Newly published data have revealed the number of self-harm incidents in Australia’s immigration detention centres spiked during the first seven months of this year.
While rates of self-harm among detained asylum seekers were already known to be high - in fact, 200 times higher than in the general Australian community - this recent increase has fuelled concerns by health experts that the pandemic has made them even more vulnerable to mental distress.
We have researched self-harm among detained asylum seekers for the past decade and our recently published findings shed further light on the extent and nature of self-harm among these detainees.
This includes details about the methods and characteristics of self-harm, which has been little researched due to the lack of accessible data.
In two studies published in recent months, we investigated how rates and methods of self-harm varied over a 12-month period from August 2014 to July 2015 depending on the type of detention where asylum seekers were held, as well as the time, day and month of the year.
Fewer security measures do not reduce self-harm risk
Immigration detention facilities may appear to be similar, but in reality they are quite diverse. In Australia, asylum seekers are held in four main types of “closed” detention arrangements, with varying levels of security and available support:
immigration detention centres (IDC), which were designed to detain asylum seekers and those posing a risk to the Australian community, and have high security features
immigration transit accommodation (ITA), which were designed to hold detainees being transferred between facilities, those needing medical treatment or those being deported
immigration residential housing (IRH), which can hold families and generally have less stringent security features
alternative places of detention (APOD), which include hotels that have come under scrutiny during the pandemic due to the frequently overcrowded conditions.
Read more: Refugees need protection from coronavirus too, and must be released
Our findings showed self-harm rates were exceptionally high in detention arrangements such as these. On average, self-harm rates were highest among asylum seekers in ITAs (452 episodes per 1,000 people), followed by APODs (265/1,000) and IDCs (225/1,000).
What’s notable about this is self-harm rates were not lower in facilities with fewer security features and more flexible living arrangements (such as ITAs and APODs), as might be expected. Making detention facilities less prison-like, but still “closed”, is thus unlikely to reduce the risk of self-harm.
By comparison, our research shows rates of self-harm among asylum seekers living in community-based settings are much lower.
Community-based options allow asylum seekers to live in homes under supervision or at a place of their choosing, while their claims for protection are being processed.
Policies and conditions can increase vulnerability
In our second study, we found both the frequency and methods of self-harm varied by time of day and month, as well as where asylum seekers were being processed. We also identified numerous factors associated with these variations.
Self-harm most commonly occurred from 12:00–3:59am for community-based asylum seekers, from 4:00–7:59pm for those on Manus Island and from 8:00–11:59pm for those in onshore detention.
There are a number of possible explanations for these patterns. If we take onshore detention as one example, our research shows self-harm most commonly occurs in settings where asylum seekers are mixed and subject to overcrowding.
Frequent transfers between facilities is another trigger. Such transfers often occur in the early hours of the morning - with little notice - and result in separation from family and other support systems.
Read more: 'People are crying and begging': the human cost of forced relocations in immigration detention
The peak in self-harm incidents from 8pm to midnight, therefore, could be associated with the state of these detention facilities at this time, fear of transfer during the night and lower levels of supervision and support.
Other factors were also found to be associated with the temporal variations in self-harm across different settings. These included personal safety and security concerns, physical and sexual assault, visa insecurity, inadequate mental and physical health care, and family separation.
This shows how certain policies and conditions can increase asylum seekers’ vulnerability. It also explains why the ongoing lack of a governmental response to the risk of COVID-19 in immigration detention may be associated with the recent spike in self-harm.
What can we do to prevent further harm?
Rising incidents of self-harm in immigration detention constitute a public health crisis and warrant urgent government attention. Here are six ways we can prevent further harm:
detention must only be used as an absolute last resort and for the shortest possible time
hotels are not appropriate places of detention and should not be used as such
well-established community-based options for processing asylum claims must be used in place of closed detention
access to adequate social, family, financial and legal support must be provided to detainees
culturally appropriate mental health services must also be made available, with interpreters where necessary
transparent monitoring and reporting of self-harm incidents, based on World Health Organisation guidelines, must be carried out by an independent body of clinical experts.
We can no longer pretend we do not know about the harms of immigration detention. We must use the evidence we have to protect those held in detention from further avoidable harm.
Read more: Banning mobile phones in immigration detention would make an inhumane system even crueler