tag:theconversation.com,2011:/us/topics/ageing-in-place-68694/articlesageing in place – The Conversation2023-12-04T02:43:41Ztag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2180242023-12-04T02:43:41Z2023-12-04T02:43:41ZStay or go? Most older Australians want to retire where they are, but renters don’t always get a choice<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/563118/original/file-20231203-29-ndyftg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C29%2C4992%2C3293&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/happy-senior-couple-behind-looking-front-1075334156">Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>As Australia’s population gets older, more people are confronted with a choice: retire where they are or seek new horizons elsewhere.</p>
<p>Choosing to grow old in your existing home or neighbourhood is known as “ageing in place”. It enables older people to stay connected to their community and maintain familiarity with their surroundings. </p>
<p>For many, the decision to “age in place” will be tied to their connection to the family home. But for many, secure and affordable housing is increasingly <a href="https://theconversation.com/ageing-in-a-housing-crisis-growing-numbers-of-older-australians-are-facing-a-bleak-future-209237">beyond reach</a>. This choice may then be impeded by a lack of suitable accommodation in their current or desired neighbourhoods. </p>
<p>Our recently published <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/01640275231209683">study</a> asks what motivates older homeowners and renters to age in place or relocate, and what factors disrupt these preferences. It suggests older renters are often not given a fair choice.</p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/ageing-in-a-housing-crisis-growing-numbers-of-older-australians-are-facing-a-bleak-future-209237">Ageing in a housing crisis: growing numbers of older Australians are facing a bleak future</a>
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<h2>Most older Australians want to age in place</h2>
<p>Having the option to age in place enables older people to retain autonomy over their lifestyles and identity, promoting emotional wellbeing. </p>
<p>Using 20 years of data from the government-funded Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, we tracked the preferences of Australians aged 55 and over. </p>
<p>Encouragingly, most older Australians are already where they want to be.</p>
<p>Two-thirds (67%) of respondents strongly preferred to stay in their current neighbourhood, and an additional one-fifth (19%) had a moderate preference to stay. </p>
<p>Only 6% showed a moderate or strong desire to leave. Ageing in place is then the natural choice for a vast majority of older Australians.</p>
<p><iframe id="s3LTM" class="tc-infographic-datawrapper" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/s3LTM/1/" height="400px" width="100%" style="border: none" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>
<p>Our study highlights several motivations for people to stay put as they retire.</p>
<p>For homeowners, family ties matter. Owners with children residing nearby were around one and a half times more likely to have a higher preference to stay. </p>
<p>Older owners might then have a reason to call on their substantial <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-housing-wealth-gap-between-older-and-younger-australians-has-widened-alarmingly-in-the-past-30-years-heres-why-197027">housing wealth</a> and keep their children nearby via the <a href="https://360info.org/how-to-help-the-young-buy-a-home/">“bank of mum and dad”</a>.</p>
<p>For renters, how long they stay is important. Those renting their home for 10 years or more were 1.7 times more likely to have a higher preference to stay than short-term renters.</p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/for-australians-to-have-the-choice-of-growing-old-at-home-here-is-what-needs-to-change-91488">For Australians to have the choice of growing old at home, here is what needs to change</a>
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<h2>Renters face the most disruption</h2>
<p>The survey enabled us to follow where older people lived a year after they provided their preferences. This helped us gauge how often they turned their desires into reality.</p>
<p>The chart below indicates that private renters face greater obstacles to ageing in place.</p>
<p>Around one in 10 private renters that desired to age in place were disrupted – they wanted to stay in their neighbourhood but didn’t. This suggests they moved out of their neighbourhood involuntarily. </p>
<p>Only 2% of homeowners and social renters experienced the same disruption. However, for those in these tenures that did not desire to age in place, involuntary immobility was a greater concern. Only 15% of those that wanted to leave succeeded, leaving the vast majority “stuck in place”.</p>
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<p>The private rental market is the least secure of tenures, and so private tenants are often exposed to involuntary moves. Australia’s private rental system is lightly regulated compared to many other countries, creating tenure insecurity concerns.</p>
<p>On the other hand, social renters were particularly susceptible to involuntary immobility. Social housing is scarce in Australia and subject to <a href="https://theconversation.com/its-soul-destroying-how-people-on-a-housing-wait-list-of-175-000-describe-their-years-of-waiting-210705">lengthy waiting lists</a>. A neighbourhood move often requires transferring to the less affordable and less secure private rental housing. </p>
<p>Even after considering financial status, social renters were four times as likely to be stuck as compared to private renters. Social tenants are strongly deterred from moving in the current system.</p>
<h2>How can we support older Australians’ preferences?</h2>
<p>Our study exposes some barriers in the housing system that hinder people from being able to age in place, or move when they want to. Clearly, older renters enjoy fewer protections against disruptions to their preferences to age in place than older owners. </p>
<p>For private renters, tenure insecurity in the <a href="https://theconversation.com/insecure-renting-ages-you-faster-than-owning-a-home-unemployment-or-obesity-better-housing-policy-can-change-this-216364">private rental sector</a> is a key reform priority. This can be achieved through stronger regulation that improves tenants’ rights. For example, more states could adopt <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-5-key-tenancy-reforms-are-affecting-renters-and-landlords-around-australia-187779?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=bylinetwitterbutton">recent regulatory rental reforms</a> that support the rights of pet owners and protect against no-grounds evictions.</p>
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/563119/original/file-20231203-23-zgujw4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="A man sits on a couch looking away into the distance" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/563119/original/file-20231203-23-zgujw4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/563119/original/file-20231203-23-zgujw4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/563119/original/file-20231203-23-zgujw4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/563119/original/file-20231203-23-zgujw4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/563119/original/file-20231203-23-zgujw4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/563119/original/file-20231203-23-zgujw4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/563119/original/file-20231203-23-zgujw4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<span class="caption">While social housing can provide older Australians with more security, it can also be hard to move.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/bones-ache-on-weather-thoughtful-mature-1877386825">Shutterstock</a></span>
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<p>Large numbers of older private renters also face severe <a href="https://www.oldertenants.org.au/publications/ageing-in-a-housing-crisis-older-peoples-housing-insecurity-homelessness-in-australia">rental stress</a>, which may force them to move from their preferred neighbourhood. <a href="https://theconversation.com/1-billion-per-year-or-less-could-halve-rental-housing-stress-146397">Commonwealth rent assistance reform</a> would alleviate some of this stress through an increase in rates and better targeting. </p>
<p>An increase in the supply of social housing would play an important role in improving both tenure security and housing affordability. Older social renters enjoy fewer obstacles to ageing in place than older private renters. </p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/most-older-australians-arent-in-aged-care-policy-blind-spots-mean-they-live-in-communities-that-arent-age-friendly-192591">Most older Australians aren't in aged care. Policy blind spots mean they live in communities that aren't age-friendly</a>
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<p>However, if social renters want to move into the private rental market to relocate, they face difficulty securing accommodation. This will likely discourage moves as it would require sacrificing the tenure security offered by social housing. However, policy initiatives that improve the <a href="https://www.ahuri.edu.au/sites/default/files/migration/documents/PES-358-Lessons-from-public-housing-urban-renewal-evaluation.pdf">quality of the public housing stock</a> can reduce feelings of being stuck.</p>
<p>As <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/home-ownership-and-housing-tenure">homeownership rates decline</a> both among young people and those nearing retirement, we can expect the population of older renters to grow. </p>
<p>Overall, our findings support a strong case for policy reform in the rental sectors to address the needs and preferences of older renters.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/218024/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Rachel Ong ViforJ is the recipient of an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (project FT200100422). She also receives funding from the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Christopher Phelps and William Clark do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Most Australians want to age at home, where they can remain connected to their communities and neighbourhoods. But what happens if you’re renting?Christopher Phelps, Research Fellow, School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, Curtin UniversityRachel Ong ViforJ, ARC Future Fellow & Professor of Economics, Curtin UniversityWilliam Clark, Research Professor of Geography, University of California, Los AngelesLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2092372023-08-10T02:20:28Z2023-08-10T02:20:28ZAgeing in a housing crisis: growing numbers of older Australians are facing a bleak future<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541828/original/file-20230808-30403-q9ved7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C11%2C7360%2C4891&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Image courtesy of the Housing for the Aged Action Group</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>The collision between an ageing population and a housing crisis has left more older people in Australia enduring housing insecurity and homelessness. Our <a href="https://doi.org/10.26185/87bq-4190">research</a>, released today, explores how the scale of these problems among older people has grown over the past decade. </p>
<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.26185/87bq-4190">Our report</a>, Ageing in a Housing Crisis, shows safe, secure and affordable housing is increasingly beyond the reach of older people. This growing housing insecurity is system-wide. It’s affecting hundreds of thousands of people across all tenures, including home owners and renters. </p>
<p>The federal government released Australia’s first national wellbeing framework,
<a href="https://treasury.gov.au/policy-topics/measuring-what-matters">Measuring What Matters</a> last month. It recognises “financial security and access to housing” as essential for a secure, inclusive and fair society. However, urgent policy action is needed to reshape the Australian housing system so all older people have secure, affordable housing. </p>
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<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://doi.org/10.26185/87bq-4190">Authors & Housing for the Aged Action Group</a></span>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/weve-all-done-the-right-things-in-under-cover-older-women-tell-their-stories-of-becoming-homeless-188356">'We've all done the right things': in Under Cover, older women tell their stories of becoming homeless</a>
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<h2>Older people are increasingly at risk</h2>
<p>We analysed the most recent Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/tags/2021-census-articles">census data</a> and <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/housing/estimating-homelessness-census/latest-release">homelessness estimates</a>. More older people lived in <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/guide-census-data/census-dictionary/2021/variables-topic/housing/homelessness-operational-groups-opgp">marginal housing</a> – defined by the ABS as including crowding (less severe), improvised dwellings and caravans – and more were homeless in 2021 than a decade earlier. </p>
<h3>Older people experiencing homelessness by gender and category in 2011, 2016 and 2021</h3>
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541594/original/file-20230808-17-p5ddl5.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541594/original/file-20230808-17-p5ddl5.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541594/original/file-20230808-17-p5ddl5.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=757&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541594/original/file-20230808-17-p5ddl5.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=757&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541594/original/file-20230808-17-p5ddl5.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=757&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541594/original/file-20230808-17-p5ddl5.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=951&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541594/original/file-20230808-17-p5ddl5.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=951&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541594/original/file-20230808-17-p5ddl5.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=951&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
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<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://doi.org/10.26185/87bq-4190">Authors & Housing for the Aged Action Group. (Click on graphics to enlarge.)</a></span>
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<p>The proportion of older people in private rental housing has also increased. This means more older people are exposed to the <a href="https://www.pc.gov.au/research/completed/renters">insecurity of renting</a> and <a href="https://news.anz.com/posts/2023/05/anz-news-corelogic-housing-affordability-report-2023?pid=bln-link-td-bln-03-23-tsk-corelogic-har23">rising rents</a>. Our work shows they are struggling to afford private rental housing.</p>
<p>The lowest-income households are the hardest hit. The private rental market is <a href="https://www.anglicare.asn.au/publications/2023-rental-affordability-snapshot/">failing to supply</a> housing they can afford. The shortfall in subsidised social housing is huge. </p>
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Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/its-soul-destroying-how-people-on-a-housing-wait-list-of-175-000-describe-their-years-of-waiting-210705">'It's soul-destroying': how people on a housing wait list of 175,000 describe their years of waiting</a>
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<p>Older people who receive government benefits and allowances are at most risk because their incomes are not keeping up with housing costs. </p>
<p>In 2019-20 only 19% of older people on very low incomes (the lowest 20% of household incomes) lived in households whose rent was affordable. This means four out of five were spending more than 30% of their income on rent (the affordability benchmark for low-income households). Two in five were paying severely unaffordable rents – more than 50% of their income.</p>
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541659/original/file-20230808-23-rzkgxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Graphic showing 73% increase in the total number of older private renters in a decade" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541659/original/file-20230808-23-rzkgxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541659/original/file-20230808-23-rzkgxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=626&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541659/original/file-20230808-23-rzkgxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=626&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541659/original/file-20230808-23-rzkgxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=626&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541659/original/file-20230808-23-rzkgxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=787&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541659/original/file-20230808-23-rzkgxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=787&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541659/original/file-20230808-23-rzkgxq.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=787&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption"></span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://doi.org/10.26185/87bq-4190">Authors & Housing for the Aged Action Group</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>For older people who don’t own their homes, rising housing prices create <a href="https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/373">financial risk rather than windfall</a>. At the same time, more older people have mortgages. This increases their risk of housing insecurity or financial stress in retirement. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/fall-in-ageing-australians-home-ownership-rates-looms-as-seismic-shock-for-housing-policy-120651">Fall in ageing Australians' home-ownership rates looms as seismic shock for housing policy</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Ageing magnifies unaffordable housing impacts</h2>
<p>Rising housing costs, falling home ownership rates, mortgage debt carried into retirement, insecure private rental tenures and the worsening shortage of social housing are markers of system-wide housing insecurity. </p>
<p>Insecure or marginal housing affects all generations. However, for older people the risks are made worse by limited income-earning ability, increasing frailty, illness and/or caring responsibilities, growing need for at-home support, and age-based discrimination. These factors make it even harder to meet rising housing costs. </p>
<p>Housing insecurity widens the gap between the housing older people have and the housing they need to live safe, secure and dignified lives as they age. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541665/original/file-20230808-21-l54cpd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Graphic showing breakdown of 270,000 older people who are homeless, marginally housed or renting a home they can't afford" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541665/original/file-20230808-21-l54cpd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/541665/original/file-20230808-21-l54cpd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=653&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541665/original/file-20230808-21-l54cpd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=653&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541665/original/file-20230808-21-l54cpd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=653&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541665/original/file-20230808-21-l54cpd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=821&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541665/original/file-20230808-21-l54cpd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=821&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/541665/original/file-20230808-21-l54cpd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=821&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption"></span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://doi.org/10.26185/87bq-4190">Authors & Housing for the Aged Action Group</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>System-wide risks demand system-wide action</h2>
<p>Growing housing insecurity among older people is a result of system-wide problems. This means system-wide solutions are needed. </p>
<p>We call for: </p>
<ul>
<li><p>adequate social housing supply that reflects population growth and ensures it’s available for older people across all states and territories, including by increasing aged-specific options and reducing the age at which social housing applicants are given priority to 45-55 </p></li>
<li><p>stronger national <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-5-key-tenancy-reforms-are-affecting-renters-and-landlords-around-australia-187779">tenancy regulations</a> that prioritise homes over profit </p></li>
<li><p>dedicated marginal and specialist homelessness services that are well designed with and for older people who have experienced housing insecurity and support systems </p></li>
<li><p>support for people to remain in their own homes, across all tenures. </p></li>
</ul>
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<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/how-5-key-tenancy-reforms-are-affecting-renters-and-landlords-around-australia-187779">How 5 key tenancy reforms are affecting renters and landlords around Australia</a>
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</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Responses and assistance models must allow for gender diversity, income difference, Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people’s cultural needs, as well as those of other culturally and linguistically diverse older people. Disability, caring responsibilities, history of trauma, and individuals’ unique housing pathways and experiences must all be considered. </p>
<p>Older people must have a say in reshaping the housing system. The Albanese government is developing a <a href="https://www.dss.gov.au/housing-support-programs-services-housing/developing-the-national-housing-and-homelessness-plan">National Housing and Homelessness Plan</a>. It’s essential that this plan, along with state, territory and local government implementation plans, consider the voices, experiences, concerns and aspirations of older people. </p>
<h2>Housing reform is good for everyone</h2>
<p>Older people are only one part of the population facing housing insecurity and homelessness. A comprehensive national housing plan must respond to all generational needs. Housing solutions for older people must not come at the expense of – or compete with – the needs of other generations. </p>
<p>Housing insecurity and homelessness in childhood, younger years and early adult life all warrant meaningful and urgent housing solutions. Making sure all people have lifelong access to secure housing will begin to reverse the growing problems identified by our report. Otherwise, Australia faces a future where more and more older people struggle with inadequate and unaffordable housing. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/efforts-to-find-safe-housing-for-homeless-youth-have-gone-backwards-heres-what-the-new-national-plan-must-do-differently-210704">Efforts to find safe housing for homeless youth have gone backwards. Here's what the new national plan must do differently</a>
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</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>National reform that includes a focus on generational needs can deliver a housing system that provides affordable homes for everyone. This will ensure everyone is able to maintain community connections, which for older people means being able to age in safe, secure and affordable homes.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/209237/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Emma Power receives funding from the Australian Research Council and the Housing for the Aged Action Group. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Amity James receives funding from the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute and the Housing for the Aged Action Group.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Francesca Perugia receives funding from the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute and the Housing for the Aged Action Group.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Margaret Reynolds receives funding from the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute and the Housing for the Aged Action Group</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Piret Veeroja receives funding from the Australian Research Council, the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, the Housing for the Aged Action Group and Kids Under Cover.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Wendy Stone receives funding from the Australian Research Council, the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, the Housing for the Aged Action Group and Kids Under Cover. </span></em></p>An ageing population is caught in a perfect storm of rising house prices and rents, falling home ownership rates, mortgage debt carried into retirement, insecure rentals and a lack of social housing.Emma Power, Associate Professor, Geography and Urban Studies, Western Sydney UniversityAmity James, Associate Professor and Discipline Lead Property, Curtin UniversityFrancesca Perugia, Senior Lecturer, School of Design and the Built Environment, Curtin UniversityMargaret Reynolds, Research Fellow, Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of TechnologyPiret Veeroja, Research Fellow, Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of TechnologyWendy Stone, Professor of Housing & Social Policy, Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of TechnologyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1925912022-10-28T04:59:15Z2022-10-28T04:59:15ZMost older Australians aren’t in aged care. Policy blind spots mean they live in communities that aren’t age-friendly<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/491584/original/file-20221025-14-u9j0th.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C472%2C2036%2C1356&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>In response to the horror stories of abuse and neglect from the <a href="https://agedcare.royalcommission.gov.au/">Royal Commission into Aged Care</a>, the new federal Labor government has made <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-anika-wells-mp/media/first-bill-passed-delivers-aged-care-reforms">legislative changes</a>. Prior to this, Australia’s most recent aged-care reforms were <a href="https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/bd/bd1213a/13bd106">enacted</a> a decade ago. The focus, however, is still largely on <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-mark-butler-mp/media/budget-october-2022-23-restoring-dignity-to-aged-care">residential care homes</a>, so what about older Australians in the broader community? </p>
<p>More older Australians are still living in their own homes. How do our policies and cities support them? We have published an <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajs4.240">analysis comparing 85 policy documents</a> across all three levels of Australian governments against World Health Organization (WHO) <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43755">guidelines on age-friendly cities</a>. </p>
<p>We found these policies reflect <a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-73820-8">outdated views of old age</a>. They neglect many important aspects that contribute to happy and fulfilling lives in older age. </p>
<p>The policy focus is overwhelmingly on care and support services. There are decreasing levels of attention to housing, transport, walkability and, least of all, cultural diversity. </p>
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<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/this-is-how-we-create-the-age-friendly-smart-city-152973">This is how we create the age-friendly smart city</a>
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</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>WHO guidance on making age-friendly cities</h2>
<p>The WHO first published its <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43755">Global Age-Friendly Cities: A Guide</a> in 2007 to support the <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/67215">active ageing policy framework</a> it proposed back in 2002. <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-24031-2_3">Described</a> as “the centrepiece of WHO’s age-friendly cities approach”, the guide became a major point-of-reference for age-friendly policymaking around the world.</p>
<p>In 2010, the WHO launched the <a href="https://extranet.who.int/agefriendlyworld/">Global Network of Age-Friendly Cities and Communities</a>. The network aims to help governments and other organisations build age-friendly cities through evidence-based guidance and knowledge exchanges. <a href="https://extranet.who.int/agefriendlyworld/search-network/?_sft_countries=australia">Australia’s members</a> include two states, 34 local councils and one regional organisation. </p>
<p>Our research, however, found little to no difference between Australian members and non-members in making direct policy references to these guides. For example, more of South Australia’s (a non-member) policy documents referred to the guidelines than Western Australia’s (a member), as the table below shows.</p>
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<hr>
<p>There were also discrepancies between the tiers of government. State and territory governments were more likely to take on such guidance than federal and local governments. Yet local governments are the intended audience of the framework and the guide. </p>
<p>Previous <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2018.10.005">research</a> in Canada blamed this on “the minimal state powers of municipal governments”. In <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264314532687">Australia</a>, too, our federated system has left local councils with limited authority and resources.</p>
<h2>An outdated view of old age</h2>
<p>In analysing the 85 policy documents, we adopted a “traffic light” system to highlight whether they acknowledged ageing-related challenges and proposed corresponding actions. </p>
<hr>
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<hr>
<p>Our analysis focused on five policy areas: </p>
<ol>
<li><p>care and support services</p></li>
<li><p>cultural diversity</p></li>
<li><p>housing</p></li>
<li><p>transport</p></li>
<li><p>walkability. </p></li>
</ol>
<p>These areas broadly align with the WHO’s age-friendly domains.</p>
<p>The skewed policy focus is on care and support services. This reflects decades of aged-care reforms in Australia and their <a href="https://cepar.edu.au/sites/default/files/cepar-fact-sheet-aged-care-policy-provision-prospects.pdf">take-up at all levels of government</a>. It also potentially reveals a stereotypical view of old age as being a time of frailty, decline and disengagement. </p>
<p>In contrast, many Australian and international movements advocate positive ageing. Their approach recognises the <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ageing-and-society/article/older-age-as-a-time-to-contribute-a-scoping-review-of-generativity-in-later-life/6A3FE2E182CD8C6778ECEEDF714EE46F">important contributions people make in later life</a>.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/retire-the-retirement-village-the-wall-and-whats-behind-it-is-so-2020-135953">Retire the retirement village – the wall and what’s behind it is so 2020</a>
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</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Our analysis also reveals a failure to recognise how diverse circumstances impact the ageing processes. The result is a neglect of the broader spectrum of older Australians’ support needs. </p>
<p>This was most obvious in the failure of policies to recognise <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X20001695">diverse cultural needs</a>. There is almost a complete blindness to their impacts on ageing and other <a href="https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1">social determinants of health</a>.</p>
<p><div data-react-class="Tweet" data-react-props="{"tweetId":"1576104720263172098"}"></div></p>
<h2>A mismatch between resources and services</h2>
<p>In Australia’s three-tiered government system, each level has its own authority and resourcing ability. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264314532687">Previous Australian research</a> shows local governments have limited ability to raise the resources they need to design and implement policies and programs for their ageing residents as the WHO guidance intended.</p>
<p>Our analysis shows a reliance on national programs instead. These may not be as nuanced in responding to local needs and conditions.</p>
<p>In related work, our fine-level <a href="https://cityfutures.ada.unsw.edu.au/cityviz/ageing-australia/">spatial analysis</a> also highlights a mismatch between the growth of ageing populations across Australia and where aged care services are being offered. This is due largely to inequitable eligibility criteria. These effectively favour home owners living in standalone suburban houses over others such as <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2021.1970783">renters</a>.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/for-australians-to-have-the-choice-of-growing-old-at-home-here-is-what-needs-to-change-91488">For Australians to have the choice of growing old at home, here is what needs to change</a>
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</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>The latest proposal to revamp a residential aged-care sector that is no longer fit-for-purpose must be applauded. Policy should aim to provide these residents with all the attention and dignity they deserve. But as the population ages, there’s an ever greater need to provide support across all the domains that enable older people to live healthy, fulfilling lives. </p>
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<h2>People want age-friendly communities</h2>
<p>We must look more broadly, to the many more older Australians who live in the community. It’s an option <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/older-people/the-desire-to-age-in-place-among-older-australians/summary">our governments have long encouraged</a>. And it’s what <a href="https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/ageing-in-place-9781788976084.html">most people prefer</a> for themselves. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/ageing-in-neighbourhood-what-seniors-want-instead-of-retirement-villages-and-how-to-achieve-it-138729">'Ageing in neighbourhood': what seniors want instead of retirement villages and how to achieve it</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Local authorities would know local residents and their needs most intimately. But our analyses show they are hamstrung in supporting the needs of older people in the community. </p>
<p>Continued reform must aim to ensure local councils have the powers and resources required to serve these needs. This will go some way towards responding better to Australians’ changing needs. Importantly, it will also help to reframe the dialogue of ageing away from frailty and debilitation.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/192591/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Edgar Liu receives funding from the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute Ltd, UNSW Ageing Futures Institute, the Cancer Institute NSW, and the Western Sydney Health Alliance. His position at the HUE Collaboratory is supported by Maridulu Budyari Gumal (SPHERE).</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Bruce Judd receives funding from the Australian Research Council, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, Kyushu University Japan, and the UNSW Ageing Futures Institute. He is affiliated with the UNSW Ageing Futures Institute, International Federation of Ageing and the European Network for Housing Research. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Mariana T Atkins receives funding from UNSW Ageing Futures Institute. She is affiliated with the Centre for Social Impact.</span></em></p>A study of 85 policies at all levels of government shows the focus in Australia is on residential care homes. Most older people are not in care, but their need for age-friendly cities is overlooked.Edgar Liu, Senior Research Fellow, Healthy Urban Environments (HUE) Collaboratory / City Futures Research Centre, UNSW SydneyBruce Judd, Professor and Director, Australian School of Architecture and Design, UNSW SydneyMariana T Atkins, Senior Research Fellow, Centre for Social Impact, The University of Western AustraliaLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1529732021-03-03T19:05:49Z2021-03-03T19:05:49ZThis is how we create the age-friendly smart city<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/387145/original/file-20210302-23-jj43k7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C4395%2C2952&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/group-seniors-walking-having-fun-city-1793674810">Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>Senior citizens need help and encouragement to remain active as they age in their own communities. Given the choice, that’s what <a href="https://theconversation.com/ageing-in-neighbourhood-what-seniors-want-instead-of-retirement-villages-and-how-to-achieve-it-138729">most would prefer</a>. The smart city can provide the digital infrastructure for them to find and tailor the local neighbourhood information they need to achieve this. </p>
<p>Australia has a <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/older-people/older-australia-at-a-glance/contents/demographics-of-older-australians/australia-s-changing-age-and-gender-profile">growing population of older adults</a>, the <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/older-people/older-australia-at-a-glance/contents/diverse-groups-of-older-australians/regional-remote-communities">majority living in cities</a>. The challenge, then, is to ensure city environments meet their needs and personal goals. </p>
<p><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/1/325/htm">Our research</a> shows senior citizens want to pursue active ageing as a positive experience. This depends on them being able to stay healthy, participate in their community and feel secure.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/ageing-in-neighbourhood-what-seniors-want-instead-of-retirement-villages-and-how-to-achieve-it-138729">'Ageing in neighbourhood': what seniors want instead of retirement villages and how to achieve it</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Most city planning efforts to encourage active ageing are siloed and fragmented. Older people are too often shut away in retirement villages or nursing homes rather than living in the community. Current approaches are often based on traditional <a href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095707115">deficit models</a> of focusing on older people’s declining health.</p>
<p>Another issue is that senior citizens are treated as receivers of solutions instead of creators. To achieve real benefits it’s essential to involve them in developing the solutions.</p>
<h2>Working towards age-friendly cities</h2>
<p>To counter a <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6266083/">rise in urban ageism</a>, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has been promoting <a href="https://www.who.int/ageing/projects/age-friendly-cities-communities/en/">age-friendly cities</a> for nearly 15 years. Its age-friendly framework includes these goals:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>equity</p></li>
<li><p>an accessible physical environment</p></li>
<li><p>an inclusive social environment.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Cities and towns around the world, including <a href="https://www.mav.asn.au/what-we-do/policy-advocacy/social-community/positive-ageing/age-friendly-cities-and-communities">local councils in Australia</a>, have begun working towards this.</p>
<p>We need to recognise the diverse demands of living in cities, where most seniors live, particularly as we age. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/retire-the-retirement-village-the-wall-and-whats-behind-it-is-so-2020-135953">Retire the retirement village – the wall and what’s behind it is so 2020</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Smart city approaches can make urban neighbourhoods more age-friendly. One way technology and better design do this is to improve access to the sort of information older Australians need – on the walkability of neighbourhoods, for example. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="couple walking past benches along a tree-lined path" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/387149/original/file-20210302-15-136qb3w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/387149/original/file-20210302-15-136qb3w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/387149/original/file-20210302-15-136qb3w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/387149/original/file-20210302-15-136qb3w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/387149/original/file-20210302-15-136qb3w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/387149/original/file-20210302-15-136qb3w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/387149/original/file-20210302-15-136qb3w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">It’s useful for older people to be able to find out which walking routes have shade and places to stop and rest.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/older-couple-walking-park-vintage-street-1512951104">Shutterstock</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Our research has considered three factors in ensuring smart city solutions involve older Australians and work for them.</p>
<h2>Replace ageism with agency</h2>
<p>Government efforts have <a href="https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.15252/embr.201439518">focused on increasing life expectancy</a> rather than improving quality of life and independence. Ignoring quality of life leads to the perception of an ageing population as a burden to be looked after. </p>
<p>It would be better to bring about changes that improve older people’s health so they can participate in neighbourhood activities. Social interaction is a source of meaning and identity. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/for-australians-to-have-the-choice-of-growing-old-at-home-here-is-what-needs-to-change-91488">For Australians to have the choice of growing old at home, here is what needs to change</a>
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</em>
</p>
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<p>Active participation by older adults using digital devices can give them agency in their lives and reduce the risk of isolation. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-05-06/in-lockdown-seniors-are-becoming-more-tech-savvy">Bloomberg reports</a> older adults have become empowered using technology to overcome social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. </p>
<h2>Connect to smart city data</h2>
<p>Cities are about infrastructure. Senior citizens need to have access to information about this infrastructure to be motivated to spend time in their neighbourhood and reduce their risk of isolation.</p>
<p>Growing numbers of active ageing seniors are “<a href="https://nationalseniors.com.au/news/latest/older-australians-connect-with-technology">connected</a>” every day using mobile phones to interact with smart city services. Many have wearable devices like <a href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/covid-19-may-have-given-the-smartwatch-market-a-shot-in-the-arm-1.4355641">smart watches</a> that help monitor and manage their health and physical activity.</p>
<p>These personal devices can also be used to better connect older adults to public data about urban environments. For example, imagine an age-friendly smart city “layer” linked to a smart watch, to highlight facilities such as public toilets, water fountains and shaded rest stops along exercise routes. </p>
<p><a href="https://www.accessmap.io/">Access Map Seattle</a> is an example of an age-friendly, interactive, smart city map that shows the steepness of pedestrian footpaths and raised kerbs. The <a href="https://toiletmap.gov.au/1855">National Public Toilet Map</a>, created by the Australian Department of Health and Ageing, and Barcelona’s <a href="http://smartappcity.com/en/">smartappcity</a> are among other mobile apps integrating city services and urban plans.</p>
<p>The rise of “<a href="https://sites.research.unimelb.edu.au/connected-cities/projects/urban-observatories">urban observatories</a>” has increased the gathering and analysing of complex city-related data. These data make it possible to build a <a href="http://pedcatch.com/">digital city layer</a>.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/387423/original/file-20210303-25-xbd9v5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="View of Pedcatch app display" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/387423/original/file-20210303-25-xbd9v5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/387423/original/file-20210303-25-xbd9v5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=225&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/387423/original/file-20210303-25-xbd9v5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=225&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/387423/original/file-20210303-25-xbd9v5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=225&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/387423/original/file-20210303-25-xbd9v5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=283&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/387423/original/file-20210303-25-xbd9v5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=283&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/387423/original/file-20210303-25-xbd9v5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=283&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">PedCatch is an app that combines animated pedestrian accessibility modelling, topographical mapping and crowd-sourced geospatial data.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Marcus White, Swinburne University</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>This information then helps us understand and improve the <a href="https://auo.org.au/measure/">liveability of neighbourhoods</a> for older adults. The data can be used for more proactive policy and city planning.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/aged-care-isnt-working-but-we-can-create-neighbourhoods-to-support-healthy-ageing-in-place-148635">Aged care isn't working, but we can create neighbourhoods to support healthy ageing in place</a>
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</p>
<hr>
<h2>Include co-design in planning</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0752/6/3/12/htm">Co-design processes that involve older adults</a>, giving them agency in smart city planning, lead to greater participation and inclusion.</p>
<p>We need to start asking senior citizens questions like “How would you like to access this data?” and “What would you like the digital layer to tell you?” Their goals and needs must drive the information provided.</p>
<p>It’s not just a matter of deciding what specific data older adults want to get via their devices. They should also be able to contribute directly to the data. For example, using a mobile app they could <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/12/2685">audit their neighbourhood</a> to identify features that help or hinder walkability.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/contested-spaces-we-need-to-see-public-space-through-older-eyes-too-72261">Contested spaces: we need to see public space through older eyes too</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>To create truly age-friendly smart cities, it is important for older people to be co-designers of the digital layer. The co-design includes deciding both the types of data available and how the data can be usefully presented. We also need to understand <a href="https://universaldesignaustralia.net.au/mobile-apps-smart-cities-and-older-adults/">what mobile apps</a> could use the data.</p>
<p>If we know what information within the digital city layer motivates older adults to participate more actively in their neighbourhoods, we can plan more age-friendly cities.</p>
<p>Through connecting infrastructures and citizen-led approaches, we can achieve social participation and inclusion of citizens regardless of their age and recognising diversity and equity. We will create places where they feel capable and safe across a range of activities. Redesigning age-friendly and smart communities directly and collaboratively with those affected can enable them to achieve the quality of life they desire.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/152973/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Sonja Pedell receives funding from Australian Research Council. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Ann Borda does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>We have the technology to make it easier for older Australians to pursue active ageing in their own communities. The smart city just needs their input to make it work for them.Sonja Pedell, Associate Professor and Director, Future Self and Design Living Lab, Swinburne University of TechnologyAnn Borda, Associate Professor, Centre for Digital Transformation of Health, The University of MelbourneLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1513782021-02-18T19:11:46Z2021-02-18T19:11:46ZHow Chinese courtyard housing can help older Australian women avoid homelessness<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/384609/original/file-20210216-23-1dengzc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=12%2C0%2C4232%2C2826&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/beijing-china-june-18-typical-courtyard-148617785">Rolf_52/Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>Australia urgently needs housing types that meet the needs of older women facing homelessness. One such model is Chinese <em>siheyuan</em> courtyard housing, which provides safe, affordable and private living spaces while maintaining a sense of community. It has potential for adapting existing buildings for re-use in Australia in a way that makes financial, social and environmental sense. </p>
<p>Women over 45 are one of the <a href="https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/age-discrimination/publications/older-womens-risk-homelessness-background-paper-2019">fastest-growing groups</a> of people who are homeless in Australia. In 2020, an estimated <a href="https://theconversation.com/400-000-women-over-45-are-at-risk-of-homelessness-in-australia-142906">405,000 women</a> over 45 were at risk of <a href="https://www.anglicare.asn.au/research-advocacy/the-rental-affordability-snapshot/docs/default-source/default-document-library/rental-affordability-snapshot-2020">housing affordability stress</a> and hence becoming homeless. Considering the <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/housing-affordability">shortage of affordable housing</a>, an <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-sort-of-housing-do-older-australians-want-and-where-do-they-want-to-live-120987">ageing population</a> and the lifelong <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-australian-women-over-55-arent-exactly-enjoying-the-time-of-their-lives-62832">economic disadvantage</a> that women experience, this problem requires a speedy solution. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/400-000-women-over-45-are-at-risk-of-homelessness-in-australia-142906">400,000 women over 45 are at risk of homelessness in Australia</a>
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</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>A simple (and obvious) solution for older women facing homelessness is to provide them with access to appropriate, safe and affordable homes for the long term. So why is this problem so difficult to solve? </p>
<p>Recent attempts to meet this need for older women’s housing include “pop-up” or “<a href="https://theconversation.com/meanwhile-building-use-another-way-to-manage-properties-left-vacant-by-the-covid-19-crisis-144056">meanwhile use</a>” accommodation in <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-01/could-empty-properties-solve-australias-need-for-social-housing/11655386">vacant aged-care facilities</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/interest-in-tiny-houses-is-growing-so-who-wants-them-and-why-83872">tiny houses</a>. While both types provide good short-term options, they do not create long-term housing that meets older women’s needs to age in place and have secure tenure and a sense of belonging. All these aspects are important for their well-being. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/meanwhile-building-use-another-way-to-manage-properties-left-vacant-by-the-covid-19-crisis-144056">'Meanwhile' building use: another way to manage properties left vacant by the COVID-19 crisis</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>What if we were to take the idea of adapting existing buildings and merge it with the idea of tiny homes? Chinese courtyard housing – <em>siheyuan</em> – has some important principles that could be culturally adapted to the Australian context.</p>
<h2>Finding new spaces in old stock</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.thefifthestate.com.au/articles/buildings-are-not-lifeless-objects-its-time-to-treat-them-as-such/">Adaptive reuse</a> involves the conversion of new spaces within old ones. An existing building is recycled by integrating a new set of functions into the existing skin to suit the needs of new inhabitants. </p>
<p>This is not a new concept – think of the <a href="https://hagiasophiaturkey.com/history-hagia-sophia/">Hagia Sophia</a> in Istanbul, variously a church, mosque and museum. Or <a href="https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/parks/paddington-reservoir-gardens">Paddington Reservoir</a> in Sydney, originally infrastructure, then petrol station, then ruin, now urban performance space. </p>
<p>Adaptive reuse works on a triple-bottom-line approach: economic, environmental and socio-cultural. Recycling an existing building is <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-we-can-recycle-more-buildings-126563">cheaper</a>, better for the environment and ensures the collective memory of a place is not erased. For buildings as for older women, respect for age, connection to place and care for the environment are important. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/unused-buildings-will-make-good-housing-in-the-world-of-covid-19-142897">Unused buildings will make good housing in the world of COVID-19</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Chinese wisdom in an Australian context</h2>
<p>The name “<a href="https://books.google.com.au/books/about/China_s_Old_Dwellings.html?id=PNnfwOo-WdAC"><em>siheyuan</em></a>” translates into quadrangle courtyard housing. This type of housing comes from traditional Confucian ideas of the extended family unit, arranged around a courtyard or series of courtyards with graduated levels of privacy. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/384613/original/file-20210217-15-1hc96nz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/384613/original/file-20210217-15-1hc96nz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/384613/original/file-20210217-15-1hc96nz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=380&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/384613/original/file-20210217-15-1hc96nz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=380&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/384613/original/file-20210217-15-1hc96nz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=380&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/384613/original/file-20210217-15-1hc96nz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=478&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/384613/original/file-20210217-15-1hc96nz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=478&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/384613/original/file-20210217-15-1hc96nz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=478&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption"></span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Hugo Chan</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>The interesting thing about the <em>siheyuan</em> arrangement is the highly ordered series of rooms with private units organised around open spaces and communal halls for gatherings. In Beijing today, an estimated <a href="https://unhabitat.org/best-practices-on-social-sustainability-in-historic-districts">400,000 courtyard houses remain</a>. About 500 have been preserved as <a href="https://unhabitat.org/best-practices-on-social-sustainability-in-historic-districts">historic sites</a>. </p>
<p>The hierarchical order of the <em>siheyuan</em> presents a great opportunity for adapting it to suit the needs of older women. It’s a type of co-housing arrangement: people live independently but together, sharing some facilities like open space and areas to come together for occasional meals. This model could form part of the rise in <a href="https://nightingalehousing.org/nightingale-1">shared housing</a> configurations.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/co-housing-works-well-for-older-people-once-they-get-past-the-image-problem-79907">Co-housing works well for older people, once they get past the image problem</a>
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</p>
<hr>
<p>The courtyards meet the needs of older women to maintain a strong connection to a garden space, with potential for them to be active in maintaining this area. The courtyards promote social contact and exercise, as well as space for quiet contemplation. This interior-landscape connection is important to the well-being of older women.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/384614/original/file-20210217-21-1uavkdc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="tradition Chinese siheyuan courtyard housing" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/384614/original/file-20210217-21-1uavkdc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/384614/original/file-20210217-21-1uavkdc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/384614/original/file-20210217-21-1uavkdc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/384614/original/file-20210217-21-1uavkdc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/384614/original/file-20210217-21-1uavkdc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/384614/original/file-20210217-21-1uavkdc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/384614/original/file-20210217-21-1uavkdc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">The connections between private living areas, courtyards and gardens promote well-being through social contact and exercise.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/lorena-david/318395233/in/photolist-u8RNZ-ErWEi-ErZuC-6NVCJe-ErWqb-ErY3G-ErX4x-ErWQj-2A3D6w-2hK5zS2-2hK2Y8c-5M2dTM-2hK5zMh-b4JXpF-ixz43v-iKi5Ye-7PHvTM-2i2JQji-b3JpZc-59kzJy-hCqtre-NxGg7a-iyonPo-u8fsx-Gh4GbU-ErXhT-ErZax-ErXGd-ohRim1-exzNqQ-jSZUU-bK9Qy-5AnCqt-9va4km-7bFYEY-pyifR1-8FdF8R-28PMANs-61V5gA-22AmPgH-6RPSt5-5ujpGt-4rpZCm-oDu7RD-6g3mBk-ARrBHy-7ouFV3-2tcPzk-dV6AkK-8A2utc">ByLorena/Flickr</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">CC BY-NC-SA</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>The hall serves as a social connector. It’s a place for communal activities, connecting with family or friends, creative projects or listening. Women retain their sense of independence; they decide when they participate.</p>
<p>Another important requirement for older women is to have the space to welcome family and friends, so they maintain their social connections to the world. The hall is an efficient way to share space that everyone needs, but only some of the time.</p>
<p>The private units ensure the <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-do-single-older-women-want-their-own-little-space-and-garden-to-call-home-for-a-start-84780">independence, safety and sense of belonging</a> that older women need. Cultural and social needs are met easily within one’s personal domain. </p>
<p>The small luxury of having a room of one’s own should not be underestimated. Many older women have <a href="https://humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/document/publication/ahrc_ow_homelessness2019.pdf">rarely had this luxury</a>. For them, it provides much-needed dignity.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/what-do-single-older-women-want-their-own-little-space-and-garden-to-call-home-for-a-start-84780">What do single, older women want? Their 'own little space' (and garden) to call home, for a start</a>
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</p>
<hr>
<h2>The adaptation mindset</h2>
<p>This sort of adaptive reuse is not just about what we do with existing buildings. It’s also about adapting cultural wisdom, and ideas from the past, to develop alternative ways of living together. Many currently <a href="https://www.savings.com.au/home-loans/number-of-vacant-properties-rises-40-in-sydney">underutilised or vacant buildings</a> in Australia could be adapted to courtyard housing. </p>
<p>It will need a radical shift in policy and developer-driven economics. But this opportunity would meet so many current needs of older women, be good environmental practice and provide social housing. As Confucius said, “Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.”</p>
<p>The financial burden on taxpayers and service providers is dramatically reduced by providing secure affordable housing in the first place. The solution to the problem of homelessness lies not in our obsession with new housing models or new development, but perhaps, if we look hard enough, in our existing urban fabric. Right under our noses, existing buildings offer opportunities ripe for adaptation.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/what-sort-of-housing-do-older-australians-want-and-where-do-they-want-to-live-120987">What sort of housing do older Australians want and where do they want to live?</a>
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</p>
<hr>
<p><em>Correction: this article has been updated to correct a reference to the Hagia Sophia originally being a mosque and now a museum. In 2020 it re-opened as a mosque, but it was first built as a church.</em></p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/151378/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Samantha Donnelly is affiliated with the UTS Design Innovation Research Centre </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Hugo Chan's independent research work in adaptive reuse architecture was developed through the support of the Byera Hadley Travelling Scholarship (2017) which is administered by the NSW Architects Registration Board. </span></em></p>Many older women are in desperate need of affordable housing where they can age in place securely, with dignity and as part of a community. The siheyuan model offers ways to meet these needs.Samantha Donnelly, Lecturer, School of Architecture, UTS and PhD candidate, XYX Lab, Monash Uni, University of Technology SydneyHugo Chan, Sessional Academic, UNSW Built Environment, UNSW SydneyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1480892020-10-22T18:59:50Z2020-10-22T18:59:50ZAsian countries do aged care differently. Here’s what we can learn from them<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/364867/original/file-20201021-19-1lin813.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p><em>This article is part of our series on aged care. You can read the other articles in the series <a href="https://theconversation.com/au/topics/aged-care-series-2020-94869">here</a>.</em></p>
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<p>Unlike in Western countries like Australia, traditional Asian cultures place a heavy emphasis on filial piety — the expectation children will support their parents in old age. </p>
<p>Historically, filial piety played an important role when families were large, pension schemes unavailable and life expectancy was around 50 years old. </p>
<p>Today, however, families in east and southeast Asia are much smaller, divorce rates and rates of non-marriage are increasing, and fewer adult children are living with their parents. These demographic shifts are nowhere more apparent than in China, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan.</p>
<p>Also, people are living much longer. By 2030, the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WPA2015_Highlights.pdf">UN estimates</a> 60% of the world’s older population (60+) will reside in Asia. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/364868/original/file-20201021-13-1o4xza4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/364868/original/file-20201021-13-1o4xza4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/364868/original/file-20201021-13-1o4xza4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/364868/original/file-20201021-13-1o4xza4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/364868/original/file-20201021-13-1o4xza4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/364868/original/file-20201021-13-1o4xza4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/364868/original/file-20201021-13-1o4xza4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="caption">Demographic changes in places like China are putting huge pressures on societies.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
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</figure>
<h2>Families can only do so much</h2>
<p>In the midst of these demographic and cultural changes, Asian governments continue to promote the idea families should be primarily responsible for the care of older family members. </p>
<p>But for many adult children, the pressures to fulfil the demands of filial piety are immense. Those who are unable to provide care because of work demands or their own family responsibilities often find it emotionally difficult to put their parents or grandparents in institutional care. </p>
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<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/aged-care-failures-show-how-little-we-value-older-people-and-those-who-care-for-them-103356">Aged care failures show how little we value older people – and those who care for them</a>
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</em>
</p>
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<p>Research has shown even hiring a live-in domestic worker is associated with <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23723433/">negative self-esteem among adult children</a>. Care-giving for older parents can therefore become a harrowing journey requiring time, money and in-depth knowledge of the health and social care systems. </p>
<p>Because of these challenges — as well as the rapidly ageing populations in many Asian countries — we are being forced to think creatively about how to improve community care for older people who don’t have around-the-clock family support. </p>
<p>Asian countries are at the forefront of this research out of necessity. But many of these strategies can easily transfer to other parts of the world — and in some cases already are — despite any cultural differences that may exist. </p>
<h2>Why integrated care is the way forward</h2>
<p>The average Singaporean born in 2020 can expect to live 84.7 years, the <a href="https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/population/death-and-life-expectancy/latest-data">fifth-longest life expectancy in the world</a>. By 2030, approximately <a href="https://www.population.sg/articles/older-singaporeans-to-double-by-2030">one-quarter</a> of the population will be aged 65 and above.</p>
<p>At present, the mandatory retirement age in Singapore is 62. The old-age dependency ratio — the number of working-age people available to support one older person — has decreased from 13 in 1970 to four in 2020. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/at-the-heart-of-the-broken-model-for-funding-aged-care-is-broken-trust-heres-how-to-fix-it-147101">At the heart of the broken model for funding aged care is broken trust. Here's how to fix it</a>
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</em>
</p>
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<p>This is why the Singaporean government has made it a priority to come up with new solutions for aged care.</p>
<p>One solution is the provision of <a href="https://www.racp.edu.au/docs/default-source/advocacy-library/integrated-care-physicians-supporting-better-patient-outcomes-discussion-paper.pdf">integrated care</a>. </p>
<p>Like many developed economies, aged care in Singapore has become increasingly fragmented. Today, an older person typically has specialists for each organ and may visit a general practitioner, a doctor in a polyclinic, a hospital or a traditional healer over the course of a year. None of these health records are integrated. </p>
<p>Thus, older people are seen as a sum of parts — and this not only affects the efficacy of their care, but also their quality of life. </p>
<p>The World Health Organisation has recognised the limitations of this kind of fragmented care and last year launched the <a href="https://www.who.int/ageing/health-systems/icope/en/">Integrated Care for Older People framework</a> for countries dealing with rapidly ageing populations. This framework promotes people-centred and integrated health services for older persons via a seamless network of families, communities and health care institutions. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/364869/original/file-20201021-23-vbwur1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/364869/original/file-20201021-23-vbwur1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/364869/original/file-20201021-23-vbwur1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/364869/original/file-20201021-23-vbwur1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/364869/original/file-20201021-23-vbwur1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/364869/original/file-20201021-23-vbwur1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/364869/original/file-20201021-23-vbwur1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Ageing in place is a strategy being embraced in Singapore.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>In its ideal form, integrated care allows older people to “<a href="https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/aging-place-growing-older-home">age in place</a>”, that is in their own homes. Older people can have their health and social care needs satisfied without having to be institutionalised, which decreases the need for government spending on institutional aged care. </p>
<p><a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-9331-5_5">Previous</a> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article-abstract/59/3/401/5230750">research</a> has shown older adults who “age in place” are happier and have a higher quality of life than those in institutions.</p>
<p>In order to achieve an integrated care system, there has to be an alignment of goals across players in the health and social care systems. </p>
<p>In Singapore, this ethos has taken hold in the last decade. In 2009, the government established an <a href="https://www.aic.sg/">Agency for Integrated Care (AIC)</a>, which acts as a central repository of information for older adults and provides them with referrals and placements with health and social services. </p>
<p>For example, older people can contact the AIC to obtain referrals for things like dementia day care or rehabilitation services. </p>
<p>The idea is to provide older people with the medical and social support when they need it, but not to take them out of their communities. </p>
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<iframe width="440" height="260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7vAEw4_zvEk?wmode=transparent&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
</figure>
<h2>Bringing nurses to residents in their communities</h2>
<p>At the same time, community health and social care services are being ramped up and new models of care are being tested in order to achieve a truly integrated care system.</p>
<p>One example of a new model of care that is being piloted is a program called <a href="https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/care/research/research-detail/lists/listsProvider3/evaluation-studies/an-evaluation-of-the-care-close-to-home-programme-(c2h)-assessing-the-impacts-of-home-personal-care-services-on-low-income-older-adults-in-singapore#:%7E:text=The%20Care%20Close%20to%20Home%20(C2H)%20programme%20supports%20vulnerable%20older,psychosocial%20support%20for%20enrolled%20clients.">Care Close to Home</a> (C2H). In this model, a registered nurse and health care assistants are situated in communities and provide health and social care to residents living in the area during weekdays. </p>
<p>Residents are encouraged to seek help from the C2H team if, for example, they have an asthma attack or a non-serious fall. In most cases, the nurse can manage the situation. </p>
<p>Again, the goal of this system is to manage people’s health and social care needs at home to reduce frequent hospitalisations and entry into nursing homes. </p>
<p>The importance of these kinds of community health and social care services is recognised at the government level in other countries, too. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/despite-more-than-30-major-inquiries-governments-still-havent-fixed-aged-care-why-are-they-getting-away-with-it-147736">Despite more than 30 major inquiries, governments still haven't fixed aged care. Why are they getting away with it?</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
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<p>China, for example, is currently <a href="https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/96/12/18-214908/en/">experimenting</a> with different models of community health services to achieve an integrated care system. Japan has <a href="https://www.ijic.org/articles/10.5334/ijic.2451/">invested heavily</a> in the training of geriatricians and the development of community care services.</p>
<p>In the next decade, the models of health and social care for older adults must be re-imagined like this to support ageing populations. </p>
<p>Integrated care is the way forward — this is the best solution for maintaining a high quality of life among older adults. We can no longer rely on the family as the primary support system for older adults. </p>
<hr>
<p><em>Correction: this story has been updated to correct the date AIC was established and make minor clarifications on the AIC and C2H programs.</em></p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/148089/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Angelique Chan receives funding grants from Ministry of Health, Singapore and the Tsao-NUS Initiative for Ageing Research, National University of Singapore.</span></em></p>Integrated care is the way forward in Asian societies — this is the best solution for maintaining a high quality of life among older adults.Angelique Chan, Executive Director of the Centre for Ageing Research & Education, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of SingaporeLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1359532020-05-10T20:02:56Z2020-05-10T20:02:56ZRetire the retirement village – the wall and what’s behind it is so 2020<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333282/original/file-20200507-49546-1yxtvft.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C107%2C3195%2C2335&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.longevitybydesign.co/#thepitches">Jemima Rosevear</a>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Retirement villages – walled, gated and separate seniors’ enclaves – have had their day. The word “retirement” is redundant and engagement between people of all ages is high. That’s how participants in the <a href="https://www.longevitybydesign.co">Longevity By Design Challenge</a> envisage life in Australia in 2050. </p>
<p>Their challenge was to identify ways to prepare and adapt Australian cities to capitalise on older Australians <a href="https://theconversation.com/were-not-just-living-for-longer-were-staying-healthier-for-longer-too-118588">living longer, healthier and more productive lives</a>. Their vision, outlined in this article, offers a positive contrast to much of the commentary on “ageing Australia”.</p>
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<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/were-not-just-living-for-longer-were-staying-healthier-for-longer-too-118588">We're not just living for longer – we're staying healthier for longer, too</a>
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</em>
</p>
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<p>We have been repeatedly warned about a looming “crisis” when by 2050 <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/older-people/older-australia-at-a-glance/contents/demographics-of-older-australians/australia-s-changing-age-and-gender-profile">one in four Australians will be 65 or older</a>. They have been portrayed as dependent non-contributors, unable to take care of themselves. This scenario of doom is based on underlying assumptions that everyone over 65 wants to, can or should stop any kind of productive contribution to Australia. </p>
<p>What if these assumptions are wrong?</p>
<h2>The longevity bonus</h2>
<p>Australians’ average life expectancy is <a href="https://www.superguide.com.au/boost-your-superannuation/latest-data-find-out-how-long-you-can-expect-to-live">well into our 80s</a>. That represents a 30-year longevity “bonus” since the Age Pension was <a href="https://www.ncoa.gov.au/report/appendix-volume-1/9-1-age-pension">introduced in 1909 when average life expectancy was 55</a>. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333292/original/file-20200507-49569-vxx41h.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333292/original/file-20200507-49569-vxx41h.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333292/original/file-20200507-49569-vxx41h.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=256&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333292/original/file-20200507-49569-vxx41h.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=256&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333292/original/file-20200507-49569-vxx41h.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=256&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333292/original/file-20200507-49569-vxx41h.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=322&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333292/original/file-20200507-49569-vxx41h.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=322&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333292/original/file-20200507-49569-vxx41h.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=322&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Increases in the average life expectancy of Australian men and women since 1890.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/3302.0.55.001Feature%20Article12014-2016?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3302.0.55.001&issue=2014-2016&num=&view=">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/retiring-at-70-was-an-idea-well-ahead-of-its-time-102704">Retiring at 70 was an idea well ahead of its time</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
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<p>Now, older people are healthier, working for longer – whether paid, volunteering, flexible, part-time, full-time or launching start-ups – or are in learning programs. By 2030 all of the baby boomers will have turned 65. At this time Generation X will start their contribution to the expanding older cohort. </p>
<p>Australian society will be better positioned to navigate this future if we make the most of the significant opportunities baby boomers present. They are living much longer, want to remain productive and engaged throughout their adult lives, and have a valuable cache of knowledge and skills.</p>
<p>One way to support economic and social participation is to reconsider the factors – physical, regulatory and financial – that determine how our buildings, suburbs and streets are organised. </p>
<p>Conventional urban development models rely on short-term development finance. It delivers suburban cities of individual houses with a need for private transportation. For many households (not just seniors) distance and lack of mobility are barriers to participation, resulting in <a href="https://theconversation.com/this-is-how-to-create-social-hubs-that-make-20-minute-neighbourhoods-work-87092">isolation and loneliness</a>.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/1-million-rides-and-counting-on-demand-services-bring-public-transport-to-the-suburbs-132355">1 million rides and counting: on-demand services bring public transport to the suburbs</a>
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</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Making the most of life after 65</h2>
<p>The Longevity by Design Challenge brought new perspectives to preparing and adapting Australian cities to capitalise on the “longevity” phenomenon over coming decades. The challenge asked: </p>
<blockquote>
<p>How do we best leverage the extra 30 years of life and unleash the social and economic potential of people 65+ to contribute to Australia’s prosperity?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>In February 2020, 121 professionals (of all ages) from 60 built environment design and senior living organisations, along with several older people, took part in the challenge. They explored how baby boomers will change the landscape of living, learning, working and playing. Sixteen cross-disciplinary creative teams <a href="https://www.longevitybydesign.co/#thepitches">considered what longevity could look like in this new environment</a> in which buildings and neighbourhoods are remade. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333294/original/file-20200507-49556-14vesdl.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333294/original/file-20200507-49556-14vesdl.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333294/original/file-20200507-49556-14vesdl.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=406&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333294/original/file-20200507-49556-14vesdl.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=406&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333294/original/file-20200507-49556-14vesdl.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=406&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333294/original/file-20200507-49556-14vesdl.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=510&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333294/original/file-20200507-49556-14vesdl.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=510&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333294/original/file-20200507-49556-14vesdl.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=510&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Multi-generational, cross-disciplinary teams at work on the Longevity by Design Challenge.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">The University of Queensland</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Good design begins with people. Together the participants concluded that designing for older people is actually “inclusive design”. Everyone wants the same things for a good life: autonomy and choice, purpose, family and friends, good health and financial security.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/from-8-to-80-designing-adaptive-spaces-for-an-ageing-population-29730">From 8 to 80: designing adaptive spaces for an ageing population</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Teams were presented with one of three locations representing typical middle and outer suburbs. They were challenged to transform buildings and neighbourhoods to make the most of longevity opportunities. </p>
<p>The teams used principles of social and physical connectedness with the aim of increasing choices and improving circumstances for people at all stages of life. Key design priorities were “mix” – of places, uses, people and generations – and “heart”, which placed people at the centre of the narrative. </p>
<p>Suggested approaches included:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>building <a href="https://theconversation.com/city-by-city-analysis-shows-our-capitals-arent-liveable-for-many-residents-85676">walkable neighbourhoods</a> that reduce distances between homes and services</p></li>
<li><p>converting typical house blocks to “super blocks” where multiple generations can live</p></li>
</ul>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333295/original/file-20200507-49565-1l8wk0z.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333295/original/file-20200507-49565-1l8wk0z.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333295/original/file-20200507-49565-1l8wk0z.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=238&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333295/original/file-20200507-49565-1l8wk0z.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=238&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333295/original/file-20200507-49565-1l8wk0z.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=238&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333295/original/file-20200507-49565-1l8wk0z.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=299&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333295/original/file-20200507-49565-1l8wk0z.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=299&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333295/original/file-20200507-49565-1l8wk0z.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=299&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Superblocks created by converting three houses into five multi-generational residences.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Architectus with Feros Care, Aspire 4 Life, S Wyeth and M Denver</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<ul>
<li>adopting finance development models using long-term capital, rather than short-term debt, for greater financial and community returns. </li>
</ul>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333297/original/file-20200507-49579-ax3k5c.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333297/original/file-20200507-49579-ax3k5c.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333297/original/file-20200507-49579-ax3k5c.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=227&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333297/original/file-20200507-49579-ax3k5c.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=227&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333297/original/file-20200507-49579-ax3k5c.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=227&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333297/original/file-20200507-49579-ax3k5c.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=285&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333297/original/file-20200507-49579-ax3k5c.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=285&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333297/original/file-20200507-49579-ax3k5c.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=285&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">The Longevity Urban CommunitY concept (LUCY) of the sort that might evolve using long-term equity. Clusters of multi-residential buildings with a mix of commercial and community uses at ground level form a network of pedestrian streets, parks and plazas. Housing design blends individual needs for privacy, and collective needs for community.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Deicke Richards, Vee Design, Pradella Property Ventures, N Whichelow, Condev Construction and Bolton Clarke. Images: Peter Richards, Deicke Richards</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Neighbourhoods could be retrofitted over 30 years. This would require changes to local government planning codes and innovations by the finance sector.</p>
<p>Other teams designed interconnected environments using links between natural, built and technological assets. They designed spaces to enable people over 65 to continue to make creative and productive contributions. </p>
<p>By creating inclusive infrastructure, such as closely connected living and learning “micro-neighbourhoods”, people of all ages remain the “heart” of the economic, social and cultural life of communities. A mobility “ecosystem”, including automated buses and electric ride sharing, could connect specialist knowledge and skill centres to local hubs.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333300/original/file-20200507-49542-rgfkdy.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333300/original/file-20200507-49542-rgfkdy.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333300/original/file-20200507-49542-rgfkdy.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=408&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333300/original/file-20200507-49542-rgfkdy.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=408&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333300/original/file-20200507-49542-rgfkdy.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=408&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333300/original/file-20200507-49542-rgfkdy.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=512&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333300/original/file-20200507-49542-rgfkdy.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=512&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333300/original/file-20200507-49542-rgfkdy.PNG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=512&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Tek Trak embraces autonomous and electric vehicle technology to radically alter the way.
we get around.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Elevation Architecture, Urban Strategies and Milanovic Neale</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Making inclusive neighbourhoods happen</h2>
<p>While autonomous vehicle technology might provide more equal access to mobility and transportation, the designers warned that transforming conventional settings of houses and cars to walkable neighbourhoods and autonomous vehicles will be gradual. It depends on two things: </p>
<ol>
<li><p>urban planning that ensures everyone has good access to safer transport alternatives rather than traffic-centric layouts</p></li>
<li><p>long-term equity financed by “future-focused” lenders. </p></li>
</ol>
<p>In this model, lenders are less focused on short-term returns. Instead, they have a greater focus on quality design as a catalyst for more development. In a virtuous circle, attractive development that places people close to community activities and businesses generates greater “footfall”. That in turn creates more business opportunities that make financially viable communities. </p>
<p>The Longevity by Design Challenge identified a range of opportunities to create a vibrant “longevity” economy by including people of all ages. Small, incremental and affordable changes towards resilient and age-friendly communities can transform perceived burdens into real assets. </p>
<p>Planning communities to embrace, not exclude, people over 65 has all kinds of benefits for Australia.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/135953/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Rosemary Kennedy received funding from DMA Engineers and Queensland University of Technology. The University of Queensland and Redland City Council provided in-kind support. She is a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Architects.</span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Laurie Buys receives funding from the Australian Research Council and several private and not-for-profit senior living organisations.</span></em></p>Instead of isolating and excluding older Australians, communities that are designed to embrace the growing numbers of Australians over 65 will have all kinds of benefits for Australia.Rosemary Kennedy, Adjunct Associate Professor of Architecture and Urban Design, Queensland University of TechnologyLaurie Buys, Professor, Director of Healthy Ageing Initiative, The University of QueenslandLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1117022019-04-09T22:13:59Z2019-04-09T22:13:59ZThe aging face of homelessness in North American cities<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/266571/original/file-20190329-71003-13enaye.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Homeless camps like this one in downtown Nanaimo, B.C., photographed in 2018 can be seen all over North America. </span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">THE CANADIAN PRESS Jonathan Hayward</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>In Vancouver last month, more than 400 volunteers walked around, carrying clipboards and wearing bright yellow buttons that read “Homeless Count.” They were out on the streets or in shelters asking homeless people to complete brief surveys for the <a href="https://vancouver.ca/people-programs/homeless-count.aspx">city’s annual Homeless Count</a> co-ordinated by the <a href="http://hsa-bc.ca/">Homelessness Services Association of B.C. (HSABC)</a>. </p>
<p>I spent one evening at a shelter, one block east of Main and Hastings. This intersection is at the heart of the Downtown Eastside, a neighbourhood in Vancouver that is home to a diverse group of people, many who struggle with socioeconomic and housing challenges and others affected by issues of mental health and substance use. To meet the significant need, a large number of social service agencies are concentrated in the Downtown Eastside.</p>
<p>Last year, the Vancouver Homeless Count determined that the <a href="https://vancouver.ca/files/cov/vancouver-homeless-count-2018-final-report.pdf">homeless rate was the highest it had been since the count began in 2005.</a> Although the group of people staying at the shelter on the night I visited represented many identities, there were some patterns that I noticed. </p>
<h2>The ‘dream’ of old-age</h2>
<p>My research team from <a href="http://www.sfu.ca/grc.html">Simon Fraser University’s Gerontology Research Centre</a> is collaborating with HSABC and Providence Health Care to explore the issues surrounding homelessness. We have heard from health-care and shelter providers throughout Metro Vancouver that it feels as though the number of older persons who are experiencing homelessness and looking for support in the shelter system is increasing. In 2017, the stark reality for older adults became apparent as <a href="http://www.metrovancouver.org/services/regional-planning/homelessness/HomelessnessPublications/2017MetroVancouverHomelessCount.pdf">21 per cent of the people who were counted during the Homeless Count that year were aged 55 or older.</a> This was up from 18 per cent in 2014. </p>
<p>Many Canadians may envision their older age as a time when they can finally relax, no longer worry about the stresses of working a regular job. They may hope to spend more time with family and friends. But for many older adults, this idyllic stereotype is unattainable. </p>
<p>Many older adults are at-risk for homelessness as they live pension cheque to pension cheque, with limited prospects for employment. </p>
<p>The <a href="https://www.uwlm.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/B.C.-Seniors-Poverty-Report-Card.pdf">2018 B.C. Seniors Poverty Report Card</a> showed that British Columbia has more adults over 65 living in poverty than any other province or territory in Canada. </p>
<h2>Indigenous are overrepresented</h2>
<p>Low income isn’t the only cause for homelessness. There are many possible reasons for the increasing numbers of homeless people. Social isolation is a <a href="http://www.seniorsloneliness.ca">significant challenge for many.</a></p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/262944/original/file-20190308-155514-1d2fgbu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/262944/original/file-20190308-155514-1d2fgbu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/262944/original/file-20190308-155514-1d2fgbu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/262944/original/file-20190308-155514-1d2fgbu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/262944/original/file-20190308-155514-1d2fgbu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/262944/original/file-20190308-155514-1d2fgbu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/262944/original/file-20190308-155514-1d2fgbu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">In Vancouver, 43 per cent of homeless people are Indigenous. Last fall, tent city founder and homeless advocate Chrissy Brett consoled resident Lynne Hibak as their temporary camp was granted an extension to stay by B.C. Parks.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">THE CANADIAN PRESS/Chad Hipolito</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Chronic health conditions, limited affordable housing stock and a lack of employment opportunities are other culprits. <a href="https://vancouver.ca/files/cov/vancouver-homeless-count-2018-final-report.pdf">In 2018, only 17 per cent of the respondents to the Vancouver Homeless Count reported no health condition.</a></p>
<p>Public attitudes towards the homeless vary. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15313204.2016.1263814">Some argue that everyone has had similar opportunities and people of limited income have only themselves to blame.</a> </p>
<p>But <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10511482.2016.1180311?needAccess=true">research suggests</a> that systemic issues significantly contribute to low income and housing insecurity. Longstanding discrimination and exclusion have prevented many people — women, people of colour and Indigenous people — from accumulating the wealth needed to live comfortably in later life.</p>
<p>Data on U.S. cities shows that <a href="https://endhomelessness.org/resource/people-color-make-much-larger-share-homeless-veteran-population-general-veteran-population/">43 per cent of veterans experiencing homelessness are persons of colour</a>. In Metro Vancouver, <a href="http://www.metrovancouver.org/services/regional-planning/homelessness/HomelessnessPublications/2017MetroVancouverHomelessCount.pdf">Indigenous people are overrepresented among the homeless population.</a></p>
<h2>Reduce blame</h2>
<p>In addition to reducing the blame and shame typically associated with homelessness, there is an urgent need for additional housing options for older adults.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.metrovancouver.org/services/regional-planning/homelessness/HomelessnessPublications/2017MetroVancouverHomelessCount.pdf">Affordable rental units are becoming more limited and waiting lists for social housing have been steadily increasing since 2011.</a></p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/washrooms-for-customers-only-peeing-with-dignity-in-the-city-112192">Washrooms for customers only: Peeing with dignity in the city</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>Advocates have been developing housing models that coordinate support services like housekeeping, meal preparation and transportation to doctor’s appointments. <a href="https://homelesshub.ca/solutions/housing-first/canadian-housing-first-toolkit">Housing First</a> — an example of an evidence-based model that views housing as a human right — <a href="https://www-tandfonline-com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/doi/pdf/10.1080/01634372.2017.1391919?needAccess=true">is working</a>. It is a concept which looks at housing as the necessary foundation to support chronically or episodically homeless single adults who have <a href="https://www.mentalhealthcommission.ca/sites/default/files/mhcc_at_home_report_national_cross-site_eng_2_0.pdf">mental illness and substance use issues and live in urban locations</a>, and also provides clients with in-home supports. </p>
<p>Similar models of housing plus support should be developed — so more older adults can age in the right place and be provided with the integral supports they need.</p>
<p>During the Homeless Count, a homeless older man I spoke with said the data is important: it brings vital evidence to those advocating for more affordable housing. However, as a researcher in this field I believe even one person experiencing homelessness is one too many.</p>
<p><em>This is a corrected version of a story originally published on April 9, 2019. The earlier story said “almost one quarter” – instead of 21 per cent – of people in the 2017 Homeless Count were aged 55 or older.</em></p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/111702/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Sarah Canham receives funding from the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research (MSFHR) and the Metro Vancouver Homelessness Partnering Strategy Community Entity. Her research is funded, in part, by the Government of Canada’s Homelessness Partnering Strategy. The opinions and interpretations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Government of Canada.</span></em></p>The number of seniors experiencing homelessness in Vancouver has increased in recent years, according to the city’s Homeless Count.Sarah Canham, Senior Lecturer and Research Associate, Simon Fraser UniversityLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.