respectively, plus installation.</p>
<p>Our research also found that while there can be other reasons to get a battery, most people care about the financial benefits. But it’s not a simple decision. Some situations are good for batteries, but many people can’t use them effectively. </p>
<p>The amount of sunshine where you live and electricity prices also matter a lot. </p>
<p>In many cases, batteries might need government subsidies to be worth it.</p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/think-of-solar-panels-more-like-apple-trees-we-need-a-fairer-approach-for-what-we-use-and-sell-205751">Think of solar panels more like apple trees – we need a fairer approach for what we use and sell</a>
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<h2>What you need to know to design the optimum system</h2>
<p>Installers usually advise householders on what size solar and battery system is best for them. To get this right, installers need to know:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>household load profile</strong> – its energy use at different hours of the day and times of the year<br></li>
<li><strong>daily load</strong> – the household’s average total energy use in 24 hours</li>
<li><strong>tariffs</strong> – how much the household is charged for electricity from the grid, with higher tariffs at times of peak demand</li>
<li><strong>grid sales limits</strong> – households might be paid for energy they export to the grid. However, retailers may restrict the level of exports, change the feed-in tariff at different times of the day, and block feed-in to maintain grid stability. </li>
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<p>Most households will not know their load profile. Even if they do, it might change in response to energy providers’ <a href="https://theconversation.com/managing-demand-can-save-two-power-stations-worth-of-energy-at-peak-times-78173">demand management</a> programs – which give households incentives to reduce electricity consumption at peak times. </p>
<p>A system that was optimally sized might not remain so. And once installed, systems are difficult and costly to modify. </p>
<p>Also, customers can’t control tariff changes and grid sales limits. These can have huge impacts on the returns from their solar investments.</p>
<p>Unless all these factors are considered, a household might end up with an unsuitable solar panel and battery system and never recover the costs.</p>
<p>All this means consumers need a reliable source of information. The problem is not a lack of information but an overwhelming amount from a wide range of sources. It can be hard to tell who has a vested interest in promoting certain choices and who is offering independent advice. </p>
<p>Many consumers will leave the decisions to their installer. They must then choose their installer with care.</p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/how-to-maximise-savings-from-your-home-solar-system-and-slash-your-power-bills-197415">How to maximise savings from your home solar system and slash your power bills</a>
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<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Solar panels on tiled roof of house on a sunny day" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542507/original/file-20230814-23-xuo96b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542507/original/file-20230814-23-xuo96b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542507/original/file-20230814-23-xuo96b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542507/original/file-20230814-23-xuo96b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542507/original/file-20230814-23-xuo96b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542507/original/file-20230814-23-xuo96b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542507/original/file-20230814-23-xuo96b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">At times of peak solar generation, household exports of electricity to the grid might be cut off.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>How to fix this</h2>
<p>Householders are not the only ones who will benefit from widespread adoption of solar batteries. Network operators will too. </p>
<p>WA has one of the world’s largest isolated electricity grids. It also has a high uptake of rooftop solar. This threatens grid stability when solar generation surges and exceeds the capacity the network is designed to handle. Network operators are permitted to <a href="https://www.wa.gov.au/organisation/energy-policy-wa/emergency-solar-management">disconnect systems</a> installed after March 14 last year as a last resort. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/using-electric-water-heaters-to-store-renewable-energy-could-do-the-work-of-2-million-home-batteries-and-save-us-billions-204281">Using electric water heaters to store renewable energy could do the work of 2 million home batteries – and save us billions</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>If more households installed batteries, they could store surplus energy that otherwise could destabilise the grid. But households want to be sure it’s a good investment. As <a href="https://energyconsumersaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/20230210_Submission-to-the-National-Energy-Performance-Strategy-Consultation-Paper.pdf">recommended</a> by Energy Consumers Australia, a trusted “one-stop shop” is needed to provide independent, tailored advice to consumers and refer them to government programs and measures.</p>
<p>Retailers and installers should provide households with consumer-friendly technology such as home energy management systems, including <a href="https://www.energy.gov.au/business/equipment-and-technology-guides/metering-and-monitoring">smart meters</a>, to help them understand and manage their energy use. </p>
<p>Households should also be informed of alternatives. One option is <a href="https://www.dcceew.gov.au/energy/renewable/community-batteries">community batteries</a>, which store and supply energy to a neighbourhood of homes with solar power. Another is <a href="https://www.solar.vic.gov.au/how-does-virtual-power-plant-work">virtual power plants</a> – energy-sharing networks that connect thousands of household batteries. </p>
<p>Armed with all this information, consumers could make more informed decisions about investing in the energy transition. Until then, many will defer the decision. And that could increase costs for both households and electricity networks.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/thinking-of-buying-a-battery-to-help-power-your-home-heres-what-you-need-to-know-192610">Thinking of buying a battery to help power your home? Here's what you need to know</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/209219/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>The research leading to some of the results mentioned in article has received funding from Edith Cowan University for EMCR Grant Scheme 2022 (Stream 2), 2023 ‑ 2024</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Daryoush Habibi does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>In some cases, adding a battery to your rooftop solar system will pay off. But to be sure of this, households need information about many factors – and there’s no single reliable place to find it.Asma Aziz, Lecturer in Power Engineering, Edith Cowan UniversityDaryoush Habibi, Professor and Executive Dean, School of Engineering, Edith Cowan UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2113472023-08-16T20:04:42Z2023-08-16T20:04:42ZA green roof or rooftop solar? You can combine them in a biosolar roof, boosting both biodiversity and power output<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542944/original/file-20230816-19-ud5god.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C8%2C6000%2C3979&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Growing city populations and limited space are driving the adoption of green roofs and green walls covered with living plants. As well as boosting biodiversity, green roofs could play another unexpectedly valuable role by increasing the electricity output of solar panels. </p>
<p>As solar panels heat up beyond 25°C, their efficiency <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.06.037">decreases markedly</a>. Green roofs <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119443">moderate rooftop temperatures</a>. So we wanted to find out: could green roofs help with the problem of heat reducing the output of solar panels?</p>
<p><a href="https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/150142/2/City%20of%20Sydney%20Final%20Report%20EPI%20R3%20201920005.pdf">Our research</a> compared a “biosolar” green roof – one that combines a solar system with a green roof – and a comparable conventional roof with an equivalent solar system. We measured the impacts on biodiversity and solar output, as well as how the plants coped with having panels installed above them. </p>
<p>The green roof supported much more biodiversity, as one might expect. By reducing average maximum temperatures by about 8°C, it increased solar generation by as much as 107% during peak periods. And while some plant species outperformed others, the vegetation flourished.</p>
<p>These results show we don’t have to choose between a green roof or a solar roof: we can combine the two and reap double the rewards.</p>
<figure>
<iframe width="440" height="260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pz3PiqzGxEQ?wmode=transparent&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
<figcaption><span class="caption">Daramu House in the Sydney CBD has a large array of solar panels installed over a green roof.</span></figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/despairing-about-climate-change-these-4-charts-on-the-unstoppable-growth-of-solar-may-change-your-mind-204901">Despairing about climate change? These 4 charts on the unstoppable growth of solar may change your mind</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>How was the study done?</h2>
<p>Many studies have tested a single rooftop divided into “green roof” and “non-green roof” sections to measure the differences caused by vegetation. A problem with such studies is “spatial confounding” – the effects of two nearby spaces influencing one another. So, for example, the cooler green roof section could moderate the temperature of the non-green section next to it.</p>
<p>In studies that use distinct buildings, the buildings might be too far apart or too different in construction to be comparable.</p>
<p>The two buildings in our study were the same height, size and shape and located next to each other in Sydney’s central business district. The only difference was Daramu House had a green roof and International House did not.</p>
<p>We <a href="https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/150142/2/City%20of%20Sydney%20Final%20Report%20EPI%20R3%20201920005.pdf">selected a mix</a> of native and non-native grasses and non-woody plants, which would flower across all seasons, to attract diverse animal species.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542713/original/file-20230815-23-s0cct9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542713/original/file-20230815-23-s0cct9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542713/original/file-20230815-23-s0cct9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=717&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542713/original/file-20230815-23-s0cct9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=717&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542713/original/file-20230815-23-s0cct9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=717&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542713/original/file-20230815-23-s0cct9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=901&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542713/original/file-20230815-23-s0cct9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=901&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542713/original/file-20230815-23-s0cct9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=901&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">(A) The study site location (red dot) in the Sydney central business district. (B) Architectural design of Daramu House. (C) Rooftop view looking south, showing plantings around and underneath solar panels.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/150142/2/City%20of%20Sydney%20Final%20Report%20EPI%20R3%20201920005.pdf">Green Roof & Solar Array – Comparative Research Project</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>The biosolar green roof and conventional roof had the same area, about 1860 square metres, with roughly a third covered by solar panels. Vegetation covered about 78% of the green roof and the solar panels covered 40% of this planted area.</p>
<p>To identify which species were present on the roofs we used motion-sensing cameras and sampled for DNA traces. We documented changes in the green roof vegetation to record how shading by the solar panels affected the plants.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/greening-our-grey-cities-heres-how-green-roofs-and-walls-can-flourish-in-australia-139478">Greening our grey cities: here's how green roofs and walls can flourish in Australia</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>How did the panels affect the plants?</h2>
<p>In the open areas, we observed minimal changes in the vegetation cover over the study period compared to the initial planted community. </p>
<p>Plant growth was fastest and healthiest in the areas immediately around the solar panels. Several species doubled in coverage. We selected fast-growing vegetation for this section to achieve full coverage of the green roof beds as soon as possible.</p>
<p>The vegetation changed the most in the areas directly below and surrounding the solar panels. The Baby Sun Rose, <em>Aptenia cordifolia</em>, emerged as the dominant plant. It occupied most of the space beneath and surrounding the solar panels, despite having been planted in relatively low densities. </p>
<p>This was surprising: it was not expected the plants would prefer the shaded areas under the panels to the open areas. This shows that shading by solar panels will not prevent the growth of full and healthy roof gardens.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542714/original/file-20230815-29045-mip8m6.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542714/original/file-20230815-29045-mip8m6.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542714/original/file-20230815-29045-mip8m6.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=818&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542714/original/file-20230815-29045-mip8m6.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=818&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542714/original/file-20230815-29045-mip8m6.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=818&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542714/original/file-20230815-29045-mip8m6.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=1028&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542714/original/file-20230815-29045-mip8m6.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=1028&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542714/original/file-20230815-29045-mip8m6.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=1028&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">(A) An example of evenly distributed plant cover around solar panels. (B) <em>Aptenia cordifolia</em> (Baby Sun Rose) came to dominate the area beneath solar panels. Minor cover of <em>Viola hederacea</em> can also be seen. (C) Vegetation around solar panels along the outside of east section of the roof. (D) Additional evidence of the dominance of <em>A. cordifolia</em> beneath the panels and dieback directly under them. (E) Relatively even cover of a range of species and marked increase in height in <em>Goodenia ovata</em> (Hop Goodenia). (F) Substantial height increases for the entire vegetation community.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/150142/2/City%20of%20Sydney%20Final%20Report%20EPI%20R3%20201920005.pdf">Green Roof & Solar Array – Comparative Research Project</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/up-on-a-roof-why-new-zealands-move-towards-greater-urban-density-should-see-a-rooftop-revolution-172226">Up on a roof: why New Zealand's move towards greater urban density should see a rooftop revolution</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>What were the biodiversity impacts?</h2>
<figure class="align-right zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542721/original/file-20230815-19-5rlkuv.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542721/original/file-20230815-19-5rlkuv.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542721/original/file-20230815-19-5rlkuv.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=741&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542721/original/file-20230815-19-5rlkuv.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=741&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542721/original/file-20230815-19-5rlkuv.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=741&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542721/original/file-20230815-19-5rlkuv.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=931&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542721/original/file-20230815-19-5rlkuv.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=931&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542721/original/file-20230815-19-5rlkuv.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=931&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">eDNA sampling on site.</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>We used environmental DNA (eDNA) surveys to compare biodiversity on the green roof and conventional roof. Water run-off samples were collected from both roofs and processed on site using portable citizen scientist <a href="https://www.smith-root.com/edna/edna-citizen-scientist-sampler">eDNA sampling equipment</a> to detect traces of DNA shed by the species on the roof. </p>
<p>The eDNA surveys detected a diverse range of species. These included some species (such as algae and fungi) that are not easily detected using other survey methods. The results confirmed the presence of bird species recorded by the cameras but also showed other visiting bird species went undetected by the cameras. </p>
<p>Overall, the green roof supported four times as many species of birds, over seven times as many arthropods such as insects, spiders and millipedes, and twice as many snail and slug species as the conventional roof. There was many times the diversity of microorganisms such as algae and fungi. </p>
<p>Encouragingly, the green roof attracted species unexpected in the city. They included blue-banded bees (<em>Amegilla cingulata</em>) and metallic shield bugs (<em>Scutiphora pedicellata</em>).</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Bee with blue bands on a flower" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542918/original/file-20230816-22-9cxflo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542918/original/file-20230816-22-9cxflo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542918/original/file-20230816-22-9cxflo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542918/original/file-20230816-22-9cxflo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542918/original/file-20230816-22-9cxflo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542918/original/file-20230816-22-9cxflo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542918/original/file-20230816-22-9cxflo.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Blue-banded bees were among the unexpected visitors to the green roof.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amegilla_cingulata_on_long_tube_of_Acanthus_ilicifolius_flower.jpg">Chiswick Chap/Wikimedia Commons</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/yes-the-state-of-the-environment-is-grim-but-you-can-make-a-difference-right-in-your-own-neighbourhoood-187259">Yes, the state of the environment is grim, but you can make a difference, right in your own neighbourhoood</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>How did the green roof alter temperatures?</h2>
<p>The green roof reduced surface temperatures by up to 9.63°C for the solar panels and 6.93°C for the roof surfaces. An 8°C reduction in average peak temperature on the green roof would result in substantial heating and cooling energy savings inside the building. </p>
<p>This lowering of temperatures increased the maximum output of the solar panels by 21-107%, depending on the month. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109703">Performance modelling</a> indicates an extensive green roof in central Sydney can, on average, produce 4.5% more electricity at any given light level.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542712/original/file-20230815-25187-3vc42q.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="2 graphs showing temperatures and solar power output for biosolar green roof and conventional roof" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542712/original/file-20230815-25187-3vc42q.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542712/original/file-20230815-25187-3vc42q.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=298&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542712/original/file-20230815-25187-3vc42q.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=298&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542712/original/file-20230815-25187-3vc42q.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=298&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542712/original/file-20230815-25187-3vc42q.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=374&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542712/original/file-20230815-25187-3vc42q.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=374&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/542712/original/file-20230815-25187-3vc42q.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=374&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Energy output (left) and surface temperatures (right) of solar panels on a biosolar green roof and on a conventional roof.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/150142/2/City%20of%20Sydney%20Final%20Report%20EPI%20R3%20201920005.pdf">Data: Green Roof & Solar Array – Comparative Research Project</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>These results show we don’t have to choose between a green roof or a solar roof. We can combine them to take advantage of the many benefits of biosolar green roofs.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/green-roofs-improve-the-urban-environment-so-why-dont-all-buildings-have-them-123420">Green roofs improve the urban environment – so why don't all buildings have them?</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Biosolar roofs can help get cities to net zero</h2>
<p>The next step is to design green roofs and their plantings specifically to enhance biodiversity. Green roofs and other green infrastructure may alter urban wildlife’s activities and could eventually attract non-urban species.</p>
<p>Our green roof also decreased stormwater runoff, removed a range of run-off pollutants and insulated the building from extremes of temperature. A relatively inexpensive system provides all of these services with moderate maintenance and, best of all, zero energy inputs. </p>
<p>Clearly, biosolar green roofs could make major contributions to net-zero cities. And all that’s needed is space that currently has no other use.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/211347/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Peter Irga receives funding from the Australian Research Council, The City of Sydney and NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment. Peter Irga engages with the Australian Flora Foundation and the Australian Green Infrastructure Network. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Eamonn Wooster receives funding from The City of Sydney. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Fraser R Torpy receives funding from The Australian Research Council, the City of Sydney and NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Jack Rojahn receives funding from The Centre for Invasive Species Solutions.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Robert Fleck receives funding from The City of Sydney and NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment.. </span></em></p>A new study shows we can maximise the benefits of green roofs and rooftop solar systems by putting them together on the one roof.Peter Irga, ARC DECRA Fellow and Lecturer in Air and Noise Pollution, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology SydneyEamonn Wooster, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt UniversityFraser R Torpy, Director, Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, University of Technology SydneyJack Rojahn, PhD Candidate, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of CanberraRobert Fleck, Research Scientist, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology SydneyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2105572023-08-03T20:03:02Z2023-08-03T20:03:02Z‘Limitless’ energy: how floating solar panels near the equator could power future population hotspots<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540935/original/file-20230803-17-ypizoo.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=5%2C4%2C992%2C660&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/aerial-top-view-solar-panels-cells-1924116725">Tavarius, Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>Vast arrays of solar panels floating on calm seas near the Equator could provide effectively unlimited solar energy to densely populated countries in Southeast Asia and West Africa.</p>
<p>Our <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9941/3/3/23">new research</a> shows offshore solar in Indonesia alone could generate about 35,000 terawatt-hours (TWh) of solar energy a year, which is similar to current global electricity production (<a href="https://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix">30,000TWh per year</a>). </p>
<p>And while most of the world’s oceans experience storms, some regions at the Equator are relatively still and peaceful. So relatively inexpensive engineering structures could suffice to protect offshore floating solar panels.</p>
<p>Our <a href="https://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/offshore_solar_atlas/">high-resolution global heat maps</a> show the Indonesian archipelago and equatorial West Africa near Nigeria have the greatest potential for offshore floating solar arrays. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540572/original/file-20230801-20-dkpvgr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="A heatmap showing the best locations for floating solar panels, away from tropical storm tracks" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540572/original/file-20230801-20-dkpvgr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540572/original/file-20230801-20-dkpvgr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=284&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540572/original/file-20230801-20-dkpvgr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=284&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540572/original/file-20230801-20-dkpvgr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=284&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540572/original/file-20230801-20-dkpvgr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=357&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540572/original/file-20230801-20-dkpvgr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=357&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540572/original/file-20230801-20-dkpvgr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=357&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Heatmap for offshore floating solar panels. Red areas are best, followed by yellow, green and dark blue. The grey lines show tropical storm tracks.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Author-supplied, using OpenStreetMap base</span>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">CC BY-ND</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/despairing-about-climate-change-these-4-charts-on-the-unstoppable-growth-of-solar-may-change-your-mind-204901">Despairing about climate change? These 4 charts on the unstoppable growth of solar may change your mind</a>
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<hr>
<h2>Solar power rules by mid-century</h2>
<p>On current trends, the global economy will be largely decarbonised and electrified by 2050, supported by <a href="https://theconversation.com/despairing-about-climate-change-these-4-charts-on-the-unstoppable-growth-of-solar-may-change-your-mind-204901">vast amounts of solar and wind energy</a>. </p>
<p>About 70 square kilometres of solar panels can provide all the energy requirements of a million affluent people in a zero-carbon economy. The panels can be placed on rooftops, in arid areas, colocated with agriculture, or floated on water bodies. </p>
<p>But countries with high population densities, such as <a href="https://www.worldometers.info/population/most-populous-countries/">Nigeria and Indonesia</a>, will have limited space for solar energy harvesting.</p>
<p>Their tropical location in the so-called “doldrum” latitudes also means wind resources are poor. Fortunately, these countries – and their neighbours – can harvest effectively unlimited energy from solar panels floating on calm equatorial seas. </p>
<p>Floating solar panels can also be placed on inland lakes and reservoirs. <a href="https://www.pv-magazine-australia.com/2023/03/23/global-study-highlights-potential-of-floating-solar/">Inland floating solar</a> has large potential and is already growing rapidly. </p>
<p>Our <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9941/3/3/23">recently released paper</a> surveys the global oceans to find regions that didn’t experience large waves or strong winds over the past 40 years. Floating solar panels in such regions do not require strong and expensive engineering defences. </p>
<p>Regions that don’t experience waves larger than 6 metres nor winds stronger than 15m per second could generate up to one million TWh per year. That’s about five times more annual energy than is needed for a fully decarbonised global economy supporting 10 billion affluent people. </p>
<p>Most of the good sites are close to the Equator, in and around Indonesia and equatorial west Africa. These are regions of high population growth and high environmental values. Marine floating solar panels could help resolve land use conflict. </p>
<h2>Indonesia has vast solar energy potential</h2>
<p>Indonesia is a densely populated country, particularly on the islands of Java, Bali and Sumatra. By mid-century, Indonesia’s population may exceed <a href="https://www.population-trends-asiapacific.org/data/IDN">315 million people</a>. </p>
<p>Fortunately, Indonesia has <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/17/5424">vast solar energy potential</a> and also vast <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/9/3457">pumped hydro energy storage potential</a> to store the solar energy overnight. </p>
<p>About 25,000 square km of solar panels would be required to support an affluent Indonesia after full decarbonisation of the economy using solar power. </p>
<p>Indonesia has the option of floating vast numbers of solar panels on its calm inland seas. The region has about 140,000 square km of seascape that has not experienced waves larger than 4m – nor winds stronger than 10m per second – in the past 40 years. </p>
<p>Indonesia’s maritime area of 6.4 million square km is 200 times larger than required if Indonesia’s entire <a href="https://theconversation.com/indonesia-could-harvest-solar-energy-from-10-billion-panels-so-where-do-we-put-them-167299">future energy needs</a> were met from offshore floating solar panels. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540573/original/file-20230801-23-ko6dda.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="A heatmap showing the best locations for floating solar panels, away from tropical storm tracks" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540573/original/file-20230801-23-ko6dda.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540573/original/file-20230801-23-ko6dda.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=276&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540573/original/file-20230801-23-ko6dda.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=276&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540573/original/file-20230801-23-ko6dda.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=276&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540573/original/file-20230801-23-ko6dda.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=347&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540573/original/file-20230801-23-ko6dda.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=347&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/540573/original/file-20230801-23-ko6dda.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=347&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Heatmap for offshore floating solar panels in Indonesia. Red areas are best, followed by yellow, green and dark blue. The grey lines show tropical storm tracks.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Author-supplied, using OpenStreetMap base</span>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">CC BY-ND</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>The future for offshore floating solar</h2>
<p>Most of the global seascape experiences waves larger than 10m and winds stronger than 20m per second. Several companies are working to develop engineering defences so offshore floating panels can tolerate storms. In contrast, benign maritime environments along the equator require much less robust and expensive defences. </p>
<p>We have found the most suitable regions cluster within 5–12 degrees of latitude of the Equator, principally in and around the Indonesian archipelago and in the Gulf of Guinea near Nigeria. These regions have low potential for wind generation, high population density, rapid growth (in both population and energy consumption) and substantial intact ecosystems that should not be cleared for solar farms. Tropical storms rarely impact equatorial regions. </p>
<p>The offshore floating solar industry is in its infancy. Offshore solar panels do have downsides compared with onshore panels, including salt corrosion and marine fouling. Shallow seas are preferred for anchoring the panels to the seabed. And careful attention must be paid to minimising damage to the marine environment and fishing. Global warming may also alter wind and wave patterns.
Despite these challenges, we believe offshore floating panels will provide a large component of the energy mix for countries with access to calm equatorial seas. By mid-century, about a billion people in these countries will rely mostly on solar energy, which is causing the <a href="https://theconversation.com/despairing-about-climate-change-these-4-charts-on-the-unstoppable-growth-of-solar-may-change-your-mind-204901">fastest energy change in history</a>. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/sunshine-by-day-water-by-night-indonesia-could-pair-its-vast-solar-and-hydro-storage-to-decarbonise-the-country-183219">Sunshine by day, water by night: Indonesia could pair its vast solar and hydro storage to decarbonise the country</a>
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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/210557/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Andrew Blakers receives funding from ARENA, P4I and similar organisations</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>David Firnando Silalahi's ongoing PhD study is funded by the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP).</span></em></p>New research shows densely populated countries in Southeast Asia and West Africa could harvest effectively unlimited energy from solar panels floating on calm tropical seas near the equator.Andrew Blakers, Professor of Engineering, Australian National UniversityDavid Firnando Silalahi, Phd Candidate, School of Engineering, Australian National UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2093972023-07-25T02:03:19Z2023-07-25T02:03:19ZAustralia is touted as a future clean energy ‘superpower’ – but research suggests other nations will outperform us<p>Addressing climate change means enduring some economic pain in the early part of this century to avoid worse outcomes in the long run. But recently the narrative has shifted from pain to opportunity. </p>
<p>In Australia, there’s much talk of this nation emerging from the net-zero transition as a clean energy <a href="https://www.austrade.gov.au/benchmark-report/renewable-energy-superpower#:%7E:text=The%20Australian%20Government%20aims%20to,largest%20producer%20of%20solar%20energy.">superpower</a>.</p>
<p>But many other countries are also racing to expand their renewable energy production. This got us wondering: Australia’s renewable resource potential is vast, but will we actually become the world’s biggest energy exporter? </p>
<p><a href="https://modsim2023.exordo.com/files/papers/125/final_draft/graham125.pdf">Analysis by CSIRO</a> examined this question. We found Australia was near the top of the pack on factors such as the quality of renewable resources. But we are not the world’s best, and others are nipping at our heels. There’s still much work to be done. </p>
<h2>A superpower-in-waiting</h2>
<p>Australia has always been rich in energy. We export far more in the form of gas and coal than we use domestically. And a lot of energy used in Australia goes towards producing goods for export such as minerals and metals.</p>
<p>The threat of climate change means the world must reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. That requires less burning of Australia’s abundant fossil fuels.</p>
<p>Economic modelling produced by federal treasury in <a href="https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/Australias_Low_Pollution_Future_Summary.pdf">2008</a> and <a href="https://treasury.gov.au/programs-initiatives-consumers-community/modelling-a-carbon-price">2011</a> revealed a gloomy outlook. It showed key industrial sectors such as coal mining, aluminium and steel would all be significantly smaller in a world that takes action to address climate change.</p>
<p>But a reprieve was in sight. Australia has vast amounts of the cheapest climate change solution available: renewable electricity. And between 2010 and 2020, the cost of electricity generated from wind and solar globally <a href="https://www.irena.org/publications/2021/Jun/Renewable-Power-Costs-in-2020">fell</a> by 56% and 85%, respectively. </p>
<p>This turned the issue of addressing climate change from challenge to opportunity. Australia is now touted as a future clean energy superpower. There’s even talk of exporting renewable energy – either in the form of “<a href="https://www.dcceew.gov.au/energy/hydrogen">green</a>” hydrogen, or directly via undersea electricity transmission cables. </p>
<p>Much of the opportunity will come from supplying renewable energy to industry. That’s because electricity is the cheapest way to strip emissions from this polluting part of the economy.</p>
<p>And the opportunity goes deeper. The global transition to low-emissions technology entails an exponential increase in wind and solar plants, energy storage, and the transmission infrastructure to get the energy where it’s needed. Manufacturing this technology requires the production of minerals such as <a href="https://dmp.wa.gov.au/Investors/Alumina-1479.aspx">aluminium</a> and <a href="https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/minerals/mineral-resources-and-advice/australian-resource-reviews/lithium">lithium</a>, of which Australia has large reserves. </p>
<p>So demand for Australia’s minerals and metals is <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions">expected to grow</a>. And these producers will have access to cheap home-grown renewable electricity to power their operations, making them more internationally competitive.</p>
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<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/dutton-wants-australia-to-join-the-nuclear-renaissance-but-this-dream-has-failed-before-209584">Dutton wants Australia to join the "nuclear renaissance" – but this dream has failed before</a>
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<hr>
<h2>But how competitive are we?</h2>
<p>So far, so good. But many countries are developing a renewable energy capacity. Those that can produce renewable energy at least cost will come out on top. That comes down to three factors:</p>
<ol>
<li><p>the quality of renewable resources, for example, how windy or sunny a place is</p></li>
<li><p>the cost of installation (which is determined by labour costs and government regulation) </p></li>
<li><p>the existence of a low-cost backup energy supply, such as gas or hydro, for when renewables production is low.</p></li>
</ol>
<p>So how does Australia fare? To find out, we studied 194 locations around the world in 13 regions. We determined where renewable energy could be produced most cheaply and how costs varied across the land mass.</p>
<p>Based on the lowest cost site in each region, we estimate the three most competitive global regions for producing renewable energy will be India, Western Europe and China. This applies both in 2030 and 2050.</p>
<p>Australia is ranked a close fourth in 2030. But this rank could slip one place in 2050, if Africa can make better use of its good solar sites by then. </p>
<p>So why did three regions rank above Australia? It partly reflects their lower labour costs and the quality of renewable resources. It’s also due to lower costs for companies installing renewable energy technologies. (Cheaper installation can also be the result of lower labour costs or, as in the case of Western Europe, a more competitive installation sector.) </p>
<p>We don’t know why other countries with comparable labour costs can install technologies more cheaply. But it may reflect economies of scale, or more companies competing for work.</p>
<p>We also calculated the average of costs across the land mass of each region. On that measure, Australia’s ranking improves to third place in both 2030 and 2050.</p>
<p>This indicates the deep quality of Australia’s renewable resources: it’s a windy and sunny place, which helps offset Australia’s relatively higher installation costs. </p>
<p>It’s worth noting, however, that other top-ranked countries face risks that Australia does not. In China and India, for example, labour costs are likely to rise faster as their economies develop. </p>
<p>In addition, these nations have much larger populations and so may need to reserve some renewable resources to meet domestic energy needs.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/the-earth-might-hold-huge-stores-of-natural-hydrogen-and-prospectors-are-already-scouring-south-australia-for-it-204904">The earth might hold huge stores of natural hydrogen – and prospectors are already scouring South Australia for it</a>
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<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="people in India work at solar farm" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/538686/original/file-20230721-25-b1kl18.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/538686/original/file-20230721-25-b1kl18.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538686/original/file-20230721-25-b1kl18.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538686/original/file-20230721-25-b1kl18.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538686/original/file-20230721-25-b1kl18.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538686/original/file-20230721-25-b1kl18.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/538686/original/file-20230721-25-b1kl18.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">India is the most competitive region for renewable energy generation in 2050, according to the analysis.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Ajit Solanki/AP</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Staying competitive</h2>
<p>Australia’s potential to produce renewable energy at globally competitive prices promises to negate the economic pain of the energy transition. But we can’t rest on our laurels. Other nations have competitive advantages that outweigh our bounty of wind and sun.</p>
<p>So how does Australia stay at the top of the global pack? The main priority is to make our installation sector more competitive. This may develop naturally as the scale of clean energy deployment grows, attracting more companies to the sector.</p>
<p>We must also identify the necessary workforce skills and produce sufficient labour and training, to ensure Australia keeps pace with the global transition.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/australia-is-facing-a-450-000-tonne-mountain-of-used-solar-panels-heres-how-to-turn-it-into-a-valuable-asset-204792">Australia is facing a 450,000-tonne mountain of used solar panels. Here's how to turn it into a valuable asset</a>
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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/209397/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Paul Graham has been an energy economist for 27 years and during that time has received funding from the Commonwealth government, nearly every state government and many major mining, finance, generation, distribution, transmission, fuel and technology companies as well as non-profit organisations. </span></em></p>Australia has a lot of wind and sun, but will we actually become a world leader in renewable energy generation?Paul Graham, Chief economist, CSIRO energy, CSIROLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2047922023-05-04T01:01:05Z2023-05-04T01:01:05ZAustralia is facing a 450,000-tonne mountain of used solar panels. Here’s how to turn it into a valuable asset<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/524231/original/file-20230503-1235-6w7v3u.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C49%2C1024%2C666&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">CPVA</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>There were an estimated <a href="https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7996851/australias-100-million-solar-panel-puzzle/">100 million</a> individual solar photovoltaic (PV) panels in Australia at the end of 2022. We estimate this number will likely grow to <a href="https://www.circularpv.com.au/_files/ugd/10e921_d7a4fbb30adb4fd585b5d4784ccdc24b.pdf">over 2 billion</a> if we are to meet Australia’s <a href="https://www.netzeroaustralia.net.au/">2050 net-zero</a> emissions target. This growth means Australia is facing a <a href="https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2016/IRENA_IEAPVPS_End-of-Life_Solar_PV_Panels_2016.pdf?rev=49a75178e38c46288a18753346fb0b09">450,000-tonne</a> mountain of used PV panels by 2040.</p>
<p>Managing all those discarded PV panels will be a huge job. Rather than treating them as “waste”, though, these panels could be a source of social, environmental and economic value. Our new <a href="https://www.circularpv.com.au/new-industry-report">industry report</a> outlines how we can realise that value. </p>
<p>PV panels contain a variety of valuable materials. The panels can also be put to new uses, such as on uninhabited community and sports club buildings, for agricultural irrigation pumps, or for camping and caravanning. </p>
<p>However, at present, they tend to follow a linear, “take, make, dispose” lifecycle. This results in many PV panels being sent to landfill or stockpiled. Much of their value is wasted.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="hand lifts up one of a pile of old solar panels" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/524232/original/file-20230503-26-mqha78.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/524232/original/file-20230503-26-mqha78.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/524232/original/file-20230503-26-mqha78.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/524232/original/file-20230503-26-mqha78.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/524232/original/file-20230503-26-mqha78.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/524232/original/file-20230503-26-mqha78.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/524232/original/file-20230503-26-mqha78.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">PV panels are being discarded in large numbers, but sending them to landfill is a waste.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">CPVA</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/stop-removing-your-solar-panels-early-please-its-creating-a-huge-waste-problem-for-australia-160546">Stop removing your solar panels early, please. It's creating a huge waste problem for Australia</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>What did the research look at?</h2>
<p>The University of Queensland and Circular PV Alliance have assessed the market for used and surplus PV panels, with funding from <a href="https://energyconsumersaustralia.com.au/">Energy Consumers Australia</a>. Our findings are in <a href="https://www.circularpv.com.au/new-industry-report">the report</a> launched today at the <a href="https://smartenergyexpo.org.au/">Smart Energy Council Expo</a> in Sydney. </p>
<p>Our goal was to understand potential customers and value streams for used PV panels. We also wished to identify market or policy barriers to reusing, repurposing and recycling these panels. </p>
<p>We reviewed the academic research on the topic and conducted a series of interviews. Thirteen organisations with diverse interests in solar energy and PV panel reuse and recycling participated. A series of recurrent themes emerged that indicate potential or perceived opportunities and challenges for PV panel reuse. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/how-to-maximise-savings-from-your-home-solar-system-and-slash-your-power-bills-197415">How to maximise savings from your home solar system and slash your power bills</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>What did the research find?</h2>
<p>Overall, there was broad concern among interviewees that PV panels are being decommissioned before the end of their productive lives. A few key reasons stood out:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><a href="https://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/About/Pages/Accountability%20and%20reporting/Administrative%20Reports/The%20Renewable%20Energy%20Target%202015%20Administrative%20Report/The-renewable-energy-certificate-market.aspx">renewable energy certificates</a> encourage PV investors to install new panels rather than extend the life of older panels, because the subsidy is paid in full on installation, rather than as power is generated</p></li>
<li><p>low-quality PV products have a high failure rate</p></li>
<li><p>an array that combines different PV panels can be limited by the lowest-performing panel.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>These issues contribute to the already large amounts of discarded panels coming from solar farms, and warranty and insurance claims.</p>
<p>However, we also found reclaimed PV panels offer low-cost, clean energy options for households and community energy projects. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/solar-power-can-cut-living-costs-but-its-not-an-option-for-many-people-they-need-better-support-201090">Solar power can cut living costs, but it's not an option for many people – they need better support</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Young woman in hi-viz carries PV parts as she walks past two old solar panels" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/524233/original/file-20230503-14-ykdqca.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/524233/original/file-20230503-14-ykdqca.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/524233/original/file-20230503-14-ykdqca.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/524233/original/file-20230503-14-ykdqca.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/524233/original/file-20230503-14-ykdqca.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/524233/original/file-20230503-14-ykdqca.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/524233/original/file-20230503-14-ykdqca.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Several challenges must be overcome to scale up the work of repurposing and recycling the volume of panels discarded in Australia.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">CPVA</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Even when not reusable, PV panels include valuable materials that can be recovered. The average silicon panel <a href="https://www.circularpv.com.au/_files/ugd/10e921_d7a4fbb30adb4fd585b5d4784ccdc24b.pdf">contains</a> silver (47% of recycled materials value), aluminium (frame, 26%), silicon (cells, 11%), glass (8%) and copper (8%). </p>
<p>And PV panel recycling is becoming more efficient. This has led to better-quality outputs and higher recovery rates. For example, nano-silicon created by processing recovered silicon can sell for over <a href="https://ifm.deakin.edu.au/2023/01/new-process-extracts-silicon-from-solar-panels-to-build-better-batteries/">A$44,000 per kilogram</a>.</p>
<p>A shift towards viewing a PV panel as a valuable resource or asset, rather than “waste”, will improve both consumer and industry understanding of its inherent value, even when it’s not brand new.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/solar-is-the-cheapest-power-and-a-literal-light-bulb-moment-showed-us-we-can-cut-costs-and-emissions-even-further-187008">Solar is the cheapest power, and a literal light-bulb moment showed us we can cut costs and emissions even further</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>How do we turn ‘waste’ into an asset?</h2>
<p>We can keep used PV panels out of landfill by treating them as an asset through a value-capture system. This will create a variety of benefits and opportunities. </p>
<p>The circular economy model loops the “take, make, reuse” phases into a self-sustaining cycle. It provides a foundation to grow markets for used PV panels. This will tap into consumer demands for credible and sustainable products and services. </p>
<p>There are already successful examples of similar solutions for other products in Australia and around the world. Australian examples include the <a href="https://www.dcceew.gov.au/environment/protection/waste/product-stewardship/products-schemes/television-computer-recycling-scheme">National Television and Computer Recycling Scheme</a>
and <a href="https://www.tyrestewardship.org.au/">Tyre Stewardship Australia</a>, as well as state-based beverage container deposit schemes. </p>
<p>So how do we set up a circular economy for PV panels? We found a combination of policies, regulations and commercial services can overcome the obstacles to reuse and recycling. </p>
<p>A consistent, national approach is needed to establish successful markets for used PV panels. Standards for testing and certifying these panels, as well as repair warranties, are essential to build consumer trust in this product. </p>
<p>Industry reporting and accreditation requirements as well as product traceability, so the reused and recycled panels can be accounted for, are all important elements of product stewardship and used PV panel markets. </p>
<p>Targeted engagement with a broader range of potential consumers, insurers and PV panel manufacturers will help overcome their perceived barriers to reusing panels. </p>
<p>Taken together, these actions are the building blocks of creating a circular economy for PV panels in Australia. The looming volumes of used panels and ever-increasing amount of solar energy being installed in Australia compel us to do this. Consumers, industry and the environment will all benefit.</p>
<hr>
<p><em>The author acknowledges Megan Jones, Circular PV Alliance co-founder and director, for her contribution to this article.</em></p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/204792/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Megan Jones, Circular PV Alliance co-founder and Director, was employed as a research assistant by The University of Queensland for the work discussed in this article and was an author of the industry report. Archie Chapman received funding from Energy Consumers Australia to conduct this research. He is affiliated with the Circular PV Alliance.</span></em></p>As the energy revolution gains pace, huge numbers of PV panels are already going to landfill. Many are still usable and even those that aren’t contain valuable materials that shouldn’t be discarded.Archie Chapman, Senior Lecturer, School of IT and Electrical Engineering, The University of QueenslandLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2010902023-03-07T19:05:46Z2023-03-07T19:05:46ZSolar power can cut living costs, but it’s not an option for many people – they need better support<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/513859/original/file-20230307-14-atzhip.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=12%2C12%2C8118%2C5444&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>As the cost of living soars, many Australian households are turning to rooftop solar to cut their energy costs. A <a href="https://www.roymorgan.com/findings/to-address-rising-energy-costs-australians-want-long-term-solutions-from-the-government-rather-than-temporary-reliefs">Pulse of the Nation</a> survey last month showed about 29% of Australians have installed or are considering installing solar panels on their homes. </p>
<p>The same survey shows one in five Australians can’t afford to adequately heat or cool their homes. Many are also unable to install energy-saving options such as solar panels or insulation because of the upfront costs or because they are renters who cannot make changes to the dwelling. Among those who are financially stressed, earn less than A$50,000 or are between the ages of 18 and 34, a large majority do not intend to install energy-saving options, largely because they cannot afford them.</p>
<p>Renewable energy is not just critical for saving on energy bills, but also for <a href="https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2022/217/9/2022-report-mja-lancet-countdown-health-and-climate-change-australia-unprepared">mitigating climate change and fostering sustainable development</a>. However, the reality is access to solar power is not equitable for all Australians. Our <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800923000174?via%3Dihub">new research</a> shows without better government support, many people will miss out on its benefits.</p>
<iframe title="Investments made or considered to lower energy costs" aria-label="Grouped Column Chart" id="datawrapper-chart-wDERd" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/wDERd/2/" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="border: none;" width="100%" height="400" data-external="1"></iframe>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/how-to-maximise-savings-from-your-home-solar-system-and-slash-your-power-bills-197415">How to maximise savings from your home solar system and slash your power bills</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>What does equity in rooftop solar uptake look like?</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800923000174?via%3Dihub">Our research</a> focuses on how to make access to rooftop solar more equitable. </p>
<p>It is important to distinguish between equity and equality. Equality means every household will be given the <a href="https://onlinepublichealth.gwu.edu/resources/equity-vs-equality/">same resources or opportunities</a>. For example, every household would receive the same subsidy to install solar panels. </p>
<p>Equity refers to fairness. The idea of equity recognises not all households start from the same place. Instead, adjustments to imbalances might be required. </p>
<p>In the context of solar adoption, equity would mean every Australian can benefit from solar power. Any subsidies or other support would be adjusted based on individual circumstances. </p>
<p>To better understand how it affects the adoption of solar panels, we looked at several aspects of inequity. These include financial situation, renting status, gender, education and ethnicity. </p>
<p>For our study, we collected 167 studies worldwide on household solar panel adoption to determine what we know about how it’s affected by these aspects of inequity. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/we-all-need-energy-to-survive-here-are-3-ways-to-ensure-australias-crazy-power-prices-leave-no-one-behind-193459">We all need energy to survive. Here are 3 ways to ensure Australia's crazy power prices leave no-one behind</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1486909044132806661"}"></div></p>
<h2>Solar power equity has been neglected</h2>
<p>Our findings show there is very limited in-depth data and research on this issue in Australia. Australian studies on residential solar uptake account for 20 (12%) of the 167 studies. </p>
<p>Research in Australia tends to focus on <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988322002833">equity related to income</a>. Of the 20 Australian studies, six find a positive link between income and solar panel adoption, four find a negative link, five show inconclusive results and five omit income altogether. </p>
<p>These mixed results can be explained, in part, by the fact that a range of factors impact whether a household can afford solar power. For example, a somewhat higher household income does not automatically mean that a household has <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988322002833">less bill stress and enough accumulated wealth</a> to afford the upfront cost of installing solar power. </p>
<p>Few studies offer a deeper analysis of variables such as education or ethnicity. For Australia, only five studies looked at education and only one at ethnicity. There is a lack of data on solar uptake among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. </p>
<p>This limited research does not allow for definite conclusions about how these variables impact rooftop solar uptake.</p>
<p>Energy-saving installations in investment properties have also received limited attention. Many Australian renters report their dwellings have extremely poor insulation. This leads to hot indoor temperatures in summer and <a href="https://theconversation.com/if-youre-renting-chances-are-your-home-is-cold-with-power-prices-soaring-heres-what-you-can-do-to-keep-warm-184472">cold conditions in winter</a>. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/if-youre-renting-chances-are-your-home-is-cold-with-power-prices-soaring-heres-what-you-can-do-to-keep-warm-184472">If you're renting, chances are your home is cold. With power prices soaring, here's what you can do to keep warm</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Renters typically have <a href="https://theconversation.com/if-youre-renting-chances-are-your-home-is-cold-with-power-prices-soaring-heres-what-you-can-do-to-keep-warm-184472">limited ways to fix these problems</a>. The only available options for many renters are air conditioning and portable heaters powered by traditional energy sources, which increases electricity bills.</p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1525959210432745472"}"></div></p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/heat-pumps-can-cut-your-energy-costs-by-up-to-90-its-not-magic-just-a-smart-use-of-the-laws-of-physics-185711">Heat pumps can cut your energy costs by up to 90%. It’s not magic, just a smart use of the laws of physics</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>What policies can improve solar equity?</h2>
<p>Policies that could improve equity in rooftop solar access include:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>direct financial support for low-income households that otherwise could not afford solar power</p></li>
<li><p>a variety of other financial incentives such as solar rebates</p></li>
<li><p>community solar programs that allow households to share the benefits. </p></li>
</ul>
<p>Some programs are in place to help home owners on low incomes to install solar systems. For example, New South Wales has a “<a href="https://www.energy.nsw.gov.au/households/rebates-grants-and-schemes/rebate-swap-solar">Solar for low-income households</a>” program. Eligible individuals can get a free 3-kilowatt solar system in return for giving up the <a href="https://www.service.nsw.gov.au/transaction/apply-for-the-low-income-household-rebate-on-supply-customers">Low-Income Household Rebate</a> for ten years. South Australia had a “<a href="https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/care-and-support/concessions/household-concessions/solar-offer">Switch for Solar</a>” trial, for which applications closed on August 31 2022. </p>
<p>However, to access these schemes Australians must first overcome one difficult hurdle: home ownership. </p>
<p>In addition, a focus on income alone can be problematic. Directing subsidies to low-income households alone <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988322002833">misses households with low wealth that are above an income threshold</a>.</p>
<p>The Australian government has promised new policy approaches. Its <a href="https://www.alp.org.au/policies/powering-australia">Powering Australia Plan</a> pledged $102.2 million for community solar banks. These are community-owned projects to improve access for those currently locked out of solar power. Households can lease or buy a plot in these solar banks, instead of using their own rooftops. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Mother and son stand next to rows of solar panels" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/513547/original/file-20230306-4646-h5a5e1.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/513547/original/file-20230306-4646-h5a5e1.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=295&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/513547/original/file-20230306-4646-h5a5e1.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=295&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/513547/original/file-20230306-4646-h5a5e1.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=295&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/513547/original/file-20230306-4646-h5a5e1.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=370&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/513547/original/file-20230306-4646-h5a5e1.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=370&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/513547/original/file-20230306-4646-h5a5e1.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=370&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Households can lease or buy a plot in a community solar bank, instead of using their own rooftops.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/3-ways-the-albanese-government-can-turn-australia-into-a-renewable-energy-superpower-without-leaving-anyone-behind-183640">3 ways the Albanese government can turn Australia into a renewable energy superpower – without leaving anyone behind</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>The success of such projects will depend on whether they are accessible to and affordable for everyone.</p>
<p>More data collection is needed to identify priorities for policy action on energy equity. This can include a new <a href="https://near.csiro.au/assets/a673168c-7b33-4c87-ac7f-02baf700a2e4">Household Energy Consumption Survey</a> (the Australian Bureau of Statistics conducted such a survey until a decade ago), broader analysis by researchers to consider equity dimensions, and collaboration between researchers and policymakers to trial new policies.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/201090/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Martina Linnenluecke receives funding from the Australian Research Council (ARC).</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Rohan Best has received past funding from the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Mauricio Marrone does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>The very people most in need of the cost savings from installing solar panels are missing out. Better policies are needed to make home solar systems accessible to all Australians.Martina Linnenluecke, Professor of Environmental Finance at UTS Business School, University of Technology SydneyMauricio Marrone, Associate Professor, Department of Actuarial Studies and Business Analytics, Macquarie UniversityRohan Best, Senior Lecturer, Department of Economics, Macquarie UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1949202023-02-02T03:02:58Z2023-02-02T03:02:58ZWin-win: how solar farms can double as havens for our wildlife<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/507735/original/file-20230201-18-mw16wc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=30%2C6%2C4067%2C2297&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Australia’s renewable energy transition has prompted the construction of dozens of large-scale solar farms. The boom helps reduce Australia’s reliance on fossil fuels, but requires large areas of land to be converted to host solar infrastructure. </p>
<p>Solar farms are mostly built in rural areas. This has raised <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-23/solar-farms-conflict-with-agricutural-land-use-/100920184">concerns</a> about a potential decline in both agricultural production – as arable land is used for solar energy production – and wildlife habitat. </p>
<p>But there are ways to expand solar infrastructure so both nature and people win. We’ve already <a href="https://theconversation.com/farmers-shouldnt-have-to-compete-with-solar-companies-for-land-we-need-better-policies-so-everyone-can-benefit-173333">seen this</a> in so called “<a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/agrivoltaic-farming-solar-energy/">agrivoltaics</a>”, where land under and around solar panels is used to <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/14/7846">grow crops</a> and graze livestock. But what about “<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aec.13289">conservoltaics</a>”, combing conservation and solar energy?</p>
<p>My new research examines whether solar farms could also be used to help conserve native species. I found solar panels can provide valuable habitat for wildlife – and potentially benefit both the land and farmers.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="sheep graze among solar panels" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/507775/original/file-20230202-5481-nxfh9e.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/507775/original/file-20230202-5481-nxfh9e.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=325&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/507775/original/file-20230202-5481-nxfh9e.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=325&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/507775/original/file-20230202-5481-nxfh9e.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=325&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/507775/original/file-20230202-5481-nxfh9e.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=409&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/507775/original/file-20230202-5481-nxfh9e.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=409&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/507775/original/file-20230202-5481-nxfh9e.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=409&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">‘Agrivoltaics’ involves combining solar generation with agriculture – but what about ‘conservoltaics’?</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>A new place to call home</h2>
<p>Our wild landscapes are diminishing and protected areas, such as national parks, cover only <a href="https://soe.dcceew.gov.au/land/graphs-maps-and-tables?keys=land+use">about 9%</a> of Australia. </p>
<p>Many agricultural landscapes have been cleared of trees to provide pasture for livestock. It means wildlife that rely on trees have lost vast tracts of habitat.</p>
<p>So we must find new places for wildlife to forage, rest, shelter and breed.</p>
<p>My work examines how solar parks on agricultural land can double as wildlife habitat. It involves surveys and trapping to identify what plants and animals occupy solar farms, how long they take to recolonise, and how we can promote even more biodiversity. </p>
<p>My new paper coins a new term for this dual land-use: conservoltaics. I highlight research from overseas into how solar parks can bring conservation benefits, and describe the research still needed.</p>
<p>Solar panels add three-dimensional structure and complexity to an environment. They can provide animals shelter from predators and the elements, much like <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.00282/full">artificial reefs</a> in lakes and oceans. They can also act as perch or nesting structures.</p>
<p>Solar infrastructure also creates a mosaic of sun and shade patches – and so <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038092X21008562">provide</a> many “micro-habitats” for plants and animals.</p>
<p><a href="https://helapco.gr/wp-content/uploads/Solar_Farms_Biodiversity_Study.pdf">Research</a> from Europe has shown large solar farms can enhance the diversity and abundance of plants, grasses, butterflies, bees and birds.</p>
<p>What’s more, vegetation between solar panel rows <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032121003531?via=ihub#fig3">can also provide</a> travel corridors, nesting sites and shelter for wildlife.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/why-queensland-is-still-ground-zero-for-australian-deforestation-196644">Why Queensland is still ground zero for Australian deforestation</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="butterfly on plant in front of solar panel" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/507748/original/file-20230201-20-nxfh9e.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/507748/original/file-20230201-20-nxfh9e.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/507748/original/file-20230201-20-nxfh9e.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/507748/original/file-20230201-20-nxfh9e.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/507748/original/file-20230201-20-nxfh9e.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/507748/original/file-20230201-20-nxfh9e.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/507748/original/file-20230201-20-nxfh9e.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Research shows solar arrays can increase the presence of pollinators such as butterflies.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Management is key</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032121003531?via=ihub#fig3">Research suggests</a> several management strategies that can maximise the benefits of solar farms for wildlife. </p>
<p>Land managers should provide a diverse mix of flowering plant species to encourage pollinators. And grass between solar panels should not be mowed too short or too often. Pollinators prefer tall vegetation where they can forage – though vegetation should not be so tall that it shades the solar panels.</p>
<p>The use of herbicides and other chemicals should be avoided where possible. And solar farms should be connected to other vegetated areas, using features such as hedgerows and wildflower strips, so wildlife can move between the solar farm and other habitats.</p>
<p>Landholders who combine solar farms with wildlife habitat may reap several benefits.</p>
<p>They could receive financial returns by earning environmental credits through schemes that reward carbon sequestration and biodiversity improvements. </p>
<p>They may also improve the health of their land by, for example, increasing pollination or providing habitat for predators such as raptor perches or nest boxes – which in turn could help control pests.</p>
<p>Much work remains, however, to understand these opportunities. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="small frog on human hand in front of solar panels" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/507749/original/file-20230201-20-eoke8k.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/507749/original/file-20230201-20-eoke8k.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/507749/original/file-20230201-20-eoke8k.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/507749/original/file-20230201-20-eoke8k.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/507749/original/file-20230201-20-eoke8k.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/507749/original/file-20230201-20-eoke8k.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/507749/original/file-20230201-20-eoke8k.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Farm management strategies can maximise the benefits of solar farms for wildlife.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Eric Nordberg</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Looking ahead</h2>
<p>The benefit of renewable energy in reducing carbon emissions is well known. But more work is needed to understand how solar farms can benefit wildlife.</p>
<p>Research is also lacking on how to locate, configure and manage solar farms to best enhance biodiversity. Collaboration between industry, land managers and researchers is needed so clean energy production and conservation can go hand-in-hand.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/australia-needs-much-more-solar-and-wind-power-but-where-are-the-best-sites-we-mapped-them-all-196033">Australia needs much more solar and wind power, but where are the best sites? We mapped them all</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/194920/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Eric Nordberg does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Solar panels can provide places for animals to rest, shelter and breed – potentially benefitting both the land and farmers.Eric Nordberg, Senior Lecturer (Applied Ecology and Landscape Management), University of New EnglandLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1974152023-01-18T19:23:49Z2023-01-18T19:23:49ZHow to maximise savings from your home solar system and slash your power bills<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/504576/original/file-20230116-20-8lxhys.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=77%2C0%2C6974%2C4671&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p><a href="https://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/federal-budget/australians-will-feel-the-pinch-later-this-year-with-the-treasurer-revealing-one-key-date/news-story/86f3e0ddb9c7753ca8726ccdb622a4cc">Soaring electricity prices</a> have made 15% of Aussies think about installing solar panels, a <a href="https://www.finder.com.au/soaring-energy-bills-push-australians-to-consider-solar">recent survey</a> found. Another 6% were already weighing up the move, on top of the 28% who had panels. </p>
<p>With costs falling, the average system size is growing rapidly. Households now typically install 8-10kW solar systems, often with a battery – roof area often limits the system’s size. </p>
<p>But does that guarantee no future electricity costs? No, some are still paying stubbornly high bills. </p>
<p>This is because they are often feeding energy into the grid during peak sunshine hours, when retailers pay low feed-in tariffs of five cents per kWh or less (a response to surging rooftop solar generation). To encourage customers to use energy at these times, retailers offer generous time-of-use (“solar sponge”) tariffs. </p>
<p>But the cost doubles during peak demand periods (around 6-10am and 3-11pm) when solar output is low or zero. Most rooftop solar owners are still paying for the electricity they use then.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/how-closely-monitoring-households-energy-data-can-unleash-their-solar-outputs-and-possibly-make-them-more-money-196134">How closely monitoring households' energy data can unleash their solar outputs and (possibly) make them more money</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>The solution is a matter of getting three things right:</p>
<ol>
<li><p>choosing efficient appliances</p></li>
<li><p>using smart technology or simple timers to run them during times of ample solar generation</p></li>
<li><p>choosing a retail electricity plan that best matches your use. </p></li>
</ol>
<h2>How much difference can appliances make?</h2>
<p>To cut energy costs, the starting point is to understand your usage patterns. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/504566/original/file-20230115-25905-13i0d4.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Pie chart showing breakdown of energy use in the average Australian home" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/504566/original/file-20230115-25905-13i0d4.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/504566/original/file-20230115-25905-13i0d4.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=496&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/504566/original/file-20230115-25905-13i0d4.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=496&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/504566/original/file-20230115-25905-13i0d4.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=496&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/504566/original/file-20230115-25905-13i0d4.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=623&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/504566/original/file-20230115-25905-13i0d4.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=623&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/504566/original/file-20230115-25905-13i0d4.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=623&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">A breakdown of energy use in the average Australian home.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/energy-and-environment/using-saving-energy/home-energy-use">www.sa.gov.au</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/top-10-tips-to-keep-cool-this-summer-while-protecting-your-health-and-your-budget-193723">Top 10 tips to keep cool this summer while protecting your health and your budget</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Heating and cooling account for 30-45% of typical home energy use. Our testing at the University of South Australia suggests air conditioners use more energy as they age. Yet many homes have air conditioners older than ten years with 2-3 star ratings. Modern split systems with 6 stars use less than half as much electricity.</p>
<p>Users can program or control air conditioners remotely with a mobile phone to run for an hour or two before getting home. They then use cheap solar electricity to create a comfortable home. Smart and affordable controllers can also reduce cooling or heating when they sense a room is unoccupied or windows are open. </p>
<p>Typically, another quarter to a third of energy use is for water heating. Ample solar electricity and soaring gas prices make heat pump water heaters the best option. With <a href="https://enviro-friendly.com/solar-hot-water/heat-pump-hot-water-rebates/">government subsidies</a>, their initial cost is similar to conventional gas or electric systems and they typically use a third of the energy. </p>
<p>Again, they can be programmed to heat water at times of peak solar generation and store it, thus providing almost free hot water when needed. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/heat-pumps-can-cut-your-energy-costs-by-up-to-90-its-not-magic-just-a-smart-use-of-the-laws-of-physics-185711">Heat pumps can cut your energy costs by up to 90%. It’s not magic, just a smart use of the laws of physics</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Many other smart appliances and lights are available. Induction cooktops deliver fast and impressive results using little electricity. Along with the microwave, air fryer and pressure cooker, they can reduce energy use. Ovens and slow cookers can be programmed to use solar power and have meals ready when we get home. </p>
<p>As well as having options with high star ratings, appliances to wash and dry clothes and dishes can easily be set to run during sunshine hours. </p>
<p>Energy-efficient fridges also cut costs. However, while people are happy to buy such fridges, our <a href="https://www.unisa.edu.au/research/research-node-for-low-carbon-living/lochiel-park-research-projects/sustainable-housing/">research</a> <a href="https://www.unisa.edu.au/siteassets/episerver-6-files/global/itee/bhi/lochiel-park/whaleyberrysaman_impactoffeedbackdisplays_eedal.pdf">survey</a> found some keep the old one, using three to four times the electricity, for drinks. </p>
<p>Homes with swimming pools or spas are notorious for having the highest electricity bills. A pool will typically use 2,000-3,000kWh of electricity per year (depending on type of pump, hours of use and whether the pool is heated), at a cost of A$700-1,200. Solar pool heaters are an excellent alternative. A simple timer switch can ensure most power is consumed during sunshine hours. </p>
<p>A typical outdoor spa uses 5kW for water heating and circulating. Much heat is lost to the surroundings if you let the thermostat keep it warm all the time. By installing a timer switch, you can use solar power for heating and have the spa ready for use after working hours.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="A backyard swimming pool" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/504577/original/file-20230116-25-5xgp61.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/504577/original/file-20230116-25-5xgp61.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/504577/original/file-20230116-25-5xgp61.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/504577/original/file-20230116-25-5xgp61.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/504577/original/file-20230116-25-5xgp61.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/504577/original/file-20230116-25-5xgp61.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/504577/original/file-20230116-25-5xgp61.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Pools can rack up big bills for running pumps and heaters – unless a timer ensures they’re using solar power.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Use smart technology to control time of use</h2>
<p>The key to making the best use of your solar output is avoiding energy wastage and matching the timing of energy supply with household demand. An affordable smart control system – for the whole home or individual appliances – can do this. </p>
<p>This system can set seven-day schedules for all appliances. It can turn off lights and air conditioning after you leave home. On a hot day, it can lower blinds and switch on the ceiling fan and air conditioner before you return, then adjust the bedroom temperature for comfortable sleep. </p>
<p>With improved energy supply and demand forecasting and artificial intelligence, future controllers will provide the optimal energy options with little human intervention. If smart gadgets are not for you, simple timer switches start at less than $10.</p>
<p>Energy storage remains a key technology for enabling use at night and on days of no sunshine. A recent <a href="https://theconversation.com/thinking-of-buying-a-battery-to-help-power-your-home-heres-what-you-need-to-know-192610">Conversation article</a> discussed home batteries. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/thinking-of-buying-a-battery-to-help-power-your-home-heres-what-you-need-to-know-192610">Thinking of buying a battery to help power your home? Here's what you need to know</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Another emerging technology is <a href="https://www.ecohome.net/guides/2208/thermal-batteries-all-about-storing-solar-heat/">thermal batteries</a> for heating and cooling. During sunshine hours a reverse-cycle air conditioner generates heat or cool to store in the thermal battery (commonly as hot or chilled water) for later use. </p>
<p>Electric vehicles that connect to the grid will go a long way towards making better use of rooftop electricity and storing it for evening use. Their battery capacity is several times that of home batteries. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Mother and son head into house leaving electric vehicle plugged in to charger in the garage" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/504579/original/file-20230116-47292-h1zqc6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/504579/original/file-20230116-47292-h1zqc6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/504579/original/file-20230116-47292-h1zqc6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/504579/original/file-20230116-47292-h1zqc6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/504579/original/file-20230116-47292-h1zqc6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/504579/original/file-20230116-47292-h1zqc6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/504579/original/file-20230116-47292-h1zqc6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Electric vehicles can help households make better use of solar generation.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Find the best energy plan for your home</h2>
<p>With 45 energy retailers in southern and eastern Australia, each offering multiple tariffs, it’s no wonder consumers are confused about which one to choose. The Australian Energy Regulator provides the most reliable <a href="https://www.energymadeeasy.gov.au/">guide</a>. By uploading a few basic details, including the National Meter Identifier (NMI) shown on your bill, you can find the best offers based on your recorded electricity use. </p>
<p>Using this site, my son, who had paid an $800 quarterly bill despite having a large solar system, achieved a potential annual bill below $1,500 simply by switching retailers. Installing a timer switch so their outdoor spa uses solar electricity, instead of paying 33c/kWh, is likely to further save up to $5 a day. Their goal of no electricity bills is becoming a reality.</p>
<p>We are seeing the emergence of a new Australian dream of living in a well-designed home with rooftop solar, an electric car and smartly controlled energy-efficient appliances. It will enable most single/double-storey households to be carbon-neutral while living in comfort without a big hit to their hip pockets.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/197415/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Wasim Saman has received multiple federal and state research grants from the Australian Research Council, government departments, the CRC for Low Carbon Living and several industry partners for research into low carbon housing.</span></em></p>To achieve low or even no electricity bills, there are three areas owners of home solar systems should focus on getting right.Wasim Saman, Emeritus Professor of Sustainable Energy Engineering, University of South AustraliaLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1926102022-12-16T00:54:47Z2022-12-16T00:54:47ZThinking of buying a battery to help power your home? Here’s what you need to know<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/500341/original/file-20221212-95892-9vw3eu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C8%2C6000%2C3979&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Batteries are undoubtedly part of our energy future. Should you put one in your home now to store solar output, manage your energy use and cut costs? It really depends on what you want to achieve.</p>
<p>Studies in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032116307559">2017</a> and <a href="https://arena.gov.au/projects/der-2-0-customer-focused-design-for-der-participation/">2021</a> identified key motivations for installing home batteries:</p>
<ul>
<li>using your own solar energy</li>
<li>good for environment</li>
<li>independence from the grid</li>
<li>saving money.</li>
</ul>
<p>With these goals in mind, our research suggests it’s hard to justify buying a battery right now on cost savings alone. If other reasons also matter to you, it might be justified.</p>
<h2>Using your own solar</h2>
<p><a href="https://arena.gov.au/renewable-energy/solar/">More than 30%</a> of Australian homes have solar systems. They typically generate more than is needed during the middle of the day, less than is needed during morning and evening demand peaks, and nothing at night.</p>
<p>If you don’t have a battery, when you need more power than your solar system generates it’s imported from the grid. You can also export surplus energy to the grid and be paid for it. </p>
<p>But, as solar capacity grows, the maximum power new solar system owners are allowed to export is being limited in many locations. And if too many people in your street are exporting, the local voltage will go high and solar inverters will curtail generation. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/solar-curtailment-is-emerging-as-a-new-challenge-to-overcome-as-australia-dashes-for-rooftop-solar-172152">Solar curtailment is emerging as a new challenge to overcome as Australia dashes for rooftop solar</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>One way you can avoid curtailment is by shifting some of your energy use to the middle of the day. Significant loads that could be shifted include:</p>
<ul>
<li>water heating</li>
<li>pool pumps</li>
<li>air conditioning</li>
<li>appliances such as dishwashers, clothes washers and dryers</li>
<li>electric vehicle charging.</li>
</ul>
<p>If you still have surplus generation, it can be stored in a battery and used later to reduce the energy you import from the grid to cover loads you can’t shift. The energy you could transfer via a battery each day will be whichever is the minimum of your excess generation and the amount you normally import. For example, if you have 3 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of excess generation in a day but import only 2kWh to meet your overnight loads, the maximimum energy you can transfer via a battery is 2kWh.</p>
<p>The graph below shows an example of the energy that could be transferred each day of a year, averaged over 40 houses at <a href="https://renewalsa.sa.gov.au/projects/lochiel-park/">Lochiel Park</a>, a precinct of low-energy housing in Adelaide.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/491149/original/file-20221022-37897-tqvnng.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/491149/original/file-20221022-37897-tqvnng.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=300&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/491149/original/file-20221022-37897-tqvnng.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=300&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/491149/original/file-20221022-37897-tqvnng.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=300&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/491149/original/file-20221022-37897-tqvnng.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=377&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/491149/original/file-20221022-37897-tqvnng.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=377&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/491149/original/file-20221022-37897-tqvnng.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=377&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Average energy transfer for each day of a year.</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>For these households, a battery with an 8kWh capacity could handle the energy transfer most days. However, the average energy transferred each day is only 4kWh because some days have low surplus generation or low overnight demand. Households with large solar systems and large daily energy imports from the grid can transfer more.</p>
<p>The battery itself will limit rates of charging and discharging. If you are generating more power than it can handle, some of the surplus will be exported or the solar output could be curtailed. If your load is more than it can handle, you will need extra power from the grid.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/when-the-heat-hits-how-to-make-our-homes-comfortable-without-cranking-up-the-aircon-110496">When the heat hits: how to make our homes comfortable without cranking up the aircon</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Environmental benefits</h2>
<p>Storing surplus solar energy and using it instead of fossil-fuel energy from the grid will have environmental benefits.</p>
<p>Most home batteries are lithium-ion batteries. Despite <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01735-z">concerns about the environmental impacts</a> of a lithium-ion-led energy revolution, efforts are being made to <a href="https://www.dcceew.gov.au/environment/protection/waste/product-stewardship/products-schemes/battery-stewardship">reduce</a> these impacts.</p>
<p>Other ways to reduce environmental impacts without a battery include:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><a href="https://theconversation.com/energy-storage-is-crucial-but-its-not-the-only-piece-in-the-puzzle-41226">use less energy, and shift your load</a> to match your clean energy supply</p></li>
<li><p>choose a <a href="https://www.greenelectricityguide.org.au">green retailer</a> or buy <a href="https://www.greenpower.gov.au">GreenPower</a>.</p></li>
</ul>
<h2>Independence</h2>
<p>A <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032116307559">2017 study</a> found nearly 70% of respondents wanted to eventually disconnect from the grid. Remote households have done it for decades, but need large solar systems and large batteries backed up by diesel generators and gas for heating and cooking.</p>
<p>Being connected to a grid has significant benefits. When not generating enough solar power you can get energy from somewhere else. And when generating more than you need, you can send the surplus somewhere else that needs it. Connecting many loads to many generators increases flexibility and efficiency.</p>
<p>A home battery can let you run your home when the grid fails, but you may need extra equipment to isolate it from the grid at such times. Being off-grid means you may also need to manage your battery differently to keep enough energy in reserve to meet your needs during outages.</p>
<h2>Saving money</h2>
<p>You could use a battery to reduce costs in two ways:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>store surplus solar energy during periods of a low feed-in tariff (the money you receive for exporting energy to the grid), then use it later instead of importing energy when the price is high</p></li>
<li><p>join a virtual power plant (VPP).</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Let us explain further.</p>
<p>The cost of electricity varies throughout each day, <a href="https://www.aemo.com.au">depending on demand and on available generation</a>. If you have a meter that records when energy is used, time-of-use and dynamic tariffs will allow you to make the most of price fluctuations. </p>
<p>If the difference between your feed-in tariff and your peak import price is 40c/kWh, each kWh of solar energy you store then use during the peak period saves you 40c. The graph above showed an average daily transfer of 4kWh, saving $1.60 per day. But this household requires an 8kWh battery, costing about $9,600. The payback period is over 16 years – beyond the warrantied life of the battery.</p>
<p>In 2017 we simulated battery use for 38 houses with solar to determine the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038092X17306485">viability and payback period</a>. Each dot in the graph below indicates the payback period for a particular household with given battery size. The horizontal axis shows the annual surplus energy it generated. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/490780/original/file-20221020-19-kwfzo9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/490780/original/file-20221020-19-kwfzo9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=300&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/490780/original/file-20221020-19-kwfzo9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=300&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/490780/original/file-20221020-19-kwfzo9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=300&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/490780/original/file-20221020-19-kwfzo9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=377&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/490780/original/file-20221020-19-kwfzo9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=377&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/490780/original/file-20221020-19-kwfzo9.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=377&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Energy storage payback periods for 38 households.</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>The payback period is better for smaller batteries, which cost less, and for houses with larger annual export.</p>
<p>We assumed a price difference of 40c/kWh between import price and feed-in tariff. We also assumed a future battery price of $600/kWh – we are not there yet (unless you can get a generous subsidy).</p>
<p>The other way of reducing the payback period, and <a href="https://aemo.com.au/newsroom/news-updates/aemo-shares-fourth-and-final-vpp-knowledge-sharing-report-ahead-of-trial-conclusion">supporting the grid</a>, is to join a <a href="https://arena.gov.au/assets/2020/10/virtual-power-plant-in-south-australia.pdf">virtual power plant</a> (VPP). A VPP is a network of home solar batteries from which the electricity grid can draw energy in times of need.</p>
<p>VPP operators typically offer discounts on the battery cost, its management to take advantage of the retail tariffs on offer, and payments for allowing them to use your battery to trade energy on the electricity markets. <a href="https://www.solarquotes.com.au/battery-storage/vpp-comparison/">Subsidies and payments</a> vary across VPPs.</p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1589288756628316161"}"></div></p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/teslas-virtual-power-plant-might-be-second-best-to-real-people-power-90319">Tesla's 'virtual power plant' might be second-best to real people power</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Other options might be a better bet at this stage</h2>
<p>Understand why you want a battery before you start looking. There are other options for making better use of your solar generation, getting clean energy and reducing your costs. </p>
<p>If you have a large solar system, high grid imports and can get a good subsidy, or if you just want cutting-edge energy technology, then you might be able to justify a battery.</p>
<p>If you don’t have solar already, the economics of a solar system with a battery can look attractive. But the solar panels will provide most of the savings.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/192610/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Peter Pudney received funding from the Cooperative Research Centre for Low Carbon Living. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Adrian Grantham works for APG Insights and CXC - undertaking contract work for AEMO.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Heather Smith chairs the Coalition for Community Energy. She has received funding from the Australian Government's Remote and Regional Microgrids and Preparing Communities programs and CSIRO. She consults as Changing Weather to community energy groups. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>John Boland receives funding from the Regional and Remote Communities reliability Fund, and has in the past received funding from the Australian Renewable Energy Agency.</span></em></p>it’s hard to justify buying a battery right now on cost savings alone. If other reasons also matter to you, it’s easier to justify.Peter Pudney, Associate Professor of Industrial and Applied Mathematics, University of South AustraliaAdrian Grantham, Adjunct Research Associate, University of South AustraliaHeather Smith, PhD Candidate, Industrial AI Research Centre, University of South AustraliaJohn Boland, Professor of Environmental Mathematics, University of South AustraliaLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1945722022-11-17T14:47:24Z2022-11-17T14:47:24ZFrance’s plan for solar panels on all car parks is just the start of an urban renewable revolution<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/495643/original/file-20221116-18-z1j489.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C7000%2C4669&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/solar-panels-cityscape-singapore-1006787965">Wang An Qi/Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>France has approved legislation that will require all car parks with more than 80 spaces to be <a href="https://electrek.co/2022/11/08/france-require-parking-lots-be-covered-in-solar-panels/">covered over by solar panels</a>. This is part of a wider programme that will see solar panels occupy derelict lots, vacant land alongside roads and railways, as well as some farmland. </p>
<p>This is expected to add 11 gigawatts to the French electricity grid <a href="https://www.publicsenat.fr/article/parlementaire/l-obligation-de-pose-de-panneaux-photovoltaiques-sur-les-grands-parkings">equal to ten nuclear reactors</a>.</p>
<p>Do the numbers add up? And should other countries do the same?</p>
<p>Several countries, most notably <a href="https://www.bmi.bund.de/EN/topics/building-housing/building/energy-efficient-construction-renovation/buildings-energy-act/buildings-energy-act-node.html">Germany</a>, have already mandated developers of new buildings to incorporate renewables into their designs, like roof-mounted solar panels, biomass boilers, heat pumps and wind turbines. The French policy would apply to new and existing car parks.</p>
<p>The average car parking space is about <a href="https://www.parking-garage.com/en/car-park-dimensions-garage-width-length-height/">4.8m by 2.4m</a>, or 11.52m². Assuming an output of <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2015/12/02/frances-300-mw-cestas-solar-plant-inaugurated_100022247/">120 watts per m²</a> that works out at roughly 1.4 kilowatts of power per bay. There would be further space over walkways and traffic lanes within the car park, but the solar panels would need to be kept far enough apart to stop them shading each other.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Rows of solar panels shaded by the row in front." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/495677/original/file-20221116-26-t4tqaq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/495677/original/file-20221116-26-t4tqaq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/495677/original/file-20221116-26-t4tqaq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/495677/original/file-20221116-26-t4tqaq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/495677/original/file-20221116-26-t4tqaq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/495677/original/file-20221116-26-t4tqaq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/495677/original/file-20221116-26-t4tqaq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Shading can limit how much solar energy panels generate.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/frosted-solar-battery-panel-ecological-power-2102570443">Audrius Merfeldas/Shutterstock</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>For an output of 11 gigawatts, you’d need to cover about 7.7 million car parking spaces. Are there that many in France that would qualify? The UK has <a href="https://www.racfoundation.org/assets/rac_foundation/content/downloadables/facts_on_parking.pdf">between 3 and 4 million spaces</a> and <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/vehicle-licensing-statistics-2021/vehicle-licensing-statistics-2021">40 million</a> vehicles. France has a similar sized fleet of <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/455887/passenger-cars-registered-in-france/">38 million</a>. So, 7.7 million spaces seems unlikely.</p>
<p>But the legislation covers a lot of urban land, not just car parks. In theory, 92km² of French urban land (defined as any built-up area with more then 5,000 people) could provide 11 gigawatts of solar power. </p>
<p>That might sound like a lot, but it’s only 0.106% of France’s total urban land area of <a href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.UR.K2?locations=FR">86,500 km²</a>. Accounting for the difference in capacity factors (how much energy each source generates a year compared with its maximum theoretical output) between French nuclear (<a href="https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/france.aspx">70%</a>) and French solar (<a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2015/12/02/frances-300-mw-cestas-solar-plant-inaugurated_100022247/">15%</a>), 430 km² of solar would supply the same amount of power each year in gigawatt-hours as those ten nuclear plants. </p>
<p>These panels need only cover 0.5% of French urban land, or about 0.07% of <a href="https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/FRA/france/surface-area-km">France’s total area</a>. So it’s possible, though car parks will make up a tiny portion of the overall programme.</p>
<h2>Coming to a car park near you</h2>
<p>The UK and countries further north receive less sunlight per m² and the sun sits lower on their horizon, which makes the issue of shading on panels bigger, although the longer days in summer do compensate for this to some extent.</p>
<p>Also, while a lot of car parks in southern Europe already have sun shades over them (which allow solar panels to be mounted onto existing structures), this is rare in cooler countries. As a result, it would probably be a lot easier to mount panels on the roofs of buildings than over the surrounding car park in some countries. Where solar panels aren’t practical, other options, like wind turbines, might well be viable alternatives.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Two solar panel arrays suspended at an angle over a parked car." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/495641/original/file-20221116-24-lihd6d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/495641/original/file-20221116-24-lihd6d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/495641/original/file-20221116-24-lihd6d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/495641/original/file-20221116-24-lihd6d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/495641/original/file-20221116-24-lihd6d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/495641/original/file-20221116-24-lihd6d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/495641/original/file-20221116-24-lihd6d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">An electric vehicle charging station in a car park in San Ildefonso, Spain.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/san-ildefonso-segovia-spain-september-24-744656308">Juan Enrique del Barrio/Shutterstock</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Likewise, some car parks, especially those in city centres, are shaded for most of the day by tall buildings nearby. But there is no reason not to put panels on top of them instead.</p>
<p>France is likely to be pursuing this policy to ease its dependence on nuclear power, which supplies <a href="https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/france.aspx">70%</a> of the country’s electricity. This arrangement works when demand is stable. It becomes a problem when, for example, a drought forces multiple plants to reduce their power output or <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/french-nuclear-woes-stoke-europes-power-prices-2022-08-24/">shut down</a>. France is also adding several million electric cars and heat pumps to its grid, which will need to draw from a variety of energy sources and storage options.</p>
<p>The UK is similarly dependant on gas for both electricity and heating. Creating a more diverse energy supply, much of which is directly connected to the very cars or homes consuming that power, makes a lot of sense. But a strategy to unleash the green energy potential of vacant space in towns and cities should begin – and not end – with car parks.</p>
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<img alt="Imagine weekly climate newsletter" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=600&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/434988/original/file-20211201-21-13avx6y.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=754&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Dylan Ryan does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>All French car parks bigger than 80 spaces will be covered with solar panels.Dylan Ryan, Lecturer in Mechanical & Energy Engineering, Edinburgh Napier UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1911572022-09-28T17:35:41Z2022-09-28T17:35:41ZCould solar and batteries power your home when the electricity grid goes out?<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/487217/original/file-20220929-24-8v0emj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=739%2C537%2C4855%2C3183&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Downed powerlines can mean weeks without power.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://newsroom.ap.org/detail/ClimateChangeBlackouts/f442264cd66346e8a51725e18d5da092/photo">AP Photo/Matt Slocum</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>In areas where storms or extreme heat and cold have knocked out the power for days at a time, people are starting to ask whether investing in rooftop solar and battery storage systems can keep the lights on and the air conditioner running when the power grid can’t.</p>
<p>When the grid goes down, most solar systems that lack a battery will also shut down. But with batteries, a home can disconnect from the grid. Each day, the sun powers the home and charges up the batteries, which provide power through the night.</p>
<p>Our <a href="https://emp.lbl.gov/staff/will-gorman">team at</a> <a href="https://emp.lbl.gov/staff/galen-barbose">Berkeley</a> <a href="https://emp.lbl.gov/staff/ben-paulos">Lab</a> explored what it would take for homes and commercial buildings to ride out long power outages, of three days or more, with solar and batteries.</p>
<h2>How much can solar + storage do?</h2>
<p>For a <a href="https://emp.lbl.gov/news/study-provides-first-its-kind-nationwide">2022 report</a>, we modeled a generic power outage for every county in the U.S., testing whether a rooftop solar system combined with a 10- or 30-kilowatt-hour battery could power critical loads, like refrigeration, lighting, internet service and well pumps; if it could go further and also power heating and air conditioning; or if it could even power a whole home.</p>
<p>To put that into perspective, the most popular battery on the market, the <a href="https://www.tesla.com/powerwall">Tesla Powerwall</a>, has just over 13 kWh of storage.</p>
<p>In general, we found that even a modest system of solar plus one battery can power critical loads in a home for days at a time, practically anywhere in the country.</p>
<p>But <a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/486888/original/file-20220927-24-zmnak8.png">our maps show</a> that providing backup for cooling and heat can be a challenge, though not an insurmountable one. Homes in the Southeast and Pacific Northwest often have power-hogging electric resistance heaters, exceeding the capability of solar and storage during winter outages. Homes with efficient heat pumps performed better. Summer air conditioning load can be heavy in the Southwest, making it harder to meet all cooling needs with solar and storage in a summer blackout. </p>
<p>Larger solar and battery systems can help, but meeting demand during outages still depends on the weather, how energy efficient the home is and other factors. For example, simple thermostat adjustments during power outages reduce heating and cooling needs and allow solar with storage to maintain backup power over longer periods.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/486945/original/file-20220927-2496-up798v.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Maps show most parts of the country can run on solar plus storage for 'critical' uses. Still, a large percentage can run air and heat, but few can support an entire home." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/486945/original/file-20220927-2496-up798v.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/486945/original/file-20220927-2496-up798v.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=867&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486945/original/file-20220927-2496-up798v.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=867&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486945/original/file-20220927-2496-up798v.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=867&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486945/original/file-20220927-2496-up798v.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=1089&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486945/original/file-20220927-2496-up798v.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=1089&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486945/original/file-20220927-2496-up798v.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=1089&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<span class="caption">Where solar and storage with a 10-kWh battery can supply backup power, in various scenarios.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Berkeley Lab</span>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
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<p>The ability to power commercial buildings varies widely, depending on the building type. Schools and big-box retail stores, with sufficient roof space for solar relative to building power demand, fare much better than multistory, energy-intensive buildings like hospitals. </p>
<h2>How solar would have handled 10 past disasters</h2>
<p>We also looked at 10 real-world outage events from 2017 to 2020, including hurricanes, wildfires and storms, and modeled building performance for specific locations and real weather patterns during and after the outages.</p>
<p>We found that in seven of the outages, most homes would have been able to maintain critical loads plus heating and cooling using solar with 30 kWh of storage, or just over two Powerwalls. </p>
<p>But the weather around the outage can have a big impact, especially for hurricanes. After <a href="https://www.weather.gov/ilm/HurricaneFlorence">Hurricane Florence</a> knocked out power in North Carolina in 2018, cloudy skies hung around for three days, dimming or even stopping solar panels’ output.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.weather.gov/hgx/hurricaneharvey">Hurricane Harvey</a>, on the other hand, slammed the Texas coast in August 2017 but moved on to cause widespread damage elsewhere in Texas. The skies over Corpus Christi cleared even as it took a week or more to get power restored. Solar and storage would have been a big help in that case, providing virtually all power needs for a typical single-family home, once the skies cleared.</p>
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<img alt="Line charts show power potential from storage and demand during two major storms. They start low as the storm hits but then improve quickly." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/486911/original/file-20220927-12744-t3tklp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/486911/original/file-20220927-12744-t3tklp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=274&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486911/original/file-20220927-12744-t3tklp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=274&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486911/original/file-20220927-12744-t3tklp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=274&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486911/original/file-20220927-12744-t3tklp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=344&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486911/original/file-20220927-12744-t3tklp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=344&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/486911/original/file-20220927-12744-t3tklp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=344&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="caption">How a typical home would have done with solar and 30 kWh of storage after hurricanes Florence and Harvey. The light blue line shows the short periods of ‘unserved load,’ or shortfalls in meeting power demand, right after the storms. The state of charge shows batteries were able stretch solar power through the night.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Berkeley Labs</span>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
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<p>Similarly, we found solar can do well in less cloudy events, like wildfire prevention shutoffs in California, or after the 2020 derecho windstorm in Iowa.</p>
<p>The heat source in a home is also a key factor. In a five-to-10-day outage following an ice storm in Oklahoma in 2020, we found that solar plus a 30-kWh battery could have supplied nearly all the critical power and heat needed for homes with natural gas heaters or heat pumps. But homes with electric resistance heating would have fallen short.</p>
<p>In Texas, over half of homes are <a href="https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2020/state/pdf/State%20Space%20Heating%20Fuels.pdf">heated with electricity</a>, primarily resistance heaters. Energy Star-rated heat pumps – which provide both heating and cooling – use <a href="https://www.aceee.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/energy_efficiency_and_demand_response_for_texas_10-13-21_final_0.pdf">half as much electricity</a> per unit of heat output as electric resistance heaters and are also more efficient at cooling than the average new air conditioner. Converting older resistance heaters to new heat pumps can not only save money and reduce peak demand but also increase resilience during outages.</p>
<h2>New forms of backup</h2>
<p>Setting up solar and storage to provide backup power in a home or building takes extra work and it costs more – just one Powerwall can run <a href="https://news.energysage.com/tesla-powerwall-battery-complete-review/">from US$12,000 to $16,500</a> for a full system installation, before incentives and taxes. That’s as much as a fair-sized solar system. Nevertheless, a growing number of homeowners are installing both.</p>
<p><a href="http://trackingthesun.lbl.gov/">Over 90%</a> of new solar installations in Hawaii in 2021 were paired with batteries after a regulation change. Now these distributed power plants are <a href="https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2022/06/17/why-every-state-can-learn-from-hawaiis-solar-journey/">helping power the grid</a> as coal plants are retired. </p>
<p>California has <a href="https://www.californiadgstats.ca.gov/">over 1.5 million</a> rooftop solar systems. A growing number of customers are retrofitting batteries on their systems, or adding new solar plus storage, in part because utilities have resorted to “public safety power shutoffs” to lower the risk of wildfires sparked by power lines during dry, windy days.</p>
<p>And new forms of backup power are emerging, especially from electric cars. Ford is partnering with SunRun to combine its F150 Lightning electric pickup truck with solar and a two-way charger that can <a href="https://www.sunrun.com/ev-charging/ford-f150-lightning">use the truck’s battery</a> to power a house. The standard version of the truck comes with a 98-kWh battery, the equivalent of more than seven Tesla Powerwall stationary batteries. </p>
<h2>Critical power for critical services</h2>
<p>A fire station in Puerto Rico offers a glimpse of what solar and storage can do. After Hurricane Maria <a href="https://www.vox.com/identities/2018/8/15/17692414/puerto-rico-power-electricity-restored-hurricane-maria">cut power for months</a> in 2017, over 40,000 solar systems were installed on the island, often paired with battery storage. One of those is at the fire station in the town of Guánica, which had been unable to receive emergency calls in previous outages. </p>
<p>When Hurricane Fiona’s wind and flooding again knocked out power to most of Puerto Rico in September 2022, the fire station was still operating. </p>
<p>“The solar system is <a href="https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/solar/solar-offers-lifeline-in-puerto-rico-after-fiona-knocks-out-power">working beautifully</a>!” Sgt. Luis Saez told Canary Media the day after Fiona knocked out power. “We did not lose power all throughout the hurricane.”</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/191157/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Will Gorman receives funding from the US Department of Energy.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Bentham Paulos receives funding from the US Department of Energy for this work.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Galen Barbose receives funding from the US Department of Energy.</span></em></p>A study of real-world disasters shows home solar and storage could keep the lights on and the air conditioner running during many outages, but not all.Will Gorman, Graduate Student Researcher in Electricity Markets and Policy, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBentham Paulos, Affiliate, Electricity Markets & Policy Group, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryGalen Barbose, Research Scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1870702022-08-10T06:56:52Z2022-08-10T06:56:52ZWith solar and wind energy potential, Indonesia can meet its new capital’s clean energy target<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/476429/original/file-20220728-15-z3sszy.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=2%2C1%2C746%2C497&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">IKN</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Sekretariat Negara)</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>On February 15 2022, President Joko “Jokowi” Widodo <a href="http://www.thejakartapost.com/indonesia/2022/03/13/jokowis-dream-of-a-new-capital-city-takes-a-step-closer-to-reality.html">signed and promulgated</a> a new law that establishes the new capital city of Indonesia, referred to as “Nusantara”, between Balikpapan and Samarinda in East Kalimantan province. </p>
<p>Jokowi envisioned Nusantara as a sustainable and green city, for which renewable energy will meet <a href="https://industri.kontan.co.id/news/listrik-di-ibu-kota-baru-ditopang-39-pembangkit-energi-terbarukan">almost 40% of electricity demand</a> – far exceeding the <a href="https://mediaindonesia.com/ekonomi/464843/esdm-porsi-bauran-ebt-2021-di-bawah-target-hanya-115">national average of 11.5%</a>. </p>
<p>How will Indonesia make its “green energy vision” possible in Nusantara? </p>
<p><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsc.2022.848309/full#B14">Our research</a> suggests the government could consider solar energy potentials while considering wind energy as a complementary source to meet Nusantara’s renewable energy target. </p>
<h2>Solar and wind energy: which is most feasible?</h2>
<p>In August 2019, Indonesia’s Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources <a href="https://balitbanghub.dephub.go.id/file/286">estimated</a> that the new capital city will need 1,500 megawatts (MW) of electricity generation capacity. Currently, the renewable energy production in the area is close to 0%.</p>
<p>East Kalimantan has enormous potential for clean energy. <a href="https://cleanenergyfinanceforum.com/2021/05/11/can-indonesias-new-capital-attract-capital-for-renewable-energy">Research</a> from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources shows that the prospect of hydroelectricity, solar power, wind power, biofuel and other renewable energy sources combined in East Kalimantan alone can reach up to 2,000MW. </p>
<p>Our statistics show hydroelectric potentials comprises 26% of it, and solar power is 65%. We used geospatial data related to the Nusantara’s land-use and terrain characteristics to analyse solar and wind energy potential possibilities.</p>
<p>We found that East Kalimantan’s average wind speeds are generally too low for lucrative wind farm projects. But some areas, particularly in the east of the region, do have good wind conditions</p>
<p>Even though, the area would need to have the right size of wind turbines, which can be transported with the available infrastructure at and to the sites. </p>
<p>Solar energy is more feasible than wind, because the Nusantara region receives huge amounts of sunshine, although obviously not every site in the city is suitable for installing solar energy. </p>
<p>Using geospatial data, we identified high potential areas by excluding sloping areas that are unfit for solar development and certain land-use areas such as forests, wetlands, areas of national protection and planned areas for governmental buildings. </p>
<p>Our study showed that solar projects should be focused on three potential areas: </p>
<p>1) Water bodies, by using floating solar energy up to 22 km2 wide of the areas, including water bodies in mining areas;</p>
<p>2) Mining areas, because solar radiation is generally highest in these areas. With an area of 2.21% of the Nusantara, mining fields have existing electricity distribution, transmission lines and transport infrastructure. The second advantage is the low environmental impact of using already disturbed land in mining areas. In this way, we can save the high costs of the connection to the grid and minimise the environmental impact. </p>
<p>3) Agricultural areas, which make up 1.26% of the usable land. Our research has identified 23 square km of agricultural land that can be used to install solar plants. Farmers and agricultural businesses could collaborate to elaborate personalised solutions depending on crop, location and size. The result can be a win-win situation for farmers, investors, and electricity companies.</p>
<h2>What needs to be done</h2>
<p>The government must expand stabilised electricity grids to deliver the increased demand. An unstable grid reacts poorly to fluctuating energies such as solar and wind. Currently, East Kalimantan <a href="https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.5098210">relies on 150 kilovolt (kV) transmission lines</a>. But delivering 1,500MW of power would require a 500kV main transmission line. </p>
<p>The grid constantly needs a particular baseload, which is currently provided by fossil fuels such as coal. This is where innovations are needed. </p>
<p>Two innovative concepts could be adopted: </p>
<p>1) Using microgrids to relieve the national electricity grid. </p>
<p>Many “<a href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190716005252/en/Navigant-Research-Has-Identified-4475-Microgrid-Projects-Representing-Nearly-27-GW-of-Planned-and-Installed-Power-Capacity-Globally-Through-2Q-2019">island systems</a>” – where a local electricity grid operates independently from main grid – run on renewable sources. These microgrids could be linked to the main grid – as was successfully done for solar microgrids in <a href="https://greennetwork.asia/news/india-integrates-solar-energy-into-new-delhi-electricity-supply-with-shakti-microgrid/">New Delhi, India</a>.</p>
<p>When connecting energy systems, renewable energies can complement or even replace existing electricity systems, and generate stable electricity.</p>
<p>The government could also pursue innovative grid monitoring systems to have a large amount of data available for analysis so that consistent results in electricity consumption can be tracked, and the guidelines are adapted accordingly to the benefit of the city’s development. </p>
<p>2) To achieve the targets for the development of energy infrastructure in the new capital and the country, one could think of stimulating private entrepreneurs to contribute to public tenders for independent power producers (IPPs) on a large scale. </p>
<p>International IPPs and the local provider PLN could work together to achieve the goals. From more renewable energy to less coal, retired power plants can be used for large solar energy sites as they already have infrastructure for connecting to the grid.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/187070/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Walter Timo de Vries tidak bekerja, menjadi konsultan, memiliki saham, atau menerima dana dari perusahaan atau organisasi mana pun yang akan mengambil untung dari artikel ini, dan telah mengungkapkan bahwa ia tidak memiliki afiliasi selain yang telah disebut di atas.</span></em></p>East Kalimantan province possesses enormous potential for clean energy.Walter Timo de Vries, Professor of Land Management, Technical University of MunichLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1870082022-08-01T01:30:23Z2022-08-01T01:30:23ZSolar is the cheapest power, and a literal light-bulb moment showed us we can cut costs and emissions even further<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/474770/original/file-20220719-12-4r3kz0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C5085%2C3377&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Recent extreme weather events have underscored the need to cut the CO₂ emissions that are driving up global temperatures. This requires a rapid transition of the energy economy to renewable energy sources, the <a href="https://www.csiro.au/en/research/technology-space/energy/Energy-data-modelling/GenCost-2021-22">cheapest being solar photovoltaics (PV)</a>. And our newly <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/solr.202200449">published research</a> points to a way we can drive down costs of the shift even further using cheaper forms of silicon for highly efficient solar panels.</p>
<p>Australia has been leading the way with <a href="https://theconversation.com/australia-is-the-runaway-global-leader-in-building-new-renewable-energy-123694">solar PV installations</a>, but our solar energy journey is just beginning. This year, humanity hit a milestone of <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/03/15/humans-have-installed-1-terawatt-of-solar-capacity/">1 terawatt (TW) – 1 million × 1 million watts – of installed solar capacity</a>. However, experts predict <a href="https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0020380">70TW of solar PV</a> may be needed by 2050 to power all sectors of the economy. </p>
<p>To help drive this rapid uptake of solar PV, we need solar panels that are high efficiency and low cost. Over the past ten years, some new solar cell designs have led to record high efficiencies. The problem is these designs also need higher-quality materials, which cost more. </p>
<p>Our <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/solr.202200449">recent research</a> suggests we might be able to rethink the type of silicon needed to make these high-efficiency solar cells.</p>
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<a href="https://theconversation.com/australia-is-the-runaway-global-leader-in-building-new-renewable-energy-123694">Australia is the runaway global leader in building new renewable energy</a>
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<h2>Not all silicon is equal</h2>
<p>More than 95% of solar panels are made using silicon. The silicon used to make solar cells is similar to that used in computer chips. It’s effectively very pure sand. </p>
<p>To make a solar cell work, we need to form an electric field so the generated current can all flow in one direction. This is done by adding impurity atoms into silicon, a process known as “doping”. </p>
<p>In commercial panel manufacturing, the most commonly used type of silicon is “p-type” silicon. This material is doped with atoms that have one less electron than silicon, such as boron or more recently gallium. </p>
<p>We can then introduce a very thin layer on the surface full of atoms with one extra electron relative to silicon, which is called “n-type” silicon. Placing these two types of silicon together forms what is called a “p-n junction”. The massive difference in the number of electrons between the p-type region and n-type region forces electrons to move rapidly, creating an electric field that drives the current in our solar cell.</p>
<p>Conventional solar panels on Australian roofs today are overwhelmingly made using p-type silicon, as it is about 10% cheaper than the alternative “n-type” silicon, doped with phosphorus. </p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/the-sunlight-that-powers-solar-panels-also-damages-them-gallium-doping-is-providing-a-solution-164935">The sunlight that powers solar panels also damages them. 'Gallium doping' is providing a solution</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Higher efficiency comes at a cost</h2>
<p>Researchers are continually pushing to drive up the efficiency of solar panels so they can generate more power for consumers. In 2017, a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2017.32">record efficiency of 26.7%</a> was achieved for a silicon solar cell. Last month, <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/06/24/longis-heterojunction-solar-cell-hits-26-5/">LONGi Solar</a> announced an efficiency of 26.5% - very close to the world record - for the same type of solar cell made in a manufacturing environment, rather than in a laboratory. </p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1337029581044293632"}"></div></p>
<p>This type of solar cell is called a “silicon heterojunction”. The special element of silicon heterojunction solar cells is that the surface is capped with a very thin layer – about 1,000 times thinner than a human hair – of amorphous silicon. This thin layer smooths the surface and reduces a lot of the energy losses. </p>
<p>Sanyo developed this cell design in the 1990s. At the time, high-quality n-type silicon wafers were used to make silicon heterojunction cells, even though these wafers are more expensive. </p>
<p>The main reason for this is that sunlight degrades cheaper p-type wafers. However, our understanding of this phenomenon and how to treat it has come a long way since the 1990s. </p>
<h2>Our light-bulb moment</h2>
<p>For the past 30 years, all silicon heterojunction solar cells, including the record-breaking cells, have been made using n-type silicon wafers. In <a href="https://arena.gov.au/projects/hydrogenated-hybrid-heterojunction-p-type-silicon-solar-cells/">our research project</a>, we wanted to test whether cheaper, p-type wafers could also be used.</p>
<p>Through comprehensive testing, we found heterojunction solar cells made with p-type silicon did not perform as well. We were puzzled by this. But one day we had a literal light-bulb moment. </p>
<p>We realised that accidental exposure to room lighting for as little as ten seconds before testing reduced the voltage of p-type cells by as much as 30mV, which can cut their efficiency by a percentage point (i.e. from 22% to 21%). This was causing our cells to perform much worse than expected. Much like someone who has severe allergies is more sensitive to pollen in the spring, we realised these high-efficiency silicon heterojunction solar cells made with p-type wafers are much more sensitive to light-induced degradation.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="solar panels on roofs of suburban houses" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/474774/original/file-20220719-12-4osyy5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/474774/original/file-20220719-12-4osyy5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/474774/original/file-20220719-12-4osyy5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/474774/original/file-20220719-12-4osyy5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/474774/original/file-20220719-12-4osyy5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/474774/original/file-20220719-12-4osyy5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/474774/original/file-20220719-12-4osyy5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Australians have led the way in installing solar panels but reducing the cost of high-efficiency panels could boost the urgent transition to renewables.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Problem identified, we now have the solution</h2>
<p>We believe this observation is the reason high-efficiency cells have only previously been explored using expensive silicon. Past researchers were unaware of the sensitivity of p-type wafers to degrade and did not have the knowledge to overcome it. </p>
<p>Fortunately, we now know the bonding of boron and unwanted oxygen in the silicon wafer causes this degradation. Treatments with a high-intensity laser have been shown to <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/pssr.201510064">stabilise cells in a matter of seconds</a>. </p>
<p>The laser illumination can make hydrogen, which is already floating around in the silicon, more mobile to move around and “passivate” the unwanted boron-oxygen defects. Exactly how hydrogen does this is still an active area of research, but we know it solves the problem. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/solr.202200449">Our research</a> confirms a short laser treatment can stabilise the performance of p-type silicon heterojunction solar cells.</p>
<p>Armed with this new knowledge, we can further develop high-efficiency technologies with cheaper raw materials. This will reduce the cost of every watt of solar electricity produced. In March this year, solar panel manufacturer LONGi Solar announced an <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/03/30/longi-achieves-25-47-efficiency-for-gallium-doped-p-type-heterojunction-solar-cell/">efficiency of 25.47%</a> for a silicon heterojunction solar cell made using p-type wafers. </p>
<p>To see manufacturers making high-efficiency solar cells that are potentially cheaper means our findings have a tangible impact on industry. Reducing solar cell costs will provide cheaper electricity to millions of consumers while addressing climate change.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/187008/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Bruno Vicari Stefani received funding from the Australian Renewable Energy Agency and the CSIRO Research Office. Bruno Vicari Stefani performed part of this work during his PhD at the University of New South Wales.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Brett Hallam receives funding from ARENA.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Matthew Wright receives funding from the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council grant number EP/V038605/1. </span></em></p>Until now, a more expensive type of silicon was used to produce the highest-efficiency solar panels. Now there’s a way to use cheaper raw materials, cutting the cost of solar power for everyone.Bruno Vicari Stefani, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Solar Technologies, CSIROBrett Hallam, Associate professor, UNSW SydneyMatthew Wright, Postdoctoral Researcher in Photovoltaic Engineering, University of OxfordLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1848402022-07-15T01:08:23Z2022-07-15T01:08:23ZAustralians are installing rooftop solar like never before. Who is burdened with taking care of it at home?<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/473553/original/file-20220712-18-dmspc6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C5472%2C3080&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Rooftop solar panels and small batteries are driving Australia’s rapid shift towards renewable energy. Some 30% of <a href="https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/major-publications/isp/2022/draft-2022-integrated-system-plan.pdf?la=en">detached homes</a> on Australia’s national grid have these systems installed. <a href="https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/major-publications/isp/2022/draft-2022-integrated-system-plan.pdf?la=en">By 2050</a>, this proportion could reach 65%.</p>
<p>This means responsibility for maintaining our power supply is shifting from skilled, well-paid power station engineers to householders. Essentially, care for our energy system is becoming housework. </p>
<p><a href="https://journal-buildingscities.org/articles/10.5334/bc.219/">Our new research</a> has found rooftop solar maintenance, as with other forms of housework, has the potential to become an equity issue. And the burden of this unrecognised work is set to worsen as the energy transition accelerates.</p>
<p>If our energy system relies on invisible care, we should acknowledge who the burden is falling on and whether we’re creating new inequalities.</p>
<h2>Rooftop solar maintenance as housework</h2>
<p>The things we do to maintain our worlds – be it ourselves, others, the environment or everything else — can collectively be thought of as care. Historically, <a href="https://archive.org/details/circlesofcarewor0000unse/page/34/mode/2up">the burden of care</a> has largely fallen on women and marginalised communities. When society does not value their care work, inequality is exacerbated.</p>
<p>Housework is a form of care, and it tends to be invisible, unpaid and performed only by those who notice it needs doing. In many cases, this <a href="https://theconversation.com/dont-give-mum-chocolates-for-mothers-day-take-on-more-housework-share-the-mental-load-and-advocate-for-equality-instead-182330">means women</a>. What does it mean in the case of household energy technologies?</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/dont-give-mum-chocolates-for-mothers-day-take-on-more-housework-share-the-mental-load-and-advocate-for-equality-instead-182330">Don't give mum chocolates for Mother's Day. Take on more housework, share the mental load and advocate for equality instead</a>
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</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>When a householder decides to install technologies such as rooftop solar, they must determine what size and type of system will meet their needs and to research products and installers. </p>
<p>Once the system is installed, they then need to check it’s performing as intended and recognise when maintenance is required. When something goes wrong, they need to follow up with the relevant organisation to resolve it. </p>
<p>We cannot yet declare exactly who the burden of rooftop solar and battery care is falling to – more research is needed on this. But our recent study found the changing nature of household energy has the potential to reproduce existing forms of inequality across gender, cultural groups and generations. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/473550/original/file-20220712-12-gucp4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/473550/original/file-20220712-12-gucp4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/473550/original/file-20220712-12-gucp4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473550/original/file-20220712-12-gucp4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473550/original/file-20220712-12-gucp4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473550/original/file-20220712-12-gucp4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473550/original/file-20220712-12-gucp4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473550/original/file-20220712-12-gucp4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">30% of detached homes connected to the national grid have rooftop solar</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>What we found</h2>
<p>We held interviews and focus groups with 55 Australian householders from metropolitan and rural areas who purchased energy technologies, as well as 18 people from installer businesses and community energy groups.</p>
<p>We found they envisage a more caring energy system - one that prioritises making sure everyone can pay their bills and facilitates sharing, rather than one that rewards individuals with the most resources and know-how. </p>
<p>We described the different types of care driving the energy transition, and found examples of community groups and businesses going above and beyond to provide support. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/complicated-costly-and-downright-frustrating-aussies-keen-to-cut-emissions-with-clean-energy-at-home-get-little-support-161682">Complicated, costly and downright frustrating: Aussies keen to cut emissions with clean energy at home get little support</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>For example, some installers we spoke with took time to help householders understand what type and size system best suited them. Others performed work for free to help someone out, such as one installer who told us: </p>
<blockquote>
<p>We get customers right now because the company that installed it won’t come out and help them. That’s actually something we do promote as well, is that if you’re not our customer, we’ll help you. A lot of that is volunteer work.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>But according to other research participants, some installers are only interested in making the sale, leaving neglected paperwork, missing components, or systems that just don’t work. Sometimes the householder is unaware their system is not working as intended. </p>
<p>One woman, a disability pensioner, had been sold an expensive solar and battery system that didn’t work. As she sought electricians to fix it, she lamented they were:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>so male-dominated that they don’t want you looking over their shoulder […] they’re not willing to explain things either.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This example highlighted difficulties in establishing rapport between installers and householders of different genders, ages or cultural backgrounds, a finding <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243920978301">shared by other researchers</a>. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/smart-home-gadgets-promise-to-cut-power-bills-but-many-lie-idle-or-can-even-boost-energy-use-82252">'Smart home' gadgets promise to cut power bills but many lie idle – or can even boost energy use</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://theconversation.com/smart-home-gadgets-promise-to-cut-power-bills-but-many-lie-idle-or-can-even-boost-energy-use-82252">Research from 2017</a> found technologies can be misused or ignored when optimistic assumptions are made about their user-friendliness. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214629621001985">Other research</a> from the United Kingdom showed developers of home technology rarely involve users in the design process, and tend to design for an idealised masculine consumer.</p>
<p>These different dynamics compound to the point where our energy system <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137267054_3">is designed to benefit</a> those who understand its complexity and are able to take advantage.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/473554/original/file-20220712-14-r756em.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/473554/original/file-20220712-14-r756em.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/473554/original/file-20220712-14-r756em.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473554/original/file-20220712-14-r756em.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473554/original/file-20220712-14-r756em.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473554/original/file-20220712-14-r756em.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473554/original/file-20220712-14-r756em.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/473554/original/file-20220712-14-r756em.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Responsibility for maintaining household power supply is shifting from engineers to householders.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>A caring vision for our energy future</h2>
<p>We also found our research participants wanted their caring visions for the future better represented in government policies. </p>
<p>For many, installing energy technology was about doing the right thing for the planet, rather than to lower their power bills or become self-sufficient in energy. But they told us how ideas based in care aren’t often taken seriously by industry and government. </p>
<p>Government incentive schemes that help people afford solar and batteries are important and effective. But they also <a href="https://theconversation.com/complicated-costly-and-downright-frustrating-aussies-keen-to-cut-emissions-with-clean-energy-at-home-get-little-support-161682">give rise</a> to opportunistic sales tactics and pitfalls for householders.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/whats-a-grid-anyway-making-sense-of-the-complex-beast-that-is-australias-electricity-network-185127">What's a grid, anyway? Making sense of the complex beast that is Australia's electricity network</a>
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<hr>
<p>Incentive programs need to place high expectations on installers and expel operators with bad track records. More assertive regulation is needed that goes beyond simple consumer protections and puts less of an onus on householders to navigate their way alone. Governments can also support community groups that help in this task.</p>
<p>Policies should also accommodate caring, community-focused householders who aren’t just installing rooftop solar to benefit themselves. It might include allowing free or low-cost energy sharing at the local scale to help out neighbours and avoid spilling excess solar to the wider grid.</p>
<p>If we don’t recognise and act on creating a caring energy system, we could be left with one that’s partially built, unfair and rewards a race to the bottom.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/184840/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Kathryn Lucas-Healey has received funding from the Australian Renewable Energy Agency for electric vehicle projects and the Australian Government Remote Communities Reliability Fund for microgrid projects. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Alice Wendy Russell receives funding from the Victorian Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning to study neighbourhood batteries. She is Director of Double Arrow Consulting, a consultancy specialising in deliberative engagement. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Hedda Ransan-Cooper has received funding from the State and Federal governments, including from the Australian Renewable Energy Agency for work related to solar, batteries, microgrids, and electric vehicles.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Hugo Temby received funding from the Victorian Energy and Water Ombudsman and Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning.</span></em></p>New research finds rooftop solar maintenance is becoming a form of housework, and this has the potential to become an equity issue.Kathryn Lucas-Healey, Research Fellow, Battery Storage and Grid Integration Program, Australian National UniversityAlice Wendy Russell, Research fellow, Battery Storage and Grid Integration Program, Australian National UniversityHedda Ransan-Cooper, Research Fellow, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Australian National UniversityHugo Temby, Doctoral Researcher, Battery Storage and Grid Integration Program, Australian National UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1836402022-05-27T06:03:02Z2022-05-27T06:03:02Z3 ways the Albanese government can turn Australia into a renewable energy superpower – without leaving anyone behind<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/465619/original/file-20220527-12-qism61.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=17%2C11%2C3976%2C1988&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Australians will bear yet <a href="https://theconversation.com/expect-more-power-price-hikes-a-1970s-style-energy-shock-is-on-the-cards-183911">another blow</a> to our cost of living in July when electricity prices will surge up to 18.3%, which amounts to over <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-26/benchmark-power-prices-electricity-bills-to-soar-australia/101098128">A$250 per year</a> in some cases. </p>
<p>This is partly due to geopolitical tensions driving up the cost of generating electricity from coal and gas – costs that are increasingly volatile – leading the <a href="https://www.aer.gov.au/news-release/aer-sets-energy-price-cap-to-protect-consumers">Australian Energy Regulator</a> to increase its so-called “default market offers” for electricity retailers in New South Wales, South Australia and Queensland. </p>
<p>If the Albanese government ever needed another reason to turbocharge its efforts on renewable energy and storage, this is it. </p>
<p>Investing in renewables, energy storage, electric vehicles and other clean industries will not only lower power prices, but will also lower emissions, increase our self-sufficiency, create new jobs, and protect us from international price shocks like we’re seeing now. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/expect-more-power-price-hikes-a-1970s-style-energy-shock-is-on-the-cards-183911">Expect more power price hikes – a 1970s-style energy shock is on the cards</a>
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<p>Fortunately, the Albanese government has a strong mandate for game-changing <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-do-the-major-parties-rate-on-climate-policies-we-asked-5-experts-181790">climate action</a> this decade. The government aims for renewable energy to make up <a href="https://keystone-alp.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/prod/61a9693a3f3c53001f975017-PoweringAustralia.pdf">over 80% of</a> Australia’s electricity mix by 2030, but its pledge of $20 billion for new transmission infrastructure means we can aim higher and go faster. </p>
<p>Holding us back, however, is continued investment in the coal industry. Indeed, doubling down on fossil fuels right now would be extraordinarily reckless from a security perspective – as the United Nations climate envoy <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/11/do-not-use-ukraine-war-to-defer-climate-goals-warns-mark-carney-energy-crisis">pointed out</a> this month, “no one owns the wind or the sun”. </p>
<p>So how can Australia transform into a renewable energy powerhouse? Here are three important ways the Albanese government can meet its ambition swiftly and justly. </p>
<h2>1. Energy justice with community energy</h2>
<p>Communities must be placed at the heart of the energy transition if we’re to see <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032121012016">energy justice</a> in Australia.
Energy justice is when <a href="https://irena.org/publications/2021/Nov/Community-Energy-Toolkit-Best-practices-for-broadening-the-ownership-of-renewables">all members of society</a> are granted access to clean energy, particularly disadvantaged communities such as those without housing security. </p>
<p>One way to make this happen is with community-owned renewable energy and storage, such as wind energy co-operatives. For example, the <a href="https://www.hepburnwind.com.au/">Hepburn Wind Co-operative</a> is a 4.1 megawatt wind farm owned by more than 2,000 community shareholders. Another example is community-owned social enterprise electricity retailers such as <a href="https://www.enovaenergy.com.au/">Enova</a>, which has more than 1,600 community shareholders.</p>
<p>Labor has made a great start. Its <a href="https://keystone-alp.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/prod/61a966013f3c53001f975016-REPUTEX_The%20economic%20impact%20of%20the%20ALP's%20Powering%20Australia%20Plan_Summary%20Report.pdf">Powering Australia</a> plan pledges to install 400 community batteries and develop shared solar banks to give renters, people in apartments, and people who can’t afford upfront installation costs access to solar energy. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/farmers-shouldnt-have-to-compete-with-solar-companies-for-land-we-need-better-policies-so-everyone-can-benefit-173333">Farmers shouldn't have to compete with solar companies for land. We need better policies so everyone can benefit</a>
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<hr>
<p>The next step should be a rapid roll out of a federal community solar scheme, similar to a program in the United States. The <a href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/community-solar-basics">US Community Solar scheme</a> is backed by legislation to create a third-party market for communities. It allows communities to own solar panels or a portion of a solar project, or to buy renewable energy with a subscription. </p>
<p>This means lower socio-economic households can benefit from clean, reliable and cheaper electricity from solar when they’re not able to put panels on their rooftop. </p>
<p>Australia needs a dedicated national policy or government body that builds on the work of other bodies, such as the <a href="https://c4ce.net.au/strategic-initiatives/">Coalition for Community Energy</a>, to govern community-based energy and enshrine the principles of energy justice.</p>
<h2>2. Rapid uptake of offshore wind</h2>
<p>Offshore wind farms represent a key opportunity for Australia’s decarbonisation – the combined capacity of all proposed offshore wind projects <a href="https://theconversation.com/wind-turbines-off-the-coast-could-help-australia-become-an-energy-superpower-research-finds-164590">would be greater</a> than all Australia’s coal-fired power plants. </p>
<p>But Australia’s offshore wind industry is only in its infancy. And while Labor’s Powering Australia plan targets manufacturing <a href="https://keystone-alp.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/prod/61a9693a3f3c53001f975017-PoweringAustralia.pdf">wind turbine components</a>, it lacks policy ambition for offshore wind. </p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/wind-turbines-off-the-coast-could-help-australia-become-an-energy-superpower-research-finds-164590">Wind turbines off the coast could help Australia become an energy superpower, research finds</a>
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<p><a href="https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/what-is-renewable-energy-zone/">Renewable Energy Zones</a> (a bit like the renewables equivalent of a power station) are currently being rolled out Australia wide. These should encompass offshore wind zones to encourage the rapid uptake of this vast energy source. </p>
<p>For example, in February, the Renewable Energy Zone in the <a href="https://www.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/100-billion-of-investment-potential-for-hunter-central-coast-renewable-energy-zone">Hunter-Central Coast</a> region had seven offshore wind proposals and attracted over $100 billion in investment. Potential renewable energy projects in this region represent over 100,000 gigawatt hours of energy – the same as the annual output of <a href="https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/news/100-billion-investment-potential-for-hunter-central-coast-renewable-energy-zone">ten coal-fired power stations</a>. </p>
<p>The federal government should also set an offshore wind target to accelerate uptake. Victoria, for instance, recently announced <a href="https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/victoria-launches-australias-first-offshore-wind-targets">a target</a> of 2 gigawatts installed by 2032, 4 gigawatts by 2035, and 9 gigawatts by 2040. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/465625/original/file-20220527-16-tn6xzn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/465625/original/file-20220527-16-tn6xzn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/465625/original/file-20220527-16-tn6xzn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/465625/original/file-20220527-16-tn6xzn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/465625/original/file-20220527-16-tn6xzn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/465625/original/file-20220527-16-tn6xzn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/465625/original/file-20220527-16-tn6xzn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/465625/original/file-20220527-16-tn6xzn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<span class="caption">The federal government should also set an offshore wind target.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
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</figure>
<p>Similarly, the United Kingdom recently increased its offshore wind target to <a href="https://www.offshorewind.biz/2022/04/07/uk-to-raise-2030-offshore-wind-target-to-50-gw-slash-project-approval-times/#:%7E:text=Advertisement-,UK%20to%20Raise%202030%20Offshore%20Wind%20Target,GW%2C%20Slash%20Project%20Approval%20Times&text=UK%20Prime%20Minister%20Boris%20Johnson,offshore%20wind%20capacity%20by%202030.">50 gigawatts</a> by 2030 – the equivalent to powering <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/major-acceleration-of-homegrown-power-in-britains-plan-for-greater-energy-independence">every household </a> in the nation, according to the UK government. </p>
<p>Despite its potential, Australia only introduced <a href="https://theconversation.com/australias-first-offshore-wind-farm-bill-was-a-long-time-coming-but-here-are-4-reasons-its-not-up-to-scratch-yet-167196">federal legislative framework</a> for offshore wind last year – and it needs work. For example, the legislation doesn’t incorporate <a href="https://maritime-spatial-planning.ec.europa.eu/sector-information/offshore-wind-energy#:%7E:text=However%2C%20maritime%20spatial%20planning%20is,is%20supported%20by%20national%20policy.">marine spatial planning</a>, which is a process of coordinating sectors that rely on the ocean, such as marine conservation, the fishing industry, and the government. </p>
<h2>3. Just transitions for coal communities</h2>
<p>The Australian Energy Market Operator <a href="https://aemo.com.au/newsroom/media-release/2021-esoo#:%7E:text=%E2%80%9CBy%202025%2C%20there%20will%20be,and%20affordable%20energy%20to%20consumers.">says</a> the National Electricity Market could be 100% powered by renewables by 2025. Further closures of aging and unreliable coal-fired power stations are inevitable. </p>
<p>The government must not leave carbon-intensive regions <a href="https://theconversation.com/australias-next-government-must-start-talking-about-a-just-transition-from-coal-heres-where-to-begin-181707">behind</a> in the transition to new clean industries. If we do this right, generations of Australians could be working in renewable energy, clean manufacturing, renewable hydrogen, and the extraction of critical minerals. </p>
<p>Creating a national coal commission could help produce a roadmap away from fossil fuels, and seize on the opportunity to <a href="https://keystone-alp.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/prod/61a9693a3f3c53001f975017-PoweringAustralia.pdf">create clean jobs</a>. This is being done <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-to-transition-from-coal-4-lessons-for-australia-from-around-the-world-115558">in Germany</a>, where a government-appointed coal commission consulted unions, coal regions, local communities and more to develop a pathway to transition the coal industry by 2038.</p>
<p>We can also see this in <a href="https://www.rncanengagenrcan.ca/en/collections/just-transition">Canada</a>, which is developing legislation with principles of a just transition by establishing a body to provide advice on strategies supporting workers and communities. </p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/how-can-aboriginal-communities-be-part-of-the-nsw-renewable-energy-transition-181171">How can Aboriginal communities be part of the NSW renewable energy transition?</a>
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<p>Strong climate and energy policy will take hard work – let’s hope this truly marks the <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-22/anthony-albanese-labor-ready-to-govern/101088900">end of the climate wars</a> and the start of Australia’s turbocharged energy transition.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/183640/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Madeline Taylor had received funding from ACOLA and the AIEN. She is a Climate Councillor for the Climate Council. </span></em></p>The soaring power prices expected to hit Australians are yet another reason the Albanese government should turbocharge its efforts on renewable energy and storage.Madeline Taylor, Senior Lecturer, Macquarie UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1775282022-04-06T12:23:25Z2022-04-06T12:23:25ZTo understand why Biden extended tariffs on solar panels, take a closer look at their historical impact<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/456426/original/file-20220405-24-mj6ho3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C26%2C5991%2C3961&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">China's cheaper solar panels made it harder for U.S. companies to compete.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/an-employee-works-on-the-production-line-of-solar-panels-news-photo/1362904374">Ruan Xuefeng/VCG via Getty Images</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>President Joe Biden <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2022/02/04/a-proclamation-to-continue-facilitating-positive-adjustment-to-competition-from-imports-of-certain-crystalline-silicon-photovoltaic-cells-whether-or-not-partially-or-fully-assembled-into-other-produc/">extended tariffs on imported solar panels</a> in February 2022 in a bid to protect domestic manufacturing. These tariffs add a 14%-15% tax on cheaper imports, raising their cost in the U.S. At the same time, the Biden administration is urging an expansion of renewable energy and energy security, two priorities for many countries.</p>
<p>As an <a href="https://www.nrel.gov/research/staff/david-feldman.html">energy analyst</a> focused on renewable electricity generation, I follow the impact of solar policies. To understand why the tariffs were extended, it’s helpful to understand their historical impact.</p>
<h2>The U.S. was a solar leader once</h2>
<p>U.S. engineers <a href="https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200904/physicshistory.cfm">invented the solar cell</a>, the part of the panel that generates electricity, in the 1950s at Bell Labs. The country was a world leader in manufacturing until about 20 years ago.</p>
<p>Several solar cells connected together make up a typical photovoltaic solar module. Producing the most common type of PV module, a <a href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/crystalline-silicon-photovoltaics-research">crystalline silicon module</a>, is a multistep process. As global demand for solar-generated energy increased, many of these steps began occurring in China or involved Chinese companies in Southeast Asia.</p>
<p>Until 2011, the U.S. was a <a href="https://www.woodmac.com/industry/power-and-renewables/us-solar-market-insight/">net exporter</a> of PV modules. As PV module prices dropped precipitously in 2010, many U.S. and German companies could no longer compete and <a href="https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/the-mercifully-short-list-of-fallen-solar-companies-2015-edition">closed operations</a>. U.S. companies asserted that China was providing unfair subsidies and its companies were <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/business/energy-environment/us-slaps-tariffs-on-chinese-solar-panels.html">dumping solar cells</a> – selling them at less than the cost to manufacture them – to drive out competition.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="A small, square solar cell in plastic dish." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/456431/original/file-20220405-2973-qkyz91.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/456431/original/file-20220405-2973-qkyz91.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=386&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/456431/original/file-20220405-2973-qkyz91.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=386&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/456431/original/file-20220405-2973-qkyz91.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=386&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/456431/original/file-20220405-2973-qkyz91.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=485&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/456431/original/file-20220405-2973-qkyz91.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=485&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/456431/original/file-20220405-2973-qkyz91.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=485&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="caption">Scientists at the National Renewable Energy Lab have been developing next-generation solar cells. A PV module, or solar panel, is made up of several cells.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://images.nrel.gov/soda/GetObject?ikey=21D9871C58C79072327F196813A49544EF7965C0B8AEA641E8C9018EFEE26EDF&user=publicguest&mode=inline&note=MX+drag+and+drop&target=61447.JPG">Dennis Schroeder / NREL</a></span>
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<h2>How the solar tariffs work</h2>
<p>The U.S. placed its <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-trade/u-s-sets-new-tariffs-on-chinese-solar-imports-idUSBRE84G19U20120517">first</a> and <a href="https://www.usitc.gov/press_room/news_release/2015/er0121ll329.htm">second</a> set of tariffs on Chinese cells and modules in 2012 and 2015, citing unfair trade practices.</p>
<p>However, low-cost modules and cells <a href="https://www.usitc.gov/press_room/us_safeguard.htm">still came into the United States</a> from outside China, particularly as Chinese companies added manufacturing in neighboring countries not subject to those duties. Most of the material to make cells and modules was still increasingly coming from China.</p>
<p>In 2018, the U.S. government put in place the Section 201 tariff, a four-year safeguard to give domestic PV manufacturers <a href="https://www.usitc.gov/press_room/us_safeguard.htm">temporary relief from the “serious” injury</a> imports were causing them.</p>
<p>The duties <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2018-01-25/pdf/2018-01592.pdf">began at 30%</a> on most imported modules, decreasing 5% each year until 2022, when the rate dropped to 15%. PV cells were also subject to these duties, but the first 2.5 gigawatts of imported cells were exempt to allow companies that assemble modules some relief while encouraging PV cell manufacturing in the U.S.</p>
<p>Modules produced from cadmium telluride, rather than crystalline silicon, were also exempt, and in 2019 bifacial modules – which are designed with a clear backing so that energy is produced when light hits the front or the back of the panel – also <a href="https://www.photon.info/en/news/bifacial-pv-modules-can-be-imported-us-free-punitive-tariffs">became exempt</a>. Both are used primarily for large solar farms.</p>
<h2>U.S. module industry ramps up</h2>
<p>The tariffs are considered a <a href="https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/74807.pdf">major factor</a> in the <a href="https://www.woodmac.com/industry/power-and-renewables/us-solar-market-insight/">more than tripling</a> of crystalline silicon module assembly capacity in the U.S. between 2018 and 2020, and also in the recent scale-up of cadmium telluride module manufacturing by First Solar. That U.S. company benefited from the increased market price of competing crystalline silicon PV modules.</p>
<p>In addition to the tariffs, many module assembly manufacturers cited supply contracts with utilities or roofing companies and the 2018 U.S. corporate tax reduction as critical <a href="https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/74807.pdf">deciding factors for ramping up manufacturing</a>.</p>
<p>Companies assembling modules in the U.S. benefited from the ability to import virtually all of their cells without tariffs – <a href="https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/74807.pdf">the 2.5-gigawatt quota was not hit</a> until a month before the initial four-year term ended – while competing against imported modules that were subject to the tariff.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="A worker in a hard hat and construction vest walks between rows of solar panels in a field." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/456432/original/file-20220405-2973-r9mhfs.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/456432/original/file-20220405-2973-r9mhfs.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=379&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/456432/original/file-20220405-2973-r9mhfs.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=379&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/456432/original/file-20220405-2973-r9mhfs.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=379&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/456432/original/file-20220405-2973-r9mhfs.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=477&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/456432/original/file-20220405-2973-r9mhfs.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=477&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/456432/original/file-20220405-2973-r9mhfs.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=477&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="caption">Utility-scale solar use has grown quickly in the U.S. in recent years.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/employees-from-a-radian-generations-operations-and-news-photo/893158122">Robert Nickelsberg/Getty Images</a></span>
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<p>Still, even with the tariffs in place, around 80% of solar modules installed in the U.S. during the initial four-year term were imported. According to trade data, just over half of PV modules imported in 2020 were <a href="https://dataweb.usitc.gov/">not subject to the Section 201 tariffs</a>.</p>
<p>Additionally, modules produced in the U.S. still <a href="https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/74807.pdf">rely heavily on China for parts</a>, such as the aluminum frame and glass. Soon after the Section 201 tariffs were put in place, the U.S. government placed <a href="https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2019/august/ustr-statement-section-301-tariff">Section 301 tariffs</a> on these Chinese products, increasing the cost of assembling PV modules in the U.S.</p>
<h2>How did tariffs affect the U.S. solar industry?</h2>
<p>The tariffs did not result in an increase in the domestic production of PV cells.</p>
<p>Because the Section 201 tariffs did not apply to the first 2.5 gigawatts of imported cells, a cap that was not reached in the <a href="https://www.usitc.gov/press_room/news_release/2021/er1124ll1852.htm">first three years of tariff implementation</a>, virtually all cells bought in the U.S. have been <a href="https://dataweb.usitc.gov/">free of Section 201 tariffs</a>. </p>
<p>Therefore, the tariff provided no competitive advantage for PV cells domestically produced. As of the end of 2021, there was <a href="https://www.woodmac.com/industry/power-and-renewables/us-solar-market-insight/">no PV cell production</a> in the United States.</p>
<p>The impact of the tariff on solar deployment in the U.S. is less clear.</p>
<p>The tariffs were put in place during a period when global PV module prices were falling. So, while there was a general runup in price when the tariffs were first proposed, U.S. panel prices have since trended downward and are lower than before the tariffs took effect, though they remain above global average prices. In fact, more <a href="https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/">solar capacity was installed</a> in the U.S. during the Section 201 tariffs than at any other time in history, in large part because of the low cost.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Two workers in wide-rimmed hats install solar panels on a roof" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/456424/original/file-20220405-18-ayraf7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/456424/original/file-20220405-18-ayraf7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=390&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/456424/original/file-20220405-18-ayraf7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=390&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/456424/original/file-20220405-18-ayraf7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=390&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/456424/original/file-20220405-18-ayraf7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=490&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/456424/original/file-20220405-18-ayraf7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=490&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/456424/original/file-20220405-18-ayraf7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=490&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">The tariffs on solar panel imports raised concerns about U.S. installation jobs, which were among the fastest-growing job sectors in the country.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/roger-garbey-and-andres-hernandez-from-the-goldin-solar-news-photo/909389746">Joe Raedle/Getty Images</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Still, the U.S. solar trade group, the Solar Energy Industries Association, claims that the U.S. would have installed <a href="https://www.seia.org/research-resources/adverse-impact-section-201-tariffs">11% more solar</a>, employed 62,000 more people and had US$19 billion more in investment without the tariffs. Most U.S. solar jobs are associated with building projects, not manufacturing equipment, and <a href="https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/cypress-creek-halts-1-5-gw-solar-development-tariffs-exemption">developers have said</a> the higher prices forced them to <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-trump-effect-solar-insight/billions-in-u-s-solar-projects-shelved-after-trump-panel-tariff-idUSKCN1J30CT">delay or cancel</a> solar projects. At the end of 2020, of 231,000 U.S. solar jobs, only 31,000, 13%, were in manufacturing.</p>
<h2>How will the next four years affect solar expansion?</h2>
<p>The Biden administration set a U.S. goal in 2021 to reach <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/22/fact-sheet-president-biden-sets-2030-greenhouse-gas-pollution-reduction-target-aimed-at-creating-good-paying-union-jobs-and-securing-u-s-leadership-on-clean-energy-technologies/">zero carbon emissions</a> from the electricity sector by 2035 to stop its role in climate change. That will require <a href="https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-09/Solar%20Futures%20Study.pdf">quadrupling 2020’s record level</a> of annual solar deployment by the end of the decade.</p>
<p>Tariffs have the potential to slow deployment by making PV systems more expensive. That could be offset, however, by mandates and significant public and private investment in the solar sector.</p>
<p>The U.S. goals are part of a larger global effort to both increase local energy security and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which will likely require significant expansion of solar manufacturing. The U.S. has the potential to be part of this larger global supply chain, but it must scale up to compete.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/177528/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>David J. Feldman does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>The tariffs targeting cheap Chinese imports mean prices in the US are higher than average, at the same time Biden is pushing for more renewable energy. But their effect might surprise you.David J. Feldman, Financial Analyst, National Renewable Energy LaboratoryLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1764522022-03-22T21:12:41Z2022-03-22T21:12:41ZThe economic case for the mining industry to support carbon taxation<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/452923/original/file-20220317-23-1fpa886.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C8264%2C3301&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">RioTinto's Kennecott mine in Utah produces a variety of metals, including copper, gold and silver.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/19779889@N00/36571631266">(arbyreed/Flickr)</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">CC BY-NC-SA</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>As governments try to navigate a path to a safe climate in the 21st century, the public debate has focused on net zero, carbon taxes, electrification and renewable energy. Mining is rarely an anchor point of the discussion, even though renewable energy infrastructure and low-carbon technology require vast amounts of metals and minerals. </p>
<p>Nickel, for example, is essential for electric vehicles and battery storage. The amount of nickel required by 2040 for the energy transition alone will be <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions/executive-summary">equal to the total demand for nickel across all industries in 2020, according to the International Energy Agency</a>.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="a graph showing projected demand for copper and nickel increasing over time." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/448160/original/file-20220223-25-5f0cjt.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/448160/original/file-20220223-25-5f0cjt.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=385&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/448160/original/file-20220223-25-5f0cjt.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=385&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/448160/original/file-20220223-25-5f0cjt.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=385&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/448160/original/file-20220223-25-5f0cjt.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=484&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/448160/original/file-20220223-25-5f0cjt.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=484&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/448160/original/file-20220223-25-5f0cjt.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=484&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Projected demand change for copper and nickel requirements for energy transition technology. The solid bars show the amount of metal demand projected for the energy transition, while the transparent bar shows the actual total demand for copper and nickel across all industries in 2020.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Cox et al. 2022)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>There is widespread consensus among economists that <a href="https://policyintegrity.org/files/publications/ExpertConsensusReport.pdf">carbon taxation is one of the most effective policies to reduce carbon emissions</a>. Presently, <a href="https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/map_data">27 countries have enacted carbon taxation policy at the national level</a>, yet only <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1114898/leading-mining-countries-worldwide-based-mineral-production-value/">seven are leading mining countries</a>, and mining companies and industry organizations oppose carbon taxes in many of these countries. </p>
<p>Addressing climate change requires a coalition between industry and government. The idea that the industry supplying the technology for renewable energy is also opposing the economic policy needed to curb emissions is counter productive. </p>
<p>Simple economic modelling proves that resisting a carbon tax is the wrong strategy for the industry. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00346-4">Our recent paper</a> shows that the mining industry has an economic incentive to support a tax on carbon dioxide emissions. </p>
<h2>Opposed to taxes</h2>
<p>The mining industry has historically opposed taxes, especially carbon taxes. When <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2011A00131">Australia introduced a price on carbon emissions in 2011</a>, the Minerals Council of Australia led a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13567888.2011.640030">multi-million-dollar campaign against the carbon tax policy</a> even though there are <a href="https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/bd/bd1112a/12bd068#_Toc308423383">tax-relief provisions for emissions-intensive industries such as steel and coal</a>. </p>
<p><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/17/australia-kills-off-carbon-tax">The Australian carbon tax policy was repealed in 2014</a>, but some mining groups do support carbon taxes. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/aug/04/bhp-could-quit-minerals-council-after-clashes-over-climate-policy">BHP Billiton Ltd. supported carbon pricing in 2017 and distanced itself from the Minerals Council of Australia</a>. </p>
<p>This fractured industry standpoint on carbon pricing is also present in Canada. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/worlds-largest-miners-pledge-net-zero-carbon-emissions-by-2050-2021-10-05/">Some mining companies have made public commitments to carbon neutrality by 2050</a>, yet there has been opposition from some industry groups at the provincial level. </p>
<h2>Metals out, a little CO2 in</h2>
<p>There are many factors throughout the mining process that contribute to carbon emissions. The commodity being mined heavily influences the amount of emissions and where the emissions are generated throughout the mining process. </p>
<p>For iron and steel most emissions are generated in the later stages during <a href="https://www.ctc-n.org/technologies/smelt-reduction-iron-and-steel-sector">smelting</a>. Mining copper ore, on the other hand, generates most of its emissions in the earlier stages <a href="https://copperalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Emissions-Copper-Mine-of-the-Future-Report.pdf">during the crushing, grinding and hauling of ore</a>.</p>
<p>One way to look at the impacts of carbon taxation in mining is to compare the commodity’s carbon footprint to its economic value. For example, <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/101541?index=1">the average carbon footprint of copper</a> is 3.83 tonnes of carbon dioxide per tonne of copper. </p>
<p>So, for each tonne of carbon dioxide emitted, 261 kilograms of copper worth US$1,700, using 2019 copper prices, are produced. This is a relatively high value. The same cannot be said for other industries, like animal agriculture, where a tonne of carbon emissions corresponds to about US$125 of wholesale beef (using equivalent 2019 pricing). </p>
<h2>How would a carbon tax affect mining?</h2>
<p>The basics of a carbon tax are that more carbon-intensive industries will be taxed more. Our study tested three levels of carbon taxation: US$30, US$70 and US$150 per tonne of carbon dioxide, and compared them against commodity prices in 2019. These levels closely follow <a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/climate-change/pricing-pollution-how-it-will-work/carbon-pollution-pricing-federal-benchmark-information/federal-benchmark-2023-2030.html">the Pan-Canadian approach to carbon pollution pricing</a>, which are currently set to $50 per tonne and increase $15 per year to $170 in 2030. </p>
<p>We modelled the impact of a carbon tax on a range of commodities. Our model included all <a href="https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/scope-1-and-scope-2-inventory-guidance">Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions</a> — direct emissions from the source and indirect emissions associated with heating, cooling or electricity. The production of some commodities is more carbon-intense than others, which affects the impact of the carbon price. </p>
<p>In some cases, the carbon tax can be greater than the product’s value. When the price of carbon is US$150, coal is taxed at 144 per cent of its value. Copper, on the other hand, is taxed at 10 per cent of its value. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/448164/original/file-20220223-21387-17vmmj.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/448164/original/file-20220223-21387-17vmmj.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=344&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/448164/original/file-20220223-21387-17vmmj.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=344&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/448164/original/file-20220223-21387-17vmmj.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=344&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/448164/original/file-20220223-21387-17vmmj.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=433&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/448164/original/file-20220223-21387-17vmmj.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=433&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/448164/original/file-20220223-21387-17vmmj.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=433&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">The impact of three levels of carbon taxation (US$30, $70 and $150) modelled as a percentage of present product value for selected commodities. This shows that most mining industry and energy transition commodities will not be taxed to the same degree as other commodities.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Authors)</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Two metals are outliers to the industry: aluminum and steel. The mining of the raw materials are not carbon intensive. Bauxite and iron ore generate 0.005 and 0.02 tonnes of carbon dioxide per tonne of product respectively, but smelting these ores into metals emits more carbon in production.</p>
<h2>Mining for carbon taxes</h2>
<p>Outside of aluminum refining and steel mills, the mining industry will perform better with a carbon tax than it would without one. This is because the carbon tax would increase the price of fossil fuels relative to renewable energy and the materials required for renewable energy technology.</p>
<p>For example, the costs of coal used for energy production will more than double, making electricity from coal increasingly uncompetitive. The rising demand for solar and wind power will drive further increases in the consumption of base metals for wind turbines and solar panels. </p>
<p>If implemented on a global scale, a carbon tax would not change the underlying cost of the base metal business, but it does have vast financial benefits for the mining sector. These benefits come from the increased demand for metals from the energy transition, paired with a relatively lighter percentage of global carbon taxes, in comparison to other industries. </p>
<p>Rather than opposing carbon taxes, the mining sector should become a global advocate for aggressive carbon targets, the harmonization of international carbon taxes and pursue further reductions to emissions such as the <a href="https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/latest-news-headlines/fintech-company-aims-to-simplify-electrification-of-mining-sector-ceo-says-60076285">electrification of fleets</a> or <a href="https://magazine.cim.org/en/environment/tailings-to-the-rescue-en/">carbon offsets</a>.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/176452/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Sally Innis receives funding from NSERC. Some of her research projects are industry partnered with FL Smidth.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Benjamin Cox receives research funding from various sources, including the Canadian Federal Government through the NSERC, and MITACS, industry partners Eriez, FL Smidth.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>John Steen receives research funding from a variety of sources including the Canadian Federal Government through the NSERC and Supercluster programs, MITACS, Teck, Rio Tinto, EY, Eriez, FL Smidth, and the Project Management Institute.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Nadja Kunz receives funding from a variety of sources including government funding agencies (NSERC, SSHRC) and MITACS. Some of her research projects are co-sponsored by industry partners which currently include FLSmidth, Eriez, Resourceful Paths, Vale, Compass Minerals. Nadja also consults for the International Finance Corporation.</span></em></p>Simple economic modelling shows the mining industry would benefit from a carbon tax.Sally Innis, PhD Candidate in Mining Engineering, University of British ColumbiaBenjamin Cox, PhD student, mining engineering, University of British ColumbiaJohn Steen, EY Distinguished Scholar in Global Mining Futures, University of British ColumbiaNadja Kunz, Canada Research Chair and Assistant Professor, Mining, University of British ColumbiaLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1753932022-01-25T13:45:10Z2022-01-25T13:45:10ZWe created the first AI-powered solar electricity backup system for houses in sub-Saharan Africa<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/442529/original/file-20220125-23-1wly912.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=6%2C0%2C4208%2C2374&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">In Lesotho, solar panels generate power for households.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.maxpixel.net/Rondavels-Lesotho-Bergdorf-Solar-Energy-927581">Max Pixel</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>When the <a href="https://www.newzimbabwe.com/total-blackout-as-zim-electricity-crisis-worsens/">collapse</a> of Zimbabwe’s electricity grid on December 14 2021 plunged most of the country into a blackout, Zimbabweans feared that they would have to spend Christmas in the dark. Much to their relief, two days later, the utility company restored a major power station and <a href="https://businesstimes.co.zw/minimal-loadshedding-during-festive-season-zesa/">announced</a> that there would be “minimal scheduled power cuts during the festive season”. </p>
<p>Unfortunately, due to weak and stressed power grids, outages are common in sub-Saharan African countries. Those who can afford it tend to invest in <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2019/10/02/figure-of-the-week-deployment-and-use-of-back-up-generators-in-sub-saharan-africa/">backup systems</a> to ensure access to electricity. </p>
<p>Despite their high operational and environmental costs, <a href="https://qz.com/africa/1718400/africas-noisy-generators-boost-electricity-but-bad-for-climate/">diesel generators</a> have proved the most popular choice. Unfortunately, the alternative – using <a href="https://theconversation.com/an-energy-revolution-is-possible-but-only-if-leaders-get-imaginative-about-how-to-fund-it-172427">renewable energy</a> sources as a backup – is often seen as unreliable, since wind and sunlight are inherently <a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/oxfam-us/www/static/media/files/oxfam-RAEL-energySSA-pt1.pdf">intermittent</a>. </p>
<p>Yet sub-Saharan Africa is one of the regions with the most <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-southern-africas-interior-is-an-ideal-place-to-generate-solar-energy-161030">solar energy</a> generation potential in the world, thanks to its relatively low cloud cover and high sunlight <a href="https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/april-2016/harvesting-sun">intensity</a>. That means ways to reliably harvest this free, clean solar energy to power the grid without pollution are desperately needed.</p>
<p>Along with engineers from <a href="https://www.ulster.ac.uk/research/topic/built-environment/sustainable-technologies">Ulster University</a>, we’ve developed an intelligent <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221313882100312X">solar backup system</a> powered by <a href="https://theconversation.com/artificial-intelligence-is-now-part-of-our-everyday-lives-and-its-growing-power-is-a-double-edged-sword-169449">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) to support sub-Saharan Africa’s utility grids.</p>
<h2>What we made</h2>
<p>Our system is connected both to the grid and to a battery that can store electricity to back up the household where necessary. Since it’s designed for a region where individual electric water heaters are commonly used – in fact, they account for <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484718301495">up to 40%</a> of total household electricity consumption – the system also includes a solar hot water device, which uses solar radiation to directly pre-heat water without needing electricity.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/442222/original/file-20220124-23-ymdrlb.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="A world map of solar power potential" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/442222/original/file-20220124-23-ymdrlb.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/442222/original/file-20220124-23-ymdrlb.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=356&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/442222/original/file-20220124-23-ymdrlb.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=356&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/442222/original/file-20220124-23-ymdrlb.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=356&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/442222/original/file-20220124-23-ymdrlb.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=448&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/442222/original/file-20220124-23-ymdrlb.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=448&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/442222/original/file-20220124-23-ymdrlb.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=448&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">This map shows the high solar power potential of sub-Saharan Africa.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://solargis.com/maps-and-gis-data/download/world">The World Bank, Global Solar Atlas 2.0</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">CC BY-NC-SA</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>To ensure that the backup system reliably provides electricity, an autonomous AI-based <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X21013281">control system</a> takes charge of battery usage.</p>
<p>By analysing the expected amount of energy produced by the solar panels and electricity needed by the household alongside the typical frequency and duration of blackouts, the AI makes sure that enough backup electricity is available in the battery at any moment by storing more during periods of high solar intensity. When the battery is full, that surplus electricity can be used to heat water or can even be sold back to the grid.</p>
<p>Using data collected from households in both Zimbabwe and Botswana, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S221313882100312X">simulations</a> comparing our intelligent solar backup system with a standard diesel generator demonstrated the superiority of our solar solution.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="A graph comparing solar and diesel electricity demand" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/442221/original/file-20220124-25-1p2ht9o.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/442221/original/file-20220124-25-1p2ht9o.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/442221/original/file-20220124-25-1p2ht9o.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/442221/original/file-20220124-25-1p2ht9o.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/442221/original/file-20220124-25-1p2ht9o.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/442221/original/file-20220124-25-1p2ht9o.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/442221/original/file-20220124-25-1p2ht9o.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Our research shows that using a solar backup system dramatically reduces electricity demand on the grid.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Masoud Salehiborujeni</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>First, our system meets strict electricity reliability and hot water temperature parameters: meaning it’s guaranteed to work well when needed. Second, the lifetime costs of its installation, maintenance and use are around 25% lower than those of its diesel counterpart. </p>
<p>Third, it’s able to cut reliance on the grid during <a href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10069826/8/Adeoye_Modelling%20and%20forecasting%20hourly%20electricity%20demand%20in%20West%20African%20countries_AAM.pdf">peak</a> electricity usage hours. Importantly, this reduces stress on the grid and makes power outages less frequent. And fourth, this environmentally friendly solution cuts harmful <a href="https://theconversation.com/countries-may-be-under-reporting-their-greenhouse-gas-emissions-thats-why-accurate-monitoring-is-crucial-171645">greenhouse gas emissions</a> from burning diesel. </p>
<p>Unfortunately, making solar-based backup systems in sub-Saharan Africa the norm faces a major obstacle. Their initial cost is six times higher than that of an equivalent diesel-based system: around £7,200 compared with £1,200.</p>
<p>The amount of this initial investment is likely to put many households off, especially those with lower incomes. Here’s where governments and utility companies will have to step in to provide <a href="https://www.africanpowerplatform.org/financing/grants.html">loans or grants</a>, helping everyone to access this technology.</p>
<p>Despite the disappointing outcome for many African nations of the recent UN climate change conference <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-african-countries-got-out-of-cop26-172096">COP26</a>, developed nations have promised to at least double their climate adaptation finance to developing countries by 2025. Hopefully, some of that money will be invested in solar-based backup systems, silencing the intense, familiar hum of diesel generators in <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-sub-saharan-africa-can-harness-its-big-electricity-opportunities-97391">sub-Saharan Africa</a>.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/175393/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Masoud Salehiborujeni’s research was funded by Innovate UK as part of the 'Energy catalyst round 7: early stage' competition.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Eng Ofetotse’s research was funded by Innovate UK as part of the 'Energy catalyst round 7: early stage' competition in collaboration with Ulster University, SolaForm, Empowered Ltd Botswana and Onesun Solar Zimbabwe.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Jean-Christophe Nebel received funding from Innovate UK as part of the 'Energy catalyst round 7: early stage' competition.</span></em></p>Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the world’s most sunlit regions. A prototype generator uses that sunlight in place of diesel to support unreliable electricity grids.Masoud Salehiborujeni, Senior Research Associate in Computing Science, University of East AngliaEng Ofetotse, Lecturer in Built Environment, Kingston UniversityJean-Christophe Nebel, Professor of Computer Science, Kingston UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1744462022-01-19T13:45:34Z2022-01-19T13:45:34ZBatteries get hyped, but pumped hydro provides the vast majority of long-term energy storage essential for renewable power – here’s how it works<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/440326/original/file-20220111-21166-10rrp9s.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=268%2C0%2C4255%2C2582&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">The U.S. has thousands of lakes and reservoirs that could be paired for pumped hydro storage without the need for rivers.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/reservoir-storage-basin-of-pumped-storage-plant-royalty-free-image/1276487342?adppopup=true">Ollo via Getty Images</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>To cut U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/22/fact-sheet-president-biden-sets-2030-greenhouse-gas-pollution-reduction-target-aimed-at-creating-good-paying-union-jobs-and-securing-u-s-leadership-on-clean-energy-technologies/">half within a decade</a>, the Biden administration’s goal, the U.S. is going to need a lot more solar and wind power generation, and lots of cheap energy storage.</p>
<p>Wind and solar power vary over the course of a day, so energy storage is essential to provide a continuous flow of electricity. But today’s batteries are typically quite small and store enough energy for only a few hours of electricity. To rely more on wind and solar power, the U.S. will need more overnight and longer-term storage as well.</p>
<p>While battery innovations <a href="https://www.energy.gov/articles/secretary-granholm-announces-new-goal-cut-costs-long-duration-energy-storage-90-percent">get a lot of attention</a>, there’s a simple, proven long-term storage technique that’s been used in the U.S. since the 1920s.</p>
<p>It’s called <a href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/pumped-storage-hydropower">pumped hydro energy storage</a>. It involves pumping water uphill from one reservoir to another at a higher elevation for storage, then, when power is needed, releasing the water to flow downhill through turbines, generating electricity on its way to the lower reservoir.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Illustration of two open- and closed-loop hydro storage systems. Closed-loop systems use two reservoirs rather than running water." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/439528/original/file-20220105-23-1pfjjmh.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/439528/original/file-20220105-23-1pfjjmh.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=349&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/439528/original/file-20220105-23-1pfjjmh.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=349&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/439528/original/file-20220105-23-1pfjjmh.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=349&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/439528/original/file-20220105-23-1pfjjmh.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=439&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/439528/original/file-20220105-23-1pfjjmh.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=439&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/439528/original/file-20220105-23-1pfjjmh.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=439&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Two types of pumped-storage hydropower; one doesn’t require a river.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.pnnl.gov/news-media/open-or-closed-pumped-storage-hydropower-rise">NREL</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Pumped hydro storage is often overlooked in the U.S. because of concern about hydropower’s impact on rivers. But what many people don’t realize is that most of the best hydro storage sites aren’t on rivers at all.</p>
<p>We created a <a href="https://nationalmap.prod.saas.terria.io/#share=s-tPEnZ4T5NRAYIiLS0E3ftvcAzb">world atlas</a> of potential sites for closed-looped pumped hydro – systems that don’t include a river – and found 35,000 paired sites in the U.S. with good potential. While many of these sites, which we located by satellite, are in rugged terrain and may be unsuitable for geological, hydrological, economic, environmental or social reasons, we estimate that only a few hundred sites are needed to <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/abeb5b">support a 100% renewable U.S. electricity system</a>.</p>
<h2>Why wind and solar need long-term storage</h2>
<p>To function properly, power grids must be able to match the incoming electricity supply to electricity demand in real time or they risk shortages or overloads.</p>
<p><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8836526">There are several techniques</a> that grid managers can use to keep that balance with variable sources like wind and solar. These include sharing power across large regions via interstate high-voltage transmission lines, managing demand – and using energy storage.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Aerial view of a pumped hydro project's two reservoirs and solar array on a dry landscape" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/439826/original/file-20220107-13-10vq0yv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/439826/original/file-20220107-13-10vq0yv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/439826/original/file-20220107-13-10vq0yv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/439826/original/file-20220107-13-10vq0yv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/439826/original/file-20220107-13-10vq0yv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/439826/original/file-20220107-13-10vq0yv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/439826/original/file-20220107-13-10vq0yv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">The Kidston pumped hydro project in Australia uses an old gold mine for reservoirs.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://genexpower.com.au/250mw-kidston-pumped-storage-hydro-project/">Genex Power</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Batteries deployed in homes, power stations and electric vehicles are preferred for energy storage times up to a few hours. They’re adept at managing the rise of solar power midday when the sun is overhead and releasing it when power demand peaks in the evenings.</p>
<p>Pumped hydro, on the other hand, allows for larger and longer storage than batteries, and that is essential in a wind- and solar-dominated electricity system. It is also cheaper for overnight and longer-term storage.</p>
<h2>Off-river pumped hydro energy storage</h2>
<p>In 2021, the U.S. had <a href="https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2021/01/f82/us-hydropower-market-report-full-2021.pdf">43 operating pumped hydro plants</a> with a total generating capacity of <a href="https://www.hydro.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/2021-Pumped-Storage-Report-NHA.pdf">about 22 gigawatts</a> and an energy storage capacity of 553 gigawatt-hours. They make up 93% of utility-scale storage in the country. Globally, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/abeb5b">pumped hydro’s share</a> of energy storage <a href="https://sandia.gov/ess-ssl/gesdb/public/">is even higher</a> – about <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/abeb5b">99% of energy storage volume</a>.</p>
<p>Pump hydro projects <a href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/54.1/north-renewable-energy-cultural-resources-are-not-a-renewable-thing-for-us">can be controversial</a>, <a href="https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-environment/2021/08/05/2-little-colorado-river-dam-projects-have-been-withdrawn/5408667001/">particularly when they involve dams on rivers</a> that flood land to create new reservoirs and can affect ecosystems.</p>
<p>Creating closed-loop systems that use pairs of existing lakes or reservoirs instead of rivers would avoid the need for new dams. A project planned in Bell County, Kentucky, for example, uses an <a href="https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/rye-development-to-build-lewis-ridge-pumped-storage-project-in-kentucky-u-s/">old coal strip mine</a>. Little additional land <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/abeb5b">is needed except for transmission lines</a>.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Satellite image showing potential pairings of reservoirs in a mountain area." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/439529/original/file-20220105-19-1oo8bzw.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/439529/original/file-20220105-19-1oo8bzw.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=540&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/439529/original/file-20220105-19-1oo8bzw.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=540&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/439529/original/file-20220105-19-1oo8bzw.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=540&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/439529/original/file-20220105-19-1oo8bzw.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=678&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/439529/original/file-20220105-19-1oo8bzw.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=678&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/439529/original/file-20220105-19-1oo8bzw.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=678&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Examples from the atlas of off-river reservoirs with the potential to be paired for pumped hydro near Castle Rock, Colorado.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.11.015">Andrew Blakers</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>An off-river pumped hydro system comprises a pair of reservoirs spaced several miles apart with an altitude difference of 200-800 meters (about 650-2,600 feet) and connected with pipes or tunnels. The reservoirs can be new or use <a href="https://www.genexpower.com.au/250mw-kidston-pumped-storage-hydro-project.html">old mining sites</a> or <a href="https://www.snowyhydro.com.au/snowy-20/about/">existing lakes or reservoirs</a>.</p>
<p>On sunny or windy days, water is pumped to the upper reservoir. At night, the water flows back down through the turbines to recover the stored energy.</p>
<p>A pair of 250-acre reservoirs with an altitude difference of 600 meters (1,969 feet) and 20-meter depth (65 feet) can store 24 gigawatt-hours of energy, meaning the system could supply 1 gigawatt of power for 24 hours, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/abeb5b">enough for a city of a million people</a>.</p>
<figure>
<iframe width="440" height="260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dvLBE0HcitQ?wmode=transparent&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
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<p>The water can cycle between upper and lower reservoirs for a hundred years or more. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009889">Evaporation suppressors</a> – small objects floating on the water to trap humid air – can help reduce water evaporation. In all, the amount of water needed to support a 100% renewable electricity system is about <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/abeb5b">3 liters per person per day</a>, equivalent to 20 seconds of a morning shower. This is <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00139">one-tenth</a> of the water evaporated per person per day in the cooling systems of U.S. fossil fuel power stations. </p>
<h2>Storage to support 100% renewables</h2>
<p>Little pumped storage has been built in the U.S. in recent years because there hasn’t been much need, but that’s changing. </p>
<p>In 2020, about <a href="https://www.powerengineeringint.com/renewables/renewable-energy-account-for-78-of-us-capacity-additions-in-2020/">three-quarters</a> of all new power capacity built was either solar photovoltaics or wind power. Their costs have been falling, making them <a href="https://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-levelized-cost-of-storage-and-levelized-cost-of-hydrogen/">cheaper to build in many areas</a> than fossil fuels.</p>
<p>Australia is <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/wprwd9p3mjrm6z8/RE%20update.docx?dl=0">installing solar and wind</a> three times faster per capita than the U.S. and is already facing the need for <a href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp2021/AustralianElectricityOptionsPumpedHydro">mass storage</a>. It has <a href="https://www.snowyhydro.com.au/snowy-20/about/">two systems</a> <a href="https://www.genexpower.com.au/250mw-kidston-pumped-storage-hydro-project.html">under construction</a> that are designed to have more energy storage than all the utility batteries in the world put together; another dozen are under serious consideration. None involve new dams on rivers. The annual operating cost is low, and the working fluid is water rather than battery chemicals.</p>
<p>Shifting electricity to renewable energy and then electrifying vehicles and heating can eliminate most human-caused greenhouse gas emissions. The U.S. has vast potential for off-river pumped hydro storage to help this happen, and it will need it as wind and solar power expand.</p>
<p>[<em>More than 140,000 readers get one of The Conversation’s informative newsletters.</em> <a href="https://memberservices.theconversation.com/newsletters/?source=inline-140K">Join the list today</a>.]</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/174446/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Andrew Blakers receives funding from the Australian Renewable Energy Agency</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Bin Lu receives funding from the Australian Renewable Energy Agency. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Matthew Stocks receives funding from ARENA for the Australian pumped hydro analysis.</span></em></p>A team of researchers found 35,000 pairs of existing reservoirs, lakes and old mines in the US that could be turned into long-term energy storage – and they don’t need dams on rivers.Andrew Blakers, Professor of Engineering, Australian National UniversityBin Lu, Research Fellow, Australian National UniversityMatthew Stocks, Research Fellow, ANU College of Engineering and Computer Science, Australian National UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1735922022-01-18T19:07:28Z2022-01-18T19:07:28Z4 ways to stop Australia’s surge in rooftop solar from destabilising electricity prices<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/440570/original/file-20220113-23-cghsbp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=26%2C44%2C5933%2C2823&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Last year saw Australians install rooftop solar <a href="https://reneweconomy.com.au/new-rooftop-solar-milestone-as-australia-tops-3gw-in-2021/">like never before</a>, with <a href="https://www.pv-magazine-australia.com/2021/11/02/40-increase-in-rooftop-solar-installations-from-2020/">40% more</a> installed in 2021 than in 2020. Solar system installations now make up <a href="https://www.minister.industry.gov.au/ministers/taylor/media-releases/record-3-million-rooftop-solar-energy-installations">7% of the energy</a> going into the national electricity grid.</p>
<p>Alongside the greater uptake of utility-scale solar (such as solar farms), this means cheaper and cleaner electricity is fast becoming a reality, putting the country on track to meet international climate targets. </p>
<p>But such a dramatic surge in solar output also poses challenges for Australia’s power system for two main reasons.</p>
<p>It results in increased periods of large oversupply when weather conditions favour solar energy. This leads to energy being wasted due to the need for solar <a href="https://theconversation.com/solar-curtailment-is-emerging-as-a-new-challenge-to-overcome-as-australia-dashes-for-rooftop-solar-172152">curtailment</a> – when a solar system shuts down or stops exporting energy to the grid to counter the energy spike. </p>
<p>On the other hand, there is little solar generation during peak demand hours in the morning and evening. This requires more expensive generators to run. </p>
<p>These are huge problems from a market operations perspective, as the pressure on the system may result in blackouts and disruptions. It also creates large price swings for retailers, which then can increase costs for consumers. As a result, we may see it become more expensive to decarbonise the national energy market. </p>
<p>We propose four ways to combat this growing, volatile issue, according to findings from <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3960422">our recent research</a>.</p>
<h2>Renewables investment is exploding</h2>
<p>Investment in solar has increased significantly since 2018 as it became the <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/solar-is-now-cheapest-electricity-in-history-confirms-iea">cheapest form of</a> new power-generation technology. </p>
<p>In fact, the Australian Energy Market Operator’s latest <a href="https://aemo.com.au/-/media/files/major-publications/isp/2022/draft-2022-integrated-system-plan.pdf">Integrated System Plan</a>, released last month, predicts coal plants to close <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-end-of-coal-is-coming-3-times-faster-than-expected-governments-must-accept-it-and-urgently-support-a-just-transition-173591">three times faster</a> than industries had expected.</p>
<p>Australia has one of the highest per-capita rooftop solar installation rates in the world, with rooftop and utility-scale solar already meeting over 100% of demand <a href="https://reneweconomy.com.au/solar-meets-all-of-south-australia-demand-and-more/">in South Australia</a>. </p>
<p>By 2050, <a href="https://aemo.com.au/-/media/files/major-publications/isp/2022/draft-2022-integrated-system-plan.pdf">we expect to see</a> five times more rooftop solar capacity.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/the-end-of-coal-is-coming-3-times-faster-than-expected-governments-must-accept-it-and-urgently-support-a-just-transition-173591">The end of coal is coming 3 times faster than expected. Governments must accept it and urgently support a 'just transition'</a>
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<h2>How does this challenge price stability?</h2>
<p>As solar generation is so cheap, traditional coal and gas generators are <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3960422">getting pushed out</a> as a source of base-load electricity supply. </p>
<p>This is especially acute in the middle of the day, when solar generation is greatest as the sun is shining at its peak. This results in low prices, or even in negative prices, which financially penalises any generators making power at those times. Curtailment is then used to offset any oversupply or negative prices. </p>
<p>Electricity demand, however, tends to peak during the morning and evening when most people are home. Prices skyrocket during these periods as gas and coal-fired power stations benefit from the reduced competition from solar energy. </p>
<p>For retailers, these huge price swings are extremely inefficient. And this inefficiency in the market may eventually be reflected in consumer prices. What’s more, too much solar curtailment can hurt the rooftop solar owner because it reduces the amount of generation coming from their systems. </p>
<p>This price variability can also undermine the stability of the power system. This is because solar systems, both large and small, do not inherently provide certain services needed to keep the lights on, such as “<a href="https://aemo.com.au/-/media/files/electricity/nem/system-strength-explained.pdf">system strength</a>” and “<a href="https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2020/inertia-and-the-power-grid-a-guide-without-the-spin.html">inertia</a>”. </p>
<p>Such services are currently largely provided by coal and other thermal plants, whose very existence is under threat by additional solar. </p>
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<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/solar-curtailment-is-emerging-as-a-new-challenge-to-overcome-as-australia-dashes-for-rooftop-solar-172152">Solar curtailment is emerging as a new challenge to overcome as Australia dashes for rooftop solar</a>
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<p>Utility-scale solar output looks very different to rooftop PV output over the course of a day, as the utility-scale solar panels rotate to track the sun. On the other hand, rooftop solar systems are generally fixed in orientation. </p>
<p><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3960422">We found</a> this difference in output leads to different price impacts. Utility-scale solar output reduces price variability, while rooftop solar output increases it. This means we have a greater need for managing rooftop solar.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/440574/original/file-20220113-17-v25ffb.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Two men installing solar panels on a rooftop" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/440574/original/file-20220113-17-v25ffb.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/440574/original/file-20220113-17-v25ffb.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/440574/original/file-20220113-17-v25ffb.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/440574/original/file-20220113-17-v25ffb.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/440574/original/file-20220113-17-v25ffb.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/440574/original/file-20220113-17-v25ffb.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/440574/original/file-20220113-17-v25ffb.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<span class="caption">The price variability of rooftop solar can undermine the stability of the power system.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
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<p>Our research proposes four ways we can better align solar output with electricity demand. This can reduce both the level and volatility of electricity prices, benefiting consumers without undermining the stability of the power system.</p>
<p><strong>1. More battery storage</strong> </p>
<p>Australians with rooftop solar should be eligible for government grants, rebates, and loans to support their systems with batteries. This will enable owners to store extra power generation during the day and export it to the national grid later in the evening to meet the peak demand.</p>
<p><strong>2. Flexible management of energy exported to the grid</strong></p>
<p>The Australian Energy Market Operator should design dynamic and flexible export management measures to absorb excess rooftop generation. This will efficiently control the generated energy going into the grid by taking into account demand and supply conditions in real time, improving the system security. </p>
<p>The operator has recently developed such measures for <a href="https://aemo.com.au/en/newsroom/media-release/solar-pv-curtailment-initiative-by-sa-government-supports-the-nem">South Australia</a>, but they’ll also be useful to other regions. </p>
<p><strong>3. Paying rooftop solar owners dynamic tariffs</strong> </p>
<p>Currently, people who own rooftop solar are paid a fixed or “flat-rate” tariff for the electricity they provide to the grid, regardless of time of the day. </p>
<p>Instead, we need to <a href="https://www.iaee.org/en/publications/newsletterdl.aspx?id=911">transition from fixed to dynamic</a> tariffs. These dynamic “feed-in” tariffs would be lower during the day and higher in the morning and evening peaks to incentivise rooftop owners to inject their electricity into the grid when it’s more valuable. </p>
<p><strong>4. We need a two-sided market</strong> </p>
<p>Australia’s energy market is heavily one-sided, with suppliers having the flexibility to, for example, set prices and dispatch energy. </p>
<p>A two-sided market will allow both supply and demand sides to participate in the dispatch and price setting process. This will enable electricity demand to be more flexible, and better align energy usage with solar and wind generation. </p>
<p>Such a market will allow increased output of renewables to be translated to lower electricity prices. </p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/we-mapped-every-large-solar-plant-on-the-planet-using-satellites-and-machine-learning-170747">We mapped every large solar plant on the planet using satellites and machine learning</a>
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<p>We rely on solar energy as a key technology to help Australia decarbonise the energy market <a href="https://www.industry.gov.au/data-and-publications/technology-investment-roadmap-first-low-emissions-technology-statement-2020">by 2050</a>. To maximise the benefits of solar generation, Australia urgently needs a coordinated response from policymakers, energy providers and consumers. And crucially, it will enable Australia to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/173592/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>The authors gratefully acknowledge the important contributions of Dr Otto Konstandatos to this research and the writing of this article.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Alan Rai and Muthe Mwampashi do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Australia has one of the highest rooftop solar installation rates in the world, which is great news for our efforts to reduce emissions. But can the grid keep up?Christina Nikitopoulos, Associate professor, Finance Discipline Group, University of Technology SydneyAlan Rai, Adjunct professor, University of Technology SydneyMuthe Mwampashi, PhD Candidate, University of Technology SydneyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1733332021-12-16T19:09:10Z2021-12-16T19:09:10ZFarmers shouldn’t have to compete with solar companies for land. We need better policies so everyone can benefit<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/437454/original/file-20211214-13-1g02mk0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=5%2C29%2C3980%2C2205&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>When it comes to solar energy, Australia has a huge natural advantage with an abundance of sun and vast, flat expanses of land. This makes it relatively easy to build solar farms across the continent. </p>
<p>Some proposed projects, however, overlap with arable land. As a result, solar companies and farmers are often in competition, with conflicts already arising in <a href="https://reneweconomy.com.au/contested-100mw-solar-project-on-canberras-outskirts-gets-green-light/">Canberra</a>, <a href="https://www.allens.com.au/insights-news/insights/2018/08/solar-farm-wins-court-approval-despite-conflicts-with/">Queensland</a> and <a href="https://www.theland.com.au/story/6845990/call-to-halt-works-at-eunony-valley-solar-project/?cs=4963">Wagga</a>, the <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2019-05-23/battle-over-the-future-of-prime-australian-agricultural-land/11140144">South Riverina</a> and <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-12-24/jindera-solar-farm-approved-despiter-farmer-concerns/13013156">Greater Hume</a> in New South Wales.</p>
<p>But these are familiar battlegrounds. Such tension has played out over many decades with agricultural communities facing serious environmental, social and health impacts from coal and <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-28/farmers-fear-coal-seam-gas-could-cause-prime-ag-land-to-subside/13207950">coal seam gas</a> projects. </p>
<p>We can avoid history repeating itself if we urgently set the right policies and laws in place. The pressing task for law and policymakers now is to ensure Australia’s clean energy transition sees solar development occur with co-benefits for local communities, and protects productive agricultural land. </p>
<h2>Rising tension</h2>
<p>Australia has the highest average <a href="https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/summer-gas-stats-2020-21/">solar radiation</a> <a href="https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/energy/resources/other-renewable-energy-resources/solar-energy">per square metre</a> of any continent in the world. This has led the federal government to aim for ultra-low cost solar production in its long-term plan to reduce emissions.</p>
<p>Likewise, <a href="https://anthonyalbanese.com.au/media-centre/parliament-house-press-conference-labor-powering-australia-plan&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1639373014593000&usg=AOvVaw2UcDse-v_PXOdcnWcd-BMp">Labor’s</a> recent announcement of 43% emissions reduction target by 2030 relies heavily on increased renewable energy. </p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/renewables-need-land-and-lots-of-it-that-poses-tricky-questions-for-regional-australia-156031">Renewables need land – and lots of it. That poses tricky questions for regional Australia</a>
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<p>But right now, the state and territory governments are leading Australia’s clean energy revolution, rolling out crucial “<a href="https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/what-is-renewable-energy-zone/">Renewable Energy Zones</a>”, often within or near agricultural regions.</p>
<p>Agricultural land is flat, cleared, and sometimes situated near existing power infrastructure and distribution networks. Such conditions are <a href="https://www.agrifutures.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/19-060.pdf">ideal for solar farms</a>, which can require up to 2-3 hectares per 1 megawatt (MW) of solar energy.</p>
<p>Clean energy companies must avoid the development mistakes of the fossil fuel industry or risk losing their <a href="https://theconversation.com/a-contentious-nsw-gas-project-is-weeks-away-from-approval-here-are-3-reasons-it-should-be-rejected-144201">social licence</a>. </p>
<p>In fact, rising tension between agricultural communities and solar companies has led the <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-10-15/solar-wind-farm-development-limits/100538634">NSW government to recently consider</a> restricting solar and wind farm developments in regional towns.</p>
<p>Some communities who have experienced the impacts of <a href="https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Kicking-the-Gas-Habit-How-Gas-is-Harming-our-Health.pdf">coal seam gas</a>, such as the <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-14/coal-seam-gas-wells-drilled-under-farmland/100155818">Darling Downs</a>, are particularly sensitive to the potential impacts of any new energy development. This includes aquifer contamination, damage to the surrounding environment and ecosystems, and the displacement of communities.</p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/against-the-odds-south-australia-is-a-renewable-energy-powerhouse-how-on-earth-did-they-do-it-153789">Against the odds, South Australia is a renewable energy powerhouse. How on Earth did they do it?</a>
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<p>Now, these communities are once again being asked to negotiate land access and compensation arrangements for solar farms. Vast solar farms may mean arable land can no longer be used for growing crops. </p>
<p>The main problem is the twin policy objectives of accelerating renewable energy development and preserving sensitive land uses aren’t woven into legal precedent in some states.</p>
<p>For example, in <a href="https://dsdmipprd.blob.core.windows.net/general/solar-farm-guideline-part-1-local-government.pdf">Queensland</a>, local councils usually need to assess the merits of a new solar farm project by default, rather than assess them “against a range of other existing uses or matters such as agriculture”. </p>
<h2>What co-benefits could look like</h2>
<p>Experiences in Victoria show a better alternative. <a href="https://hsfnotes.com/environmentaustralia/2019/11/14/recent-vcat-refusals-for-three-of-five-solar-projects/">Two Victorian</a> tribunal cases assessed solar farm proposals on agricultural land from companies <a href="https://jade.io/article/668770">PowerVault Mildura</a> and <a href="https://jade.io/article/668769">Helios Volta</a>. The tribunal emphasised the need for “co-location” as a foundational policy pillar to balance the overall community benefit.</p>
<p>The Victorian government has also taken steps to create best practice guidelines for renewable energy companies to deal with agricultural land loss. This includes protecting high-quality soils and <a href="https://planning-schemes.delwp.vic.gov.au/schemes/vpps/14_01-01S.pdf">strategic agricultural land</a>. </p>
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<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/people-need-to-see-the-benefits-from-local-renewable-energy-projects-and-that-means-jobs-138433">People need to see the benefits from local renewable energy projects, and that means jobs</a>
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<p>But it’s not just about managing loss of land. Best practice regulation could lead to a range of benefits for farmers, from <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QaCy9T5Wzw&t=1s">electricity benefits</a> in the local community to sustainable farming practices. </p>
<p>For one farmer in Dubbo, installing 56,000 solar panels provided crucial shade and condensation to help grass stay green for sheep grazing during drought. Likewise, solar energy from <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2019-05-15/port-augusta-sundrop-farms-sold-to-investment-fund-morrison-co/11108046">Sundrop Farms</a> in South Australia powers a desalination unit, which produces pure water to irrigate crops.</p>
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<figcaption><span class="caption">How over 50,000 solar panels provided shade and green grass for a farmer’s sheep during drought.</span></figcaption>
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<h2>So what needs to happen now?</h2>
<p>Governments should incentivise and prioritise renewable energy and storage facilities on rehabilitated land, such as land previously used to develop coal, gas or other minerals. Agricultural land should be selected only if no alternative sites are available, or if co-location is possible. </p>
<p>An excellent example of this is the recent site selection of a <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/dec/01/australias-biggest-privately-funded-battery-under-construction-at-hazelwood-power-station-site">150MW battery</a> earmarked for construction at the previous Hazelwood power station in Victoria’s Latrobe Valley. </p>
<p>Another is <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlcae3UvF5Q">Kidston</a> in regional Queensland, where an abandoned gold mine was transformed into the world’s first solar and pumped hydro system.</p>
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<figcaption><span class="caption">An old mine in outback Queensland becomes a renewables goldmine.</span></figcaption>
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<p>As the world surges towards net-zero emissions, coal and gas will be rapidly phased-out. Solar and wind are now the cheapest form of energy generation and are already <a href="https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/new-data-reveals-gas-slump-national-electricity-market/">outcompeting</a> coal and gas in the electricity grid. </p>
<p>The clean energy revolution will create endless economic and job opportunities <a href="https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/clean-jobs-plan/">for regions</a>. Australia could lead the world in renewable energy and other clean industries such as <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/australia-could-lead-the-world-on-green-hydrogen-with-the-right-policies-20211103-p595lp.html">renewable hydrogen</a>. </p>
<p>But we need strategic and holistic planning to ensure the transformation of our energy system strikes the right balance for both our champion industries - renewable energy and agriculture. </p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/the-end-of-coal-is-coming-3-times-faster-than-expected-governments-must-accept-it-and-urgently-support-a-just-transition-173591">The end of coal is coming 3 times faster than expected. Governments must accept it and urgently support a 'just transition'</a>
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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/173333/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Madeline Taylor is a Climate Councillor at the Climate Council and is affiliated and has received funding from ACOLA.</span></em></p>Such tension has played out over many decades between agricultural communities and coal companies. We can avoid history repeating itself if we urgently set the right policies and laws in place.Madeline Taylor, Senior Lecturer, Macquarie UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.