By training I am an historical linguist, working on change in the inflectional morphology of late Old and early Middle English. Study of this period inevitably involves consideration of the effects of language contact; I have developed this topic as a central prop to my later research.
As well as these initial interests I now work on sociolinguistic variation and change across a range of historical and contemporary contexts. I take particular interest in the development and present state of Scots, but have also published on a number of features of the sociology of language both theoretically and in relation to specific case studies around the world.