tag:theconversation.com,2011:/us/topics/felines-105414/articlesFelines – The Conversation2024-01-15T00:27:05Ztag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2180332024-01-15T00:27:05Z2024-01-15T00:27:05ZTikTok says orange cats are ‘dumb’, and tortoiseshell cats have ‘an attitude’. But how true is that?<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/560110/original/file-20231117-29-fv986f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C15%2C5048%2C3340&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>If you’ve watched cat videos on social media lately, you may have encountered the idea a <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@shop2daybycbph/video/7227729130438069509?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc&web_id=7311132537870452242">cat’s coat colour</a> tells us something about their personality. </p>
<p>Orange cats are supposedly “dumb”, always <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@winniegingercat/video/7235730348087299333?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc&web_id=7311132537870452242">falling off beds</a> or getting themselves stuck in awkward places. Tortoiseshell cats are often said to have a strong-willed attitude (sometimes referred to as “<a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@shop2daybycbph/video/7227729130438069509?is_from_webapp=1&web_id=7311132537870452242">tortitude</a>”). <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@thisisdhayes/video/7167064678177295662?q=black%20cats%20smarter&t=1702356432918">Black</a> cats are “smarter”, if social media is to be believed.</p>
<p>The idea a cat’s personality is linked to their coat colour isn’t new. <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/judging-a-cat-wrongly-by-the-color-of-its-coat-97549864/">In 2012</a> a study of human perceptions of cats reported people generally believe ginger cats are friendly, while tortoiseshell cats are seen as aloof and intolerant. </p>
<p>It’s important to note this is a reflection people <em>believe</em>, rather than how cats <em>are</em>. So what does the research actually say?</p>
<h2>Surveys on cat personality are filled out by people</h2>
<p>Research suggests that cats, like people, have different personality types. One study proposed the <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0183455">“feline five”</a> personality traits for cats: neuroticism, extraversion, dominance, impulsiveness and agreeableness. </p>
<p>The researchers linked “neuroticism” in cats with being anxious, insecure, fearful of people and tense. Cats low in neuroticism were associated with being stable, trusting, calm and self-assured. </p>
<p>Cats categorised as impulsive scored highly for being erratic, reckless and distractible, while those low in impulsivity were considered to be predictable and constrained.</p>
<p>You might get a sense from these studies that these are not terms cats would choose for themselves, and you’d be right. </p>
<p>Surveys on cat personality are filled out by people. As such, results are affected by human perspectives, projections and biases. </p>
<p>Indeed, a review of methods used to define <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/9/1516">personality in cats</a> concluded studies reporting differences in personality due to coat colour were likely to be affected by owner bias. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/566193/original/file-20231218-23-agqln9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Three kittens - one orange, one grey and one calico - frolic in grass." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/566193/original/file-20231218-23-agqln9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/566193/original/file-20231218-23-agqln9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/566193/original/file-20231218-23-agqln9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/566193/original/file-20231218-23-agqln9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/566193/original/file-20231218-23-agqln9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=501&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/566193/original/file-20231218-23-agqln9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=501&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/566193/original/file-20231218-23-agqln9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=501&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Studies reporting differences in personality due to cat coat colour were likely to be affected by owner bias.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/three-kittens-different-colors-on-grass-2118477416">Irina Makushina/Shutterstock</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Breed personality</h2>
<p>Instead of colour, it’s possible breed is more important when it comes to cat personality.</p>
<p>One <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-44324-x">study</a> found British Shorthair cats were least likely to seek human contact, while Korat and Devon Rex cats were most likely.</p>
<p>Another study, however, found <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-44324-x">substantial variation exists within breeds</a>, suggesting a cat’s breed may not fully explain personality.</p>
<p>Both of these studies were once again survey-based and so, again, human bias is likely affecting the results. </p>
<h2>If it’s not coat or breed, what else is it?</h2>
<p>Genetics is not the only factor influencing personality. The environment and how an animal is raised also has a big effect.</p>
<p>If kittens are not socialised with people by the age of <a href="https://vetfocus.royalcanin.com/en/scientific/feline-developmental-stages">around nine weeks</a>, they are more likely to be anxious and shy around humans and other animals. </p>
<p>Whether your cat was hand-reared, purchased from a breeder or found in a box, they will likely behave differently depending on time spent with their mother.</p>
<p>In reality, humans tend to ascribe certain meanings to particular behavioural traits.</p>
<p>For instance, if a cat is fearful, they may come across as lacking intelligence because they are less likely to interact with their environment in ways we recognise as “smart”. </p>
<p>On the flip side, confident cats comfortable in their environment may seem “dumb”, as they act in a carefree way that registers as “stupid” to the human eye. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/566196/original/file-20231218-21-mdxtlx.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="An orange cat appears to be stuck inside a jar." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/566196/original/file-20231218-21-mdxtlx.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/566196/original/file-20231218-21-mdxtlx.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/566196/original/file-20231218-21-mdxtlx.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/566196/original/file-20231218-21-mdxtlx.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/566196/original/file-20231218-21-mdxtlx.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=505&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/566196/original/file-20231218-21-mdxtlx.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=505&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/566196/original/file-20231218-21-mdxtlx.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=505&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">A cat that is bold and confident may look ‘dumb’ to humans.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/orange-tabby-cat-stuck-inside-glass-2109878690">perezoo/Shutterstock</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Don’t judge a book by its cover – or a cat by it’s colour</h2>
<p>While funny social media videos linking personality with cat coat colour might be harmless, the biases they create can have more harmful results. For instance, black cats take longer to adopt <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/the-modern-heart/202010/3-reasons-people-dont-adopt-black-cats">from a shelter</a> than cats of other colours, and so are at higher risk of being euthanised. </p>
<p>Black animals are more difficult to photograph, meaning they may not look as attractive in adoption photos. Some people also believe black cats symbolise bad luck, or are associated with witchcraft or evil. Stereotypes of black cats being less friendly may also stem from facial expressions on darker fur being harder to read. </p>
<p>Before you dismiss this as speculation, <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033294119844982">a study</a> did confirm human bias against black cats using photos of cats of different colours.</p>
<p>We shouldn’t be surprised people make judgements about cats based on their coat colour. We also make judgements based on human hair colour – take the baseless “dumb blonde” and “fiery redhead” <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/speaking-in-tongues/202104/examination-stereotypes-about-hair-color#:%7E:text=Over%20time%2C%20specific%20hair%20colors,and%20redheads%20have%20fiery%20tempers.">stereotypes</a>, for example. </p>
<p>And just like with human stereotypes, putting our cats into arbitrary boxes isn’t useful for anyone.</p>
<p>Instead, it’s best to think of your cat, and any cat, as the individuals they are. </p>
<p>Cats are much more than their coats. People and cats <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(19)31086-3.pdf">form</a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/6/1601">close emotional bonds</a>.</p>
<p>A cat can be the reason somebody gets up in the morning. Cats can also be fiercely <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/cat-waiting-window-every-day-dead-owners-return-breaks-hearts-1736479">loyal</a>, unwavering companions, friends and family. Let’s not reduce their complex, wonderful individuality to just a colour or type.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/218033/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Susan Hazel receives funding from the Waltham FoundationTM and is a member of the Dog & Cat Management Board of South Australia, RSPCA South Australia and Animal Therapies Ltd. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Julia Henning does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Surveys on cat personality are filled out by people. As such, results are affected by human perspectives, projections and biases.Susan Hazel, Associate Professor, School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of AdelaideJulia Henning, PhD Candidate, University of AdelaideLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/2089352023-07-13T01:11:11Z2023-07-13T01:11:11ZWhy does my cat pee on the rug? Are they trying to tell me something?<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/535190/original/file-20230703-132952-82o4mi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C5422%2C3612&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/cute-fluffy-red-cat-on-soft-plaid-5921743/">Pexels/Helena Lopes</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>As cat researchers, one of the most common complaints we hear is:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>My cat is a jerk! Whenever I do something he doesn’t like, he pees on my bed or the rug.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Often this complaint is based on an assumption the cat is seeking revenge or trying to send a message, The Godfather-style. </p>
<p>Unfortunately, a rhetoric has developed that cats are manipulative, vengeful, uncaring or even psychotic. This rhetoric means when cats do something we don’t like, it’s easy to reach for the idea they did it deliberately to hurt or annoy us.</p>
<p>But cats don’t behave the way humans do and their motives are not the same. They aren’t trying to irritate or punish us. So let’s forget the human rhetoric and delve into five reasons your cat might be peeing on your rug, bed or clothes. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/535454/original/file-20230704-19-96pt2b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="A blue-eyed cat looks into a camera." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/535454/original/file-20230704-19-96pt2b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/535454/original/file-20230704-19-96pt2b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535454/original/file-20230704-19-96pt2b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535454/original/file-20230704-19-96pt2b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535454/original/file-20230704-19-96pt2b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535454/original/file-20230704-19-96pt2b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535454/original/file-20230704-19-96pt2b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Cats don’t behave the way humans do.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-of-a-blue-eyed-cat-16622468/">Pexels/Anya Juárez Tenorio</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/why-does-my-dog-eat-grass-and-when-is-it-not-safe-for-them-205658">Why does my dog eat grass? And when is it not safe for them?</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>1. It could be a medical issue</h2>
<p>First, ask yourself: are they sick?</p>
<p>Many illnesses or injuries – <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X19831202">including</a> urinary tract infections, cystitis, diabetes and chronic pain – can cause a cat to have unusual urination behaviour.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.900847/full">Feline idiopathic cystitis</a> occurs in approximately 2-4% of cats worldwide. The exact causes are not known, although having an anxious or stressed cat increases the risk. </p>
<p>It’s often difficult to tell when a cat is sick. They are incredibly adept at <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X15578725">hiding pain</a>. </p>
<p>One clue is cats experiencing discomfort will want to pee somewhere they feel comfortable, often a place they associate with safety – such as your bed, your clothes or the rug. </p>
<p>One reason they may feel comfortable there is because it smells like you, someone they associate with positive feelings. </p>
<p>So if your cat pees somewhere odd, your first instinct should be to wonder if it’s time to contact your vet. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/535450/original/file-20230704-15-v6w5ik.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="A patterned cat sits on a human bed." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/535450/original/file-20230704-15-v6w5ik.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/535450/original/file-20230704-15-v6w5ik.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535450/original/file-20230704-15-v6w5ik.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535450/original/file-20230704-15-v6w5ik.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535450/original/file-20230704-15-v6w5ik.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535450/original/file-20230704-15-v6w5ik.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535450/original/file-20230704-15-v6w5ik.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Cats hide pain well.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/cat-lying-on-bed-10418616/">Pexels/Vikki</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>2. It could be short-term stress</h2>
<p>Has something changed in your household lately? Are you renovating? Are there loud noises? Did a new cat move in next door? Did your friend bring their dog to visit?</p>
<p>Situations like these could lead to your cat feeling stressed and peeing in an unexpected place. </p>
<p>Log the days your cat pees somewhere unusual and see if a pattern emerges.</p>
<p>If it correlates with something in particular – such as a friend visiting with their dog – try to adapt the house set-up to make your cat more comfortable.</p>
<p>For instance, keep the dog outside or put your cat in your room with their food, water and a litter tray. </p>
<p>Think about how to make your cat more comfortable (or remove the stressor itself). </p>
<h2>3. It could be chronic stress</h2>
<p>Unlike a short-term stressor, chronic stress is an ongoing issue that can’t simply be stopped or removed. </p>
<p>This could be an ongoing stress from living in a multi-cat household or with a dog, or it could from a condition such as anxiety.</p>
<p>While chronic stress can be trickier to handle, it’s important to identify it and seek help. </p>
<p>Ongoing stress can lead to serious health issues such as cystitis, which can cause a urinary blockage and be <a href="https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/stress-cystitis-feline-idiopathic-cystitis-in-cats">life threatening</a>. If your cat visits the litter tray and is straining without any result, this is an emergency. They need to see a vet as soon as possible.</p>
<p>Keep a short daily log and try to identify areas that may be causing ongoing stress for your cat. </p>
<p>Adjust the environment to limit these stressors and if needed, seek a veterinary behaviourist’s advice about treating potential anxiety in your cat. </p>
<p>And if you are very stressed, this might make your cat <a href="https://www.fearfreehappyhomes.com/stressed-you-might-be-stressing-your-cat-as-well/#:%7E:text=If%20we're%20stressed%2C%20our,other's%20physical%20and%20emotional%20states">feel stressed</a>. Sometimes you both need to take a deep breath!</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/535452/original/file-20230704-13224-qd7yu8.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="A cat on a couch looks worried." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/535452/original/file-20230704-13224-qd7yu8.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/535452/original/file-20230704-13224-qd7yu8.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535452/original/file-20230704-13224-qd7yu8.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535452/original/file-20230704-13224-qd7yu8.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535452/original/file-20230704-13224-qd7yu8.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535452/original/file-20230704-13224-qd7yu8.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/535452/original/file-20230704-13224-qd7yu8.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Chronic stress can be tricky to handle.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/cute-tabby-kitten-on-a-sofa-2194261/">Pexels/Tranmautritam</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/why-do-cats-and-dogs-get-the-zoomies-197790">Why do cats and dogs get the zoomies?</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>4. It could be the litter</h2>
<p>Your cat’s “accidents” may be as simple as them not liking the substrate, tray or positioning of the litter they are given. </p>
<p>Cats want to feel comfortable and safe when they toilet. So they may not want to use it if:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>the substrate you’re using hurts their paws or is too deep and makes them slide around</p></li>
<li><p>the tray is too small or too covered or</p></li>
<li><p>the litter is positioned somewhere that is disturbed easily.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Each cat is an individual; what works for one may not work for another. That said, here are some general rules for providing a pleasant litter experience for your cat: </p>
<ul>
<li><p>provide one litter tray per cat plus an extra one for the household</p></li>
<li><p>litter depth should be enough to cover the bottom of the tray well but not so much that the cat’s weight makes them slip down into it </p></li>
<li><p>go for unscented litter (cats are very sensitive to smells)</p></li>
<li><p>place the tray in an area that has privacy and is away from any potential stressors such as children, dogs or loud noises</p></li>
<li><p>if possible, place the trays around the house in appropriate areas so your cat always has easy access when needed </p></li>
<li><p>scoop regularly and keep the tray clean.</p></li>
</ul>
<h2>5. It could because your cat is a jerk</h2>
<p>Just kidding. This is never the reason.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/208935/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Susan Hazel is affiliated with the Dog and Cat Management Board of South Australia, RSPCA South Australia and Animal Therapies Ltd. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Julia Henning does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Unfortunately, a rhetoric has developed within public discourse that cats are manipulative, vengeful, uncaring or even psychotic. But it’s unlikely they’ve deliberately peed on your rug to annoy you.Susan Hazel, Associate Professor, School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of AdelaideJulia Henning, PhD Candidate, University of AdelaideLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1927432022-12-08T22:35:10Z2022-12-08T22:35:10ZWhy do cats knead?<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/492892/original/file-20221101-28436-aalrfp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C6%2C4608%2C2579&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>“Kneading” is when cats massage an object with the front paws, which extend and retract, one paw at a time.</p>
<p>This massaging action, named for its resemblance to kneading dough, is repeated rhythmically. You may have spotted your cat kneading and wondered how on Earth they developed such a behaviour. </p>
<p>So, why <em>do</em> cat’s knead? Does it tell us anything about how they’re feeling and is there anything you can do if they’re painfully kneading you while sitting on your lap?</p>
<figure>
<iframe width="440" height="260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4VURISwI_ck?wmode=transparent&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
<figcaption><span class="caption">Video: Andrea Harvey.</span></figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/do-hypoallergenic-cats-even-exist-3-myths-dispelled-about-cat-allergies-191662">Do hypoallergenic cats even exist? 3 myths dispelled about cat allergies</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>The evolutionary background of kneading</h2>
<p>Cats first begin to knead when just tiny kittens, still nursing from their mother. Kneading is associated with suckling, which helps stimulate a mother cat’s <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1558787815001549?casa_token=nni3dUGA1rgAAAAA:7qOLyFPmT-VXBldoBVcdTHnk-AJMPQWLIn_b5msLWZfP9_ie2Sm7vVrvLiDdAgwpbwXRG__g6dV0">milk supply</a> through the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093691X05001858?casa_token=SoJdiUqZkmkAAAAA:7uJrsVcDFuKKY-c4li7l2Y7Q-sk-77_82Pe_2KUVdzSe5uM3kc8NUTUFRAus5I2u8mCgI3oec9s">release of oxytocin</a> and likely evolved for this reason. </p>
<p>Kneading also has another evolutionary advantage. It can be used as a form of tactile and pheromone communication between kitten and mother. </p>
<p>Cats have scent glands in their soft paw pads, and when they knead, these glands release pheromones (chemical messages used to communicate). </p>
<p>Kneading on their mother releases <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-5616(02)00128-6">pheromones</a> associated with bonding, identification, health status or many other messages.</p>
<p>One of these, known as “cat appeasing pheromone”, is released by the sebaceous glands round the mammary glands.</p>
<p>Pheromones are not only important for bonding between the mother and young. Cat appeasing pheromone also has the potential to treat <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1098612X18774437">aggression</a> in mature cats. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/492879/original/file-20221101-26-w2sie5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C18%2C6200%2C4573&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="A kitten kneads the covers on a bed." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/492879/original/file-20221101-26-w2sie5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C18%2C6200%2C4573&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/492879/original/file-20221101-26-w2sie5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=445&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/492879/original/file-20221101-26-w2sie5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=445&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/492879/original/file-20221101-26-w2sie5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=445&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/492879/original/file-20221101-26-w2sie5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=559&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/492879/original/file-20221101-26-w2sie5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=559&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/492879/original/file-20221101-26-w2sie5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=559&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Kneading can be used as a form of tactile and pheromone communication between kitten and mother.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>If kneading is a kitten behaviour, why is my adult cat still doing it?</h2>
<p>While kneading evolved to stimulate milk supply and express chemical and tactile messages between kitten and mother, it’s also a common behaviour in adult cats, because of something called <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123945860000019">neoteny</a>.</p>
<p>Neoteny is when an animal retains their juvenile physical or behaviour traits into adulthood. It’s likely these traits are advantageous for cats when needing to socialise with humans and other cats or animals in the household. </p>
<p>Kneading, in particular, may be retained into adulthood because it can help communicate messages.</p>
<p>Kneading on your lap is a cat’s way of saying “we’re affiliated” or “you’re in my social group”. Or, to be very human about it, “you’re my person”. </p>
<p>We may also reinforce kneading by rewarding our cat with attention when they do it. </p>
<p>Some cats like to knead on soft or woollen blankets while also <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2015.07.038">sucking</a> on the material, as if from a teat. This may be relaxing or soothing for the cat because of this association. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/492890/original/file-20221101-12-43vmyl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="A cat kneads the bed" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/492890/original/file-20221101-12-43vmyl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/492890/original/file-20221101-12-43vmyl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/492890/original/file-20221101-12-43vmyl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/492890/original/file-20221101-12-43vmyl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/492890/original/file-20221101-12-43vmyl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/492890/original/file-20221101-12-43vmyl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/492890/original/file-20221101-12-43vmyl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">We may also reinforce kneading by rewarding our cat with attention when they do it.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>What does kneading say about how our cats are feeling?</h2>
<p>In most cases, kneading likely indicates your cat is comfortable.</p>
<p>However, if the kneading (and especially sucking) occur very frequently, for a long time, appear compulsive or are beginning to damage your cat’s paws, legs or mouth, it may be a sign your cat is stressed or in pain and needs to see a vet. </p>
<p>Kneading and sucking can become compulsive, a <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1558787815001215?via%3Dihub">particular problem in Siamese and Birman cats</a>. </p>
<p>Some cats don’t knead at all. Just like people, cats are individuals and like to show that they are comfortable or affiliated with you in their own ways. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/492885/original/file-20221101-26-cntbsa.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C1%2C89%2C67&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="A cat kneads a dog" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/492885/original/file-20221101-26-cntbsa.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C1%2C89%2C67&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/492885/original/file-20221101-26-cntbsa.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=451&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/492885/original/file-20221101-26-cntbsa.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=451&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/492885/original/file-20221101-26-cntbsa.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=451&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/492885/original/file-20221101-26-cntbsa.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/492885/original/file-20221101-26-cntbsa.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/492885/original/file-20221101-26-cntbsa.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Kneading likely indicates your cat is comfortable.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Giphy.</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Help! My cat kneading is hurting my legs</h2>
<p>Kneading is a normal behaviour that may be an important part of your cat feeling bonded with you. If your cat’s claws are getting a little too involved for your liking then invest in a thick blanket that you can cover your legs with. Avoid telling them off or kicking them off your lap. </p>
<p>Instead, reward kneading where the claws are kept to a minimum by showing more attention via patting or handing out a food treat when your cat is kneading the way you would like them to.</p>
<p>You can even add in a cue to request the claws go away. Something short like “pads!” would be a good option. Simply associate the word and a food reward with the behaviour you want. </p>
<p>And if you need your cat more than they knead you, that’s OK too.</p>
<iframe src="https://giphy.com/embed/uYh2E1meNXAFa" width="100%" height="360" frameborder="0" class="giphy-embed" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
<p><a href="https://giphy.com/gifs/gatos-uYh2E1meNXAFa"></a></p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/why-does-my-cat-kick-litter-all-over-the-place-4-tips-from-cat-experts-186928">Why does my cat kick litter all over the place? 4 tips from cat experts</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/192743/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Susan Hazel is affiliated with the Dog & Cat Management Board of SA, RSPCA SA and Animal Therapies Ltd. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Julia Henning does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Kneading is typical kitten behaviour but may be retained into adulthood because it can help communicate messages.Susan Hazel, Senior Lecturer, School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of AdelaideJulia Henning, PhD Candidate, University of AdelaideLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1869282022-07-27T03:34:37Z2022-07-27T03:34:37ZWhy does my cat kick litter all over the place? 4 tips from cat experts<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/474802/original/file-20220719-26-h2d01l.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C221%2C6720%2C4245&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Does your cat kick litter all over the floor? What does this mean and how can you stop it?</p>
<p>Despite being skilled predators, cats are also <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13514">mesopredators</a>, meaning they are both predators and prey. Unlike apex predators at the top of the food chain with no natural predators, cats are in the middle, preying on smaller animals and being preyed upon by larger animals. </p>
<p>Because they are also a prey animal, cats developed instinctive behaviours to protect them from nearby predators. One of these behaviours is digging in the litter tray. Cats likely dig and cover their waste to hide their presence from visiting predators, who might be attracted by the scent. </p>
<p>Covering waste may also help cats to avoid <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1016/j.jfms.2003.09.013">parasites</a>. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/one-in-three-people-are-infected-with-toxoplasma-parasite-and-the-clue-could-be-in-our-eyes-182418">One in three people are infected with _Toxoplasma_ parasite – and the clue could be in our eyes</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/475032/original/file-20220720-25-m4mzvg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/475032/original/file-20220720-25-m4mzvg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/475032/original/file-20220720-25-m4mzvg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475032/original/file-20220720-25-m4mzvg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475032/original/file-20220720-25-m4mzvg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475032/original/file-20220720-25-m4mzvg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475032/original/file-20220720-25-m4mzvg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475032/original/file-20220720-25-m4mzvg.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Cats likely dig and cover their waste to hide their presence from visiting predators.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Cat waste also acts as an important <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-018-0951-3">communicator</a> to other cats in the area, signalling how long ago a cat came through, a female that may be in heat or many other messages a cat may leave behind. </p>
<p>Which brings us to: what can you do about it, so your cat isn’t kicking litter everywhere?</p>
<p>In terms of changing the cat’s behaviour, the short answer is: nothing. Digging is a natural and important behaviour and trying to interrupt that may cause stress and confusion for your cat.</p>
<p>In fact, cats who dig in their litter box for longer probably like their litter box more and are <a href="https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/ajvr/67/9/ajvr.67.9.1500.xml">less likely to have problems with pooing or weeing</a>.
Inappropriate pooing or weeing, especially outside the litter tray, can indicate urinary problems in cats. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1098612X19890189">In a survey</a>, of Australian cats around 20% pooed or weed outside the litter tray. </p>
<p>There are some simple solutions in setting up litter trays that can keep you and your cat happy – and litter in the tray. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/475033/original/file-20220720-24-4mrsvl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/475033/original/file-20220720-24-4mrsvl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/475033/original/file-20220720-24-4mrsvl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475033/original/file-20220720-24-4mrsvl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475033/original/file-20220720-24-4mrsvl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475033/original/file-20220720-24-4mrsvl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475033/original/file-20220720-24-4mrsvl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475033/original/file-20220720-24-4mrsvl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Digging is a natural and important behaviour for cats.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>1. Litter hygiene (you, not them)</h2>
<p>Have you ever had to pull a gross bit of food from the sink? Your cat may feel similarly about placing their paws in a dirty litter box.</p>
<p>Your cat’s hesitance to use their dirty litter tray may be leading them to hedge their bets, sticking to the edge, where the litter is less soaked, and kicking litter all over the floor. </p>
<p><strong>The solution:</strong> Clean the tray regularly. Ideally, remove solid waste as it happens or once a day, and completely change over the litter every few days or before the top layer becomes soaked. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/475034/original/file-20220720-14-h6rxbi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/475034/original/file-20220720-14-h6rxbi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/475034/original/file-20220720-14-h6rxbi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=439&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475034/original/file-20220720-14-h6rxbi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=439&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475034/original/file-20220720-14-h6rxbi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=439&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475034/original/file-20220720-14-h6rxbi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=551&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475034/original/file-20220720-14-h6rxbi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=551&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475034/original/file-20220720-14-h6rxbi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=551&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Clean your cats tray regularly.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>2. Overfilled litter</h2>
<p>When it comes to filling the litter tray, more isn’t always better.</p>
<p>For cats with health issues such as arthritis, pain or restricted mobility, an overfilled litter box means trying to balance on an unstable mound of litter. And the more litter in the tray, the more litter that can end up on the floor. </p>
<p>Even cats without health issues may feel the need to dig deeper to find a stable surface to squat on. This means more litter on the floor both because of the increased volume and the cats extra efforts in digging. </p>
<p><strong>The solution:</strong> Fill the tray with around 2-4cm (1-2 inches) of litter.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/475035/original/file-20220720-14-tl2a3f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/475035/original/file-20220720-14-tl2a3f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/475035/original/file-20220720-14-tl2a3f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475035/original/file-20220720-14-tl2a3f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475035/original/file-20220720-14-tl2a3f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475035/original/file-20220720-14-tl2a3f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475035/original/file-20220720-14-tl2a3f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475035/original/file-20220720-14-tl2a3f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">When it comes to filling the litter tray, more isn’t always better.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>3. Litter box number and choice</h2>
<p>The general rule of thumb is one litter tray per cat plus one for the household. These should be placed around the house if possible, in places where your cats feel safe to go about their business. </p>
<p>Many litter boxes are too small. If your cat is constantly kicking litter around, try investing in a larger box. A covered litter box may be a solution, but cats are individuals too and some don’t like being cooped up when trying to poo or wee.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/475036/original/file-20220720-20-owvnq7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/475036/original/file-20220720-20-owvnq7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/475036/original/file-20220720-20-owvnq7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475036/original/file-20220720-20-owvnq7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475036/original/file-20220720-20-owvnq7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475036/original/file-20220720-20-owvnq7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475036/original/file-20220720-20-owvnq7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475036/original/file-20220720-20-owvnq7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Many litter trays are too small.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>You can find trays with higher sides or an additional edge that hangs over and stops some of the litter from flying. </p>
<p>If you can’t find something large enough or suitable, you can try making your own from something as simple as a plastic washing tub. </p>
<p>A great way to work out which type of litter box your cat prefers is to place two different types side by side and see which one they use the most. </p>
<h2>4. Wipe your paws</h2>
<p>If it’s not any of the above, its possible your cat just has a real zest for kicking up litter.</p>
<p>If the litter on the floor is a real problem for you, you can place specific mats around the litter or in the doorway to the room(s) where the litter is. </p>
<p>These mats help to collect the litter as the cat walks over them, containing that kicked up mess to a smaller area and stopping litter from being tracked into your other rooms. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/475037/original/file-20220720-26-zp9615.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/475037/original/file-20220720-26-zp9615.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/475037/original/file-20220720-26-zp9615.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475037/original/file-20220720-26-zp9615.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475037/original/file-20220720-26-zp9615.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475037/original/file-20220720-26-zp9615.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475037/original/file-20220720-26-zp9615.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/475037/original/file-20220720-26-zp9615.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Maybe your cat just likes kicking up litter.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Toileting outside the litter box may indicate a behavioural or medical problem. If making the changes suggested above doesn’t help do consult your veterinarian.</p>
<p>If your cat is squatting frequently without much result, you should consult your veterinarian as quickly as possible. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/curious-kids-how-can-you-tell-if-your-cat-is-happy-and-likes-you-82834">Curious Kids: How can you tell if your cat is happy and likes you?</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/186928/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Susan Hazel is affiliated with the Dog & Cat Management Board of SA and RSPCA SA. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Julia Henning does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Digging is a natural and important behaviour for cats – trying to interrupt it may cause stress and confusion for your pet. But if your cat is kicking litter everywhere, here are a few tips to try.Susan Hazel, Senior Lecturer, School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of AdelaideJulia Henning, PhD Candidate, University of AdelaideLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1809592022-04-19T00:38:30Z2022-04-19T00:38:30ZWhy does my cat wake me up so early, and what can I do about it?<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/457846/original/file-20220413-22-sy34b.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C25%2C4211%2C2677&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>You’ve got an important meeting in the morning and your cat wakes you at 4am. Why? And what can you do to stop this happening again?</p>
<p>Although cats are evolved for night-time activity, during domestication they have adapted to human lifestyles. </p>
<p>Domestic cats tend to be most active early in the morning and at dusk, not in the middle of the night. They also change their <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1558787812001220?via%3Dihub">activity cycles</a> to fit in with their human housemates.</p>
<p>This means if you sleep at night, your cat should also be resting. And a lot of people do sleep with their cat. In a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2018.1529354">survey</a> of women in the US, around 30% slept with at least one cat.</p>
<p>So why do some cats want to play in the wee hours?</p>
<p>The reason <em>why</em> your cat is waking you up will often help you understand how to stop them. Here are three reasons your cat might be waking you up and how to address the issue. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/457052/original/file-20220408-15-pl446k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Small sleepy kitten lying down looking into camera." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/457052/original/file-20220408-15-pl446k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/457052/original/file-20220408-15-pl446k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=424&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457052/original/file-20220408-15-pl446k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=424&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457052/original/file-20220408-15-pl446k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=424&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457052/original/file-20220408-15-pl446k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=532&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457052/original/file-20220408-15-pl446k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=532&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457052/original/file-20220408-15-pl446k.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=532&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Domestic cats tend to be most active early in the morning and at dusk, not in the middle of the night.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/cool-for-cats-that-spiny-tongue-does-more-than-keep-a-cat-well-groomed-107007">Cool for cats: that spiny tongue does more than keep a cat well groomed</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>1. They’re hungry</h2>
<p>This is among the most common reasons. Unfortunately, one of the first things a sleepy person will do is feed their cat. This rewards the behaviour and makes the cat more likely to repeat it. </p>
<p>To start addressing this problem, make sure your cat is getting enough to eat throughout the day. You can feed them a meal or a satisfying snack right before you go to bed. </p>
<p>If you usually feed your cat in the morning, you need to make sure your cat is not associating wake up time with breakfast time. Leave a gap between when you get out of bed and when you feed kitty breakfast – aim for at least half an hour.</p>
<p>You can also train your cat to associate something else with getting fed, such as saying “breakfast time!”. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/457051/original/file-20220408-25286-mjn87w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C4872%2C3123&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="A can sits on its owner's bed." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/457051/original/file-20220408-25286-mjn87w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C4872%2C3123&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/457051/original/file-20220408-25286-mjn87w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457051/original/file-20220408-25286-mjn87w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457051/original/file-20220408-25286-mjn87w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457051/original/file-20220408-25286-mjn87w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457051/original/file-20220408-25286-mjn87w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457051/original/file-20220408-25286-mjn87w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">If you usually feed your cat in the morning, you need to make sure your cat is not associating wake up time with breakfast time.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>2. They don’t have a routine</h2>
<p>Cats love predictability. </p>
<p>Keeping a regular routine has even been associated with <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X15590867">reduced stress levels</a> in cats.</p>
<p>To maintain a routine, keep mealtimes, play times and any grooming close to the same time each day. </p>
<p>Empty litter at regular, predictable intervals (dirty or disturbed litter may also be a reason your cat is waking you up). Try not to move litter trays, bowls or scratch posts around unless needed. </p>
<p>If something changes in their environment – you go on holiday, move furniture or have a new house guest or pet – your cat may return to early morning wake up calls. This is typical for cats.</p>
<p>Keep the routine as consistent as you can and eventually your cat will settle in to the new normal.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/457347/original/file-20220411-24-pgsdr2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Small cat hiding under the covers in a bed." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/457347/original/file-20220411-24-pgsdr2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/457347/original/file-20220411-24-pgsdr2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457347/original/file-20220411-24-pgsdr2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457347/original/file-20220411-24-pgsdr2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457347/original/file-20220411-24-pgsdr2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457347/original/file-20220411-24-pgsdr2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457347/original/file-20220411-24-pgsdr2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Keeping a regular routine has been associated with reduced stress levels in cats.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>3. They’re not using up their energy throughout the day</h2>
<p>It’s common knowledge cats love to sleep, but they also love to play and move their bodies just like us. </p>
<p>It’s important to give your cat access to a variety of toys and resources around the house to interact with, especially if you’re not home often. </p>
<p>Scratch posts offer cats a place to climb and stretch. Balls, soft and motorised toys give them an opportunity to play and exercise. </p>
<p>When you are home, engage your cat with an interactive toy (like a cat wand) or play a game of chase around the house. You can even try making up a game your cat will enjoy.</p>
<p>Cats get bored easily. Keep variety in your play times. And don’t play with your cat in the hour before you want to go to bed. Ideally, a play session before you go out and once you get home should help to keep your kitty quiet overnight. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/457053/original/file-20220408-28660-e455c6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Sleeping cat on a bed stretching his arms out from beneath the cover of a bedsheet." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/457053/original/file-20220408-28660-e455c6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/457053/original/file-20220408-28660-e455c6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=401&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457053/original/file-20220408-28660-e455c6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=401&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457053/original/file-20220408-28660-e455c6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=401&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457053/original/file-20220408-28660-e455c6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457053/original/file-20220408-28660-e455c6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/457053/original/file-20220408-28660-e455c6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Cats get bored easily. Keeping variety in your play times is important.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Help! I’ve made these changes and my cat still woke me up!</h2>
<p>Your cat might still wake you up for some time. This behaviour may even get worse in the short term as your cat adjusts. The key is to ignore your cat’s behaviour at night or in the early morning. Don’t get up and, if you can, don’t interact with your cat when they wake you. </p>
<p>If you’ve tried everything and your cat still wakes you up, it’s time to go to see your veterinarian. There might be a health reason causing the behaviour.</p>
<p>Hopefully, you and your cat can come to an agreement about when it’s sleep time and when it’s wake-up time. It is definitely possible to love your cat and still get your sleep. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/five-things-to-consider-before-getting-a-feline-companion-177267">Five things to consider before getting a feline companion</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/180959/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Susan Hazel is affiliated with the Dog & Cat Management Board of South Australia and the RSPCA South Australia. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Julia Henning does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Although cats are evolved for night-time activity, during domestication they have adapted to human lifestyles. There’s plenty you can do to try and get your cat to stop waking you in the wee hours.Susan Hazel, Senior Lecturer, School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of AdelaideJulia Henning, PhD Candidate, University of AdelaideLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1795422022-03-30T12:06:41Z2022-03-30T12:06:41ZHow the first cat-like sabre-tooth predator was discovered – and why it differs from modern cats<p>Although they are currently the greatest predators on land, it’s likely that modern-day cats wouldn’t have been a match for the newly discovered <em>Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae</em>. At around 42 million years old, it’s thought to be one of the first sabre-tooth cat-like predators to have roamed the planet – and a formidable hunter capable of killing prey much larger than itself.</p>
<p>None of our existing top predators possess a sabre-tooth. But throughout much of the history of wild cats, there have been sabre-toothed forms.</p>
<p>Indeed, from 2.5 million years ago, until as recently as 10,000 years ago, the iconic <em>Smilodon fatalis</em> – commonly known as the sabre-tooth tiger – was <a href="http://blogs.dailybreeze.com/history/2015/06/27/when-saber-toothed-cats-mammoths-and-dire-wolves-roamed-the-south-bay/">on the prowl</a> in California and other parts of North and South America. Although its main focus were the large, thick-skinned mammoths and woolly rhinos, early humans might well have been at risk, too.</p>
<p>Though this newly described animal was smaller than <em>Smilodon</em>, the sabre-tooth adaptation means it was probably one of the first ever mammalian hypercarnivores, surviving almost exclusively on a diet of meat – a lifestyle followed by modern cats today. </p>
<h2>The sabre-tooth discovery</h2>
<p>In the <a href="https://peerj.com/articles/13032/">new PeerJ study</a> scientists from the University of Arizona and San Diego Natural History Museum describe the new predator, which they named <em>Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae</em> after San Diego county, in southern California, where the fossil was found, and <a href="https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/person/blaire-van-valkenburgh/">Professor Van Valkenburgh</a>, the doyenne of carnivore evolution. </p>
<p>The beautiful piece of lower jaw had sat unappreciated in the drawers of the San Diego museum since 1988 – until Curator Ashley Poust found it and recognised what it was. And although it doesn’t sound like much to go on, we can actually learn a huge amount about this ancient creature from the <a href="https://3dfiles.sdnhm.org/api/?specimen=38343&name=38343_Dentary_RT&extension=ctm">fossilised jaw and teeth</a> alone.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Skull cast of a Smilodon next to the Diegoaelurus fossil, which is much smaller with a more pronounced chin bone" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/455007/original/file-20220329-27-o4lyhf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/455007/original/file-20220329-27-o4lyhf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/455007/original/file-20220329-27-o4lyhf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/455007/original/file-20220329-27-o4lyhf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/455007/original/file-20220329-27-o4lyhf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=565&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/455007/original/file-20220329-27-o4lyhf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=565&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/455007/original/file-20220329-27-o4lyhf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=565&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">When compared with a skull cast of a <em>Smilodon</em>, the <em>Diegoaelurus</em> fossil is much smaller with a more pronounced chin bone (lower-right edge). CC by 4.0.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Cypress Hansen, San Diego Natural History Museum</span>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>At the back of the newly discovered jaw there are slicing scissor teeth, called carnassials – the equivalent of molars and premolars – shaped like flesh-cutting blades with multiple points. Going forward in the jaw, there is a long gap, and then the key tooth, the canine sabre-tooth, elongated and curved. Below that, is an expanded and deepened portion at the front of the jawbone that partly accommodates the deeply rooted canine tooth, and also provides added strength for the jawbone when it bites with force. </p>
<p>The unpreserved upper jawbone would have featured an equivalent canine sabre tooth, which would have cut down outside the jaw as the animal seized its prey.</p>
<figure class="align-right ">
<img alt="The jawbone fossil of the newly described sabre-tooth cat" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/455006/original/file-20220329-15-16wr2f7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/455006/original/file-20220329-15-16wr2f7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/455006/original/file-20220329-15-16wr2f7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/455006/original/file-20220329-15-16wr2f7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/455006/original/file-20220329-15-16wr2f7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/455006/original/file-20220329-15-16wr2f7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/455006/original/file-20220329-15-16wr2f7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">We can learn so much about the size and diet of Diegoaelurus from this 42-million-year-old jawbone fossil. CC BY 4.0.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Cypress Hansen, San Diego Natural History Museum</span>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>The fossil also allowed the study authors to identify that <em>Diegoaelurus</em> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machaeroides">machaeroidine</a>, a sub-family of extinct mammals from North America and Asia. But our new knowledge doesn’t end there. From <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/paleontologists-uncover-the-oldest-sabertoothed-predator-180979725/">long-term studies</a> of the rocks and fossils of California, scientists can form a picture of the newly discovered animal’s habitat and lifestyle.</p>
<p>California in the middle Eocene – the time 42 million years ago when <em>Diegoaelurus</em> lived – was a land of rich tropical forests through which the bobcat-sized <em>Diegoaelurus</em> slipped silently in search of prey. The <a href="https://archives.datapages.com/data/pac_sepm/086/086001/pdfs/161.htm">forests teemed</a> with rodents and early primates in the trees, as well as larger herbivorous mammals, such as even-toed oreodonts (most closely related to camels and pigs), early hoofed tapiroids, multi-toed horses, and the small rhinocerous <em>Menoceras</em>, on the ground. </p>
<p>Perhaps this first sabre-tooth concentrated on hunting these thick-skinned ungulates, leaping from the trees onto their backs and biting suddenly and deeply. </p>
<h2>Could the sabre-tooth return?</h2>
<p>Although <em>Diegoaelurus</em> looked similar to cats, they are, in fact, unrelated. But the sabre-toothed adaptation to hypercarnivory arose independently several times among cats in other extinct sub-families, such as the <a href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/nimravid.htm">nimravids</a>, the “sabre-tooth false cats” in North America and Eurasia – and even in the marsupial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacosmilidae">thylacosmilids</a> of South America. </p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/when-two-ecosystems-collided-ichthyosaurs-re-evolved-the-ability-to-consume-large-prey-173491">When two ecosystems collided, ichthyosaurs re-evolved the ability to consume large prey</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<p>But when <em>Smilodon</em> – the last known survivor of the most recent sub-family, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machairodontinae">Machairodontinae</a> – became extinct, probably due to loss of prey or hunting by early humans, the sabre-tooth disappeared.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="Roaring tiger sitting on a rock during the day" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/455211/original/file-20220330-19-12yicmm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/455211/original/file-20220330-19-12yicmm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/455211/original/file-20220330-19-12yicmm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/455211/original/file-20220330-19-12yicmm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/455211/original/file-20220330-19-12yicmm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/455211/original/file-20220330-19-12yicmm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/455211/original/file-20220330-19-12yicmm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Tigers are fearsome predators but struggle to bring down prey much bigger than themselves.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/black-white-and-yellow-tiger-sitting-on-a-beige-sand-during-daytime-47312/">Photo by Pixabay</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">CC BY-NC-SA</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Most cats today operate as solitary hunters, and so generally tackle prey that is of a similar size to themselves, or smaller, in contrast to the sabre-tooths who were able to take on much larger prey. </p>
<p>The modern <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/felidae">family Felidae</a> – which includes all modern cats – has 41 species, including the pantherines, such as lions, tigers and leopards, and the felines, such as cheetahs, pumas and caracal. Some of the larger cats – tigers and lions, for example – are hypercarnivores who live only on the flesh of other large animals. Smaller cats are carnivores, of course, but with broader diets which can include rodents, birds, lizards and even invertebrates such as bugs and beetles. </p>
<p>It could be suggested that sabre teeth are an adaptation that is urgently required by many modern large cats. Lions and tigers do have large canine teeth that are used to pierce and kill – but they could certainly benefit from canines that are longer and stronger. </p>
<p>When a lion tries to bring down a Cape buffalo or a juvenile elephant, it <a href="https://a-z-animals.com/blog/top-8-deadliest-cats/#:%7E:text=Puma%20Success%20Rate%3A%2020%25%20A%20Puma%20is%20an,still%20one%20of%20the%20deadliest%20cats%20out%20there">struggles to</a> make a killing bite. Even Chilean pumas struggle to bite through the hide of a guanaco (a native of South America and close relative of the llama) and only succeed in killing their prey in one hunt out of ten. And with their thicker skin, pachyderms like buffalo, hippos, rhinos and elephants are more or less immune from attack.</p>
<p>Indeed, sabre-teeth could save the lives of many modern large hunting cats by making the hunt safer. So will one of the modern cat species evolve them? Well, it seems like leopards might already be moving <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jmor.10468">in that direction</a>, so only time will tell.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/179542/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Michael J. Benton does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>The first sabre-toothed cat-like predator was not much larger than a bobcat, but it had long teeth and a strong jaw to cut through thick skin.Michael J. Benton, Professor of Vertebrate Palaeontology, University of BristolLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1706872021-10-29T14:23:26Z2021-10-29T14:23:26Z250,000 cats have no owners in UK urban areas – but there are ways we can help<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/428856/original/file-20211027-19-1h2svpz.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C4288%2C2843&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">
</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/cat-145071826">NicO_l/Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>The UK is home to around <a href="https://www.cats.org.uk/media/10005/cats-2021-full-report.pdf">10.8 million</a> owned pet cats. But the number of unowned cats living on the streets in the UK has remained largely unknown – until now.</p>
<p>Our <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-99298-6">new research</a>, published in the journal Scientific Reports, sheds some light on the size of this vulnerable feline group. We’ve estimated there are 247,429 unowned cats across all urban areas of the UK.</p>
<p>Our figure is based on data collected from five urban towns and cities in the UK – Beeston, Bradford, Bulwell, Dunstable and Houghton Regis, and Everton – and then extrapolated. We chose these areas as we suspected they represented a spectrum of unowned cat density, including high density and low density areas. </p>
<p>We used information collected as part of <a href="https://www.cats.org.uk/what-we-do/neutering/cat-watch">Cat Watch</a>, a community project set up by the UK’s feline welfare charity Cats Protection. Cat Watch encouraged residents to report sightings of unowned cats, initially during door-to-door surveys, and then through an app, social media, and directly to the Cat Watch team. The team worked to verify the information residents provided, resulting in 601 confirmed sightings of unowned cats.</p>
<p>There are a few challenges with reporting unowned cats, such as the fact owned and unowned cats can look the same. So observers may incorrectly identify an owned cat as an unowned cat, or vice versa. There might also be underreporting (because not all unowned cats will necessarily be visible), and multiple reports of the same cat. To account for these potential errors, we developed something called an <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ece3.7330">integrated abundance model</a>, which combined the information from residents with confirmed sightings verified by the community team.</p>
<figure class="align-right ">
<img alt="A grey and white cat, Wiggle, in a cage." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/428772/original/file-20211027-23-12zfpjf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=47%2C35%2C1148%2C1434&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/428772/original/file-20211027-23-12zfpjf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=802&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/428772/original/file-20211027-23-12zfpjf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=802&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/428772/original/file-20211027-23-12zfpjf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=802&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/428772/original/file-20211027-23-12zfpjf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=1007&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/428772/original/file-20211027-23-12zfpjf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=1007&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/428772/original/file-20211027-23-12zfpjf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=1007&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Wiggle, who was found in Everton, had his medical needs attended to and was rehomed.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Yvonne Gordon, Cats Protection</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>In our five study areas, we found two factors had a significant association with unowned cats in the community. In areas with greater socioeconomic deprivation and higher population density, there tended to be more unowned cats. We applied these findings to the rest of the UK’s towns and cities using official population statistics and socioeconomic data. We calculated the average density of unowned cats across urban areas in the UK to be 9.3 cats per square kilometre, with variation from 1.9 to 57 cats. </p>
<p>We then combined these figures to calculate the national estimate of 247,429 unowned urban cats. While the number is not likely to be exactly right, our statistical analysis tells us there’s a 95% probability the true value lies somewhere between 157,153 and 365,793.</p>
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<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/compulsory-cat-microchipping-is-great-in-theory-but-the-system-is-flawed-130084">Compulsory cat microchipping is great in theory -- but the system is flawed</a>
</strong>
</em>
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Why so many unowned cats?</h2>
<p>The link between unowned cats and socio-economic deprivation isn’t entirely surprising. Previous work has recognised that fewer <a href="https://www.pdsa.org.uk/media/7420/2019-paw-report_downloadable.pdf">owned</a> and <a href="https://www.publish.csiro.au/WR/WR10215">unowned cats</a> are neutered in deprived areas. When cats are unneutered, populations can expand rapidly. </p>
<p>There are a variety of factors which may explain the association between increased human population densities and increased densities of unowned cats. For example, there would be more pet cats in areas with more people, meaning more cats that can produce accidental litters if unneutered, and more cats that can be abandoned or stray from home. Further, unowned cats will be limited by resource availability. There may be more cats where there are more people because cats have greater access to food in these areas, for example from human food waste.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="A mother cat with kittens." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/428859/original/file-20211027-21-1ui28oo.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/428859/original/file-20211027-21-1ui28oo.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/428859/original/file-20211027-21-1ui28oo.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/428859/original/file-20211027-21-1ui28oo.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/428859/original/file-20211027-21-1ui28oo.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/428859/original/file-20211027-21-1ui28oo.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/428859/original/file-20211027-21-1ui28oo.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Unowned cats are likely to gravitate towards areas where they have better access to food.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/stray-cats-on-streets-cyprus-1897624273">Oxana Oliferovskaya/Shutterstock</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>What can we do?</h2>
<p>We need continued research to improve our understanding of unowned cat populations. The predictions from our model increase in accuracy as we scale up to broader geographic areas, meaning our estimates will be more accurate at a national level compared to a street level, where there may be other local differences in cat populations. Areas with the highest human population densities in particular, such as London, require more research, as they were not among our original study sites. </p>
<p>Nonetheless, our research provides useful insight into the scale of the unowned cat population in the UK, and how unowned cat populations may vary across the urban landscape. This information can enable cat welfare charities to direct their support to areas of greatest need.</p>
<hr>
<p>
<em>
<strong>
Read more:
<a href="https://theconversation.com/the-curious-character-of-cats-and-whether-they-are-really-more-aloof-75512">The curious character of cats – and whether they are really more aloof</a>
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<p>Sadly, without a human caretaker or a regular source of food, water and shelter, unowned cats in urban areas are at heightened risk of many <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1016/j.jfms.2008.11.001">diseases</a> and environmental hazards. Although figures vary, the life expectancy of an unowned cat has been estimated to be around <a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/3622">65% less</a> than that of a pet cat.</p>
<p>Common management practices for unowned cats include rehoming of strays (cats that are used to living in a home but have become lost or abandoned) for whom street life is unsuitable. Unsocialised cats – those that may have been born on the streets and not used to people (often termed feral or community cats) – can be neutered and returned to areas, ideally where there is a cat caretaker who can keep an eye on them and provide food or <a href="https://www.cats.org.uk/cats-blog/how-to-make-stray-cat-shelter">a shelter</a>. This is commonly termed <a href="https://icatcare.org/unowned-cats/feral-street-cats/trap-neuter-return/">trap-neuter-return</a>. </p>
<p>Our findings of a close association between unowned cats and human communities suggest that successful cat population management in urban areas will also require supporting cat owners to microchip their cats to prevent them getting lost. </p>
<p>Additionally, it’s important we support owners to have their cats neutered before potential breeding age to prevent any unplanned litters. Our <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2018.00258/full">earlier research</a> has highlighted how the long-term effectiveness of any trap-neuter-return and rehoming programs can be improved by simultaneously working with communities to <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/9/4/175">encourage neutering</a>.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/170687/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Jenni McDonald works for Cats Protection, a UK cat welfare charity.</span></em></p>We found poorer areas, and areas with more people, were likely to have a greater number of unowned cats.Jennifer McDonald, Honorary Research Fellow, Bristol Veterinary School, University of BristolLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1675612021-09-19T09:03:25Z2021-09-19T09:03:25ZNous avons voulu savoir d’où venaient ces mystérieux chats « des forêts » de Madagascar. Voici ce que nous avons découvert<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/420003/original/file-20210908-19-nu7iip.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=5%2C0%2C924%2C743&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Un chat de forêts</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Image capturée par les pièges photographiques du projet</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Séparée de toutes les autres masses terrestres depuis le Crétacé supérieur, lorsque les dinosaures dominaient encore de nombreuses régions de la Terre, Madagascar a longtemps été considérée <a href="https://www.amnh.org/explore/videos/biodiversity/lemurs-of-madagascar/article-lemurs-in-madagascar-then">comme un</a> « laboratoire naturel de l'évolution ». Son long isolement a donné naissance à une faune et à une flore uniques, dont la plupart ont évolué sur place. </p>
<p>Madagascar ne compte que quatre groupes de mammifères terrestres endémiques : les primates (lémuriens), les rongeurs, les afrothères (autrefois insectivores, comme les tenrecs) et les carnivores. Pourtant, une grande diversité peut être observée au sein de ces quatre groupes. </p>
<p>En ce qui concerne les carnivores terrestres endémiques, un seul groupe est reconnu : Les Eupléridés. Le plus grand d'entre eux est le fossa (fosa). Ce n'est ni un félidé (famille des chats) ni un canidé (famille des chiens). Il est proche de la mangouste et pèse entre 5 et 10 kg. Il a longtemps été le principal prédateur mammifère des lémuriens et autres mammifères malgaches. </p>
<p>Ainsi, l'opinion généralement acceptée est que Madagascar n'a pas de chats indigènes (c’est-à-dire de félidés). Pourtant, ils sont très nombreux sur l'île. </p>
<p>On trouve deux types généraux de chats à Madagascar : les chats de village et une espèce sauvage « forestière ». Les Malgaches ont longtemps fait la <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08927936.2015.1052280">distinction</a> entre cette dernière et les chats domestiques dans les villages ou sauvages, l’espèce forestière étant souvent considérée comme une menace pour les animaux domestiques, tels que la volaille. D'après les récits de témoins occulaires et les rapports -– y compris les nôtres –- ce « chat des forêts » sauvage et peu connu est également un prédateur féroce des célèbres lémuriens de Madagascar.</p>
<p>Les « chats des forêts » se distinguent par leur apparence extérieure, avec une fourrure « tabby » ou tigrée, des pattes plus longues et une taille plus imposante (pesant jusqu'à 5 kg) que les autres félins.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333156/original/file-20200506-49556-wal7ai.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333156/original/file-20200506-49556-wal7ai.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=368&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333156/original/file-20200506-49556-wal7ai.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=368&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333156/original/file-20200506-49556-wal7ai.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=368&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333156/original/file-20200506-49556-wal7ai.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=462&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333156/original/file-20200506-49556-wal7ai.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=462&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333156/original/file-20200506-49556-wal7ai.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=462&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">chat de forêts.</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>En revanche, les chats « de village » ressemblent généralement aux chats domestiques que l'on voit dans le monde entier – une couleur de fourrure unie (souvent blanche), des pattes plus courtes et un poids d'environ 2 kg. </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333157/original/file-20200506-49573-ija677.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/333157/original/file-20200506-49573-ija677.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=460&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333157/original/file-20200506-49573-ija677.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=460&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333157/original/file-20200506-49573-ija677.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=460&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333157/original/file-20200506-49573-ija677.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=578&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333157/original/file-20200506-49573-ija677.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=578&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/333157/original/file-20200506-49573-ija677.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=578&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Chat de village.</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>La morphologie externe des chats des forêts est donc très différente de celle des chats de village. Elle est, par ailleurs, assez proche – en apparence – des chats sauvages africains, observés dans les parties orientale et méridionale de l'Afrique continentale. </p>
<p>Par conséquent, l'origine des chats « forestiers » ou « sauvages » de Madagascar a longtemps été un mystère. Descendent-ils du chat sauvage africain (<em>Felis lybica</em>) arrivé avec les pasteurs d'Afrique de l'Est, qui dominent culturellement les régions méridionales de Madagascar ? Sont-ils issus des chats domestiques (<em>Felis silvestris</em>) récemment arrivés d'Europe, du royaume d'Arabie ou d'Asie du sud-est ?</p>
<p>Pour déterminer l'origine/les origines des « chats des forêts » malgaches, nous avons, avec nos collègues, réalisé <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10592-020-01261-x">cette étude</a>. </p>
<p>Nos conclusions révèlent que ces animaux sont des descendants de chats de la région de la mer d'Arabie. Ils ne tirent pas leurs origines des chats sauvages d'Afrique continentale, mais sont plutôt apparentés aux chats domestiques. </p>
<h2>Sur la piste des chats</h2>
<p>Notre équipe, issue de la collaboration entre des scientifiques de six pays sur trois continents, a recueilli les données génétiques de 30 chats « forestiers » de Madagascar à deux endroits distincts : trois individus de la réserve spéciale de Bezà Mahafaly dans le sud-ouest, et 27 autres du parc national d'Ankarafantsika dans l'extrême nord de l'île. </p>
<p>Ces données ont été comparées à environ 1900 échantillons de divers chats domestiques et sauvages à travers le monde, afin d'évaluer le degré de parenté avec les espèces sauvages malgaches. </p>
<p>Les données collectées par notre équipe – combinant l'expertise, l'expérience et les compétences des scientifiques sur le terrain et en laboratoire – ont montré que les « chats des forêts » malgaches sont plus étroitement associés notamment avec les chats domestiques provenant spécifiquement de la région de la mer d'Arabie, notamment les îles kenyanes de Lamu et de Pate. Les chats malgaches sont donc des descendants des chats domestiques de la région de la mer d'Arabie et non des <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10592-020-01261-x">chats sauvages d'Afrique</a> continentale.</p>
<h2>Origines</h2>
<p>Quand et comment cette diaspora animale a-t-elle commencé ? Les chats de la mer d'Arabie et des îles du Kenya sont sans doute arrivés à Madagascar au cours du dernier millénaire, ou un peu avant, par le biais du <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139438?seq=3#metadata_info_tab_contents">commerce maritime sur la mer d'Arabie</a>. Plusieurs vagues migratoires vers Madagascar, depuis le royaume d'Arabie, se sont succédées au cours des 1000 dernières années. </p>
<p>Ces migrations ont apporté une architecture, des composantes linguistiques et finalement une écriture au 18e siècle ; elles ont également amené des chats. Ainsi, les « chats des forêts » malgaches sont des migrants océaniques venus d'ailleurs commme les autres mammifères terrestres introduits par l'homme, <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24941342.pdf?casa_token=DCzGhHt9HpoAAAAA:qX6uD0o1Tb_FCdKhOiVB7jFwf5ATyQR9nNnDJ4Ic2vgsLRaRPUy8fLTQGrIiHKaDjzBwHRxlRTOkNUdfCQ0oolqEYNaL43sTrLyNDM4F_1tP0R4x6g">plutôt que tranportés par des radeaux non artificiels</a>, comme les ancêtres des lémuriens de Madagascar.</p>
<h2>Étudier ou éradiquer ?</h2>
<p>Quelles sont les implications de ces nouvelles informations pour ces félidés? Nos résultats semblent indiquer que les « chats des forêts » de Madagascar ont pu être introduits il y a un millénaire et, dans ce cas, l'étude de leur comportement, de leur biologie et de leur écologie permet de lever le voile sur la façon dont les espèces exotiques s'adaptent à la biogéographie insulaire, mais aussi d’avoir un aperçu des <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0139">dispersions félines</a>. </p>
<p>Il faut noter que nos conclusions posent également la question du rôle de ces chats dans les écosystèmes forestiers de Madagascar. Devraient-ils être <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/97/2/518/2459663">éradiqués</a> – du moins dans les réserves protégées – comme cela a été fait sur d'autres îles pour les espèces introduites ?</p>
<p>Les questions de conservation relatives à ces nouvelles données sont complexes et nécessitent qu'il y ait des discussions approfondies pour comprendre l'histoire complète des « chats forestiers » malgaches.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/167561/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Frank Cuozzo a reçu des financements de The International Primatological Society, Primate Conservation Incorporated. </span></em></p><p class="fine-print"><em><span>Michelle Sauther a reçu des financementé de l'Université du Colorado-Boulder et de Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation.</span></em></p>L’opinion généralement acceptée est que Madagascar n'a pas de chats indigènes, pourtant ils sont très nombreux.Frank Cuozzo, Biological anthropologist, University of Colorado BoulderMichelle Sauther, Professor, University of Colorado BoulderLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1562542021-06-14T12:23:48Z2021-06-14T12:23:48ZWhy do cats knead with their paws?<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/405142/original/file-20210608-120786-fxle7a.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C177%2C4080%2C2498&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">A behavior from kittenhood persists in many adult cats.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/48282656@N00/8590886161/in/photolist-e69x9V-9RMA1Q-nKHnHU-CjP1jT-Lr9BXs-VbzRwh-x4P2JC-erYcvw-4W6FRx-9jiaPu-bWB8h6-4yDf9B-9SoMQG-9tN7VM-8yMy2o-2L2B7u-dTnrpm-99oy8s-5WYTLB-2ew61jK-74uYi5-G8EpT7-6rP3P-oTaiZE-EDjadL-9TFF9-qfRiXV-25K5jtn-rYF2dt-8khcMk-21PQUFQ-25jn6Dx-6D8Fk8-t4XiyT-xENnZ-7m3Jww-CKoMh-29Q5jg-es2x-97EcT3-C4wY5K-GQnMg-bSo4n-pn4wiQ-51E9MS-5853JQ-bTjuMc-Gs7A1f-dLtpcF-agDpFP"> Byron Chin/flickr</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">CC BY-NC-SA</a></span></figcaption></figure><figure class="align-left ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/281719/original/file-20190628-76743-26slbc.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/281719/original/file-20190628-76743-26slbc.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=293&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/281719/original/file-20190628-76743-26slbc.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=293&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/281719/original/file-20190628-76743-26slbc.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=293&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/281719/original/file-20190628-76743-26slbc.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=368&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/281719/original/file-20190628-76743-26slbc.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=368&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/281719/original/file-20190628-76743-26slbc.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=368&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
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<span class="caption"></span>
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</figure>
<p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/us/topics/curious-kids-us-74795">Curious Kids</a> is a series for children of all ages. If you have a question you’d like an expert to answer, send it to <a href="mailto:curiouskidsus@theconversation.com">curiouskidsus@theconversation.com</a>.</em></p>
<hr>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Why do cats like to pat their paws on a soft blanket? – Anonymous</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<p>Do you ever see your cat shifting his front paws back and forth just before settling down for a nap? Have you heard some cat lovers talk about their feline friends “making biscuits” or “kneading dough”? </p>
<p>Scientists who study cat behavior call this distinctive paw action “kneading” and believe it to be a sign of a relaxed cat. My own cats knead before taking a nap near me. While they are kneading, they purr – one of them gets so relaxed, he sometimes drools. <a href="https://www.petmd.com/cat/behavior/evr_ct_why_do_cats_knead">Kneading usually occurs near a favorite person</a>. </p>
<p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=bBC4PdEAAAAJ">As a veterinarian</a>, I think it’s important to recognize the little moments your cat is telling you she’s happy to be near you. </p>
<h2>Kneading in kittens</h2>
<p>If you’re ever around newborn kittens, you will see kneading pretty quickly after birth. A <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2015.09.004">kitten kneads on his mother’s abdomen</a> as a way of telling her he is hungry and ready for her milk. </p>
<figure>
<iframe width="440" height="260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OMmWQL_Mxk0?wmode=transparent&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
<figcaption><span class="caption">Kneading and purring.</span></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>At the same time, the kitten usually purrs, which is a sound created by rapid vibrations of certain throat muscles. <a href="https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/item/why-and-how-do-cats-purr/">Purring is a signal for attention</a>. </p>
<p>Using these two behaviors, kittens are asking their moms, also known as queens, to remain still so they can continue suckling. Young kittens usually fall asleep while suckling. </p>
<p>Kittens stop drinking their mother’s milk by about two months of age. So why do cats continue to knead as adults? </p>
<h2>Ready to relax</h2>
<p>Kneading seems to be more common in some cats than others. If your cat doesn’t knead, it could mean he is a little stressed – or it could just be that your cat doesn’t display relaxation or affection in that manner. </p>
<p>But many cats do continue kneading into adulthood. It’s pretty safe to assume a cat who is kneading is feeling calm, content and ready to settle down, just like a kitten settling in to suckle and sleep.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/404060/original/file-20210602-17-sqr20q.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="A cat stretches out its front paws, showing its claws and individual toes." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/404060/original/file-20210602-17-sqr20q.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/404060/original/file-20210602-17-sqr20q.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/404060/original/file-20210602-17-sqr20q.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/404060/original/file-20210602-17-sqr20q.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/404060/original/file-20210602-17-sqr20q.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/404060/original/file-20210602-17-sqr20q.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/404060/original/file-20210602-17-sqr20q.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Cats can mark areas with scent glands in their feet.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/cat-clawed-foot-royalty-free-image/685870388">vizland/iStock via Getty Images Plus</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>You may already know that when your <a href="https://www.thesprucepets.com/cat-bunting-behavior-553909">cat bunts</a>, or butts his head and rubs his cheek, head and body against your leg or an object near you, he is putting his scent in these locations. Cats also have scent glands between their toes, prompting some people to suggest that cats are also putting a familiar, comforting scent on their sleeping area when they knead. </p>
<p>Don’t bother to look for these glands on your own cat. They are not easily visible.</p>
<h2>Subtle signals</h2>
<p>Kneading may also be a form of communication between cats and their people.</p>
<p>If you’ve been around dogs, you know most are quite obvious in letting humans know they want something or like someone. <a href="https://www.morrisanimalfoundation.org/article/evolution-of-dogs">For thousands of years, people have purposely bred dogs</a> to be fun companions, as well as to have useful behaviors such as herding, tracking or guarding. </p>
<p>Cats and people have also <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/a-brief-history-of-house-cats-158390681/">lived together for thousands of years</a> – and humans have appreciated their amazing natural mousing skills. <a href="https://cat-world.com/history-of-cat-breeds/">Only recently have people tried to breed cats</a>, but mostly for their appearance, not for specific behaviors. </p>
<p>The result is that cats are a little more subtle than dogs in their ways of telling a person, “I like you.” Kneading is one of those clues.</p>
<hr>
<p><em>Hello, curious kids! Do you have a question you’d like an expert to answer? Ask an adult to send your question to <a href="mailto:curiouskidsus@theconversation.com">CuriousKidsUS@theconversation.com</a>. Please tell us your name, age and the city where you live.</em></p>
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<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Julia Albright receives funding from various veterinary product companies.</span></em></p>According to a veterinarian, the behavior some people call ‘kneading the dough’ or ‘making biscuits’ is a clue your cat feels comfortable around you.Julia Albright, Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine, University of TennesseeLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1286862020-02-02T13:39:20Z2020-02-02T13:39:20ZAre you a cat whisperer? How to read Fluffy’s facial expressions<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/312307/original/file-20200128-81416-1bjupq6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=11%2C0%2C2485%2C1654&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Cats are capable of a expressing a wide range of emotions through facial expressions and body language.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">(Shutterstock)</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>Cats are popular pets: there are an <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-3227-1_3">estimated 200 million pet cats worldwide</a>, with more <a href="http://www.fediaf.org/images/FEDIAF_Facts__and_Figures_2018_ONLINE_final.pdf">pet cats than pet dogs</a>. Cats live in about <a href="https://www.canadianveterinarians.net/documents/canada-s-pet-wellness-report2011">38 per cent of Canadian households</a>, <a href="https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/reports-statistics/us-pet-ownership-statistics">25.4 per cent of American households</a> and <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/515287/households-owning-a-cat-europe/">25 per cent of European households</a>.</p>
<p>Cats also seem to be a great source of entertainment. There are <a href="https://tubularinsights.com/2-million-cat-videos-youtube/">two million cat videos on YouTube and counting</a>, and countless internet-famous cats, like Grumpy Cat and Lil’ Bub, each with millions of followers on their social media accounts.</p>
<p><div data-react-class="InstagramEmbed" data-react-props="{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/B7T1t99gq2p","accessToken":"127105130696839|b4b75090c9688d81dfd245afe6052f20"}"></div></p>
<p>Despite the popularity of cats, as anyone who has been around a cat knows, reading cats is not always an easy task. One minute they can be seeking your affection and the next they can be swatting at you without any apparent warning. This leads to the question: are cats just jerks or are they simply misunderstood? </p>
<h2>Cats’ body language</h2>
<p>While cats may seem mysterious, their behaviour can help us to understand how they are feeling. The position of a cat’s body, head, ears and tail are all telltale hints. </p>
<p>An <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jfms.2011.03.012">anxious or fearful cat</a> may crouch down to the ground, arch their back, lower their head and flatten their ears. Fearful or anxious cats may also retreat backwards in avoidance, hide themselves, make their fur stand on edge (piloerection), <a href="https://www.humanesociety.org/resources/cat-chat-understanding-feline-language">growl, hiss, spit</a>, swat or bite.</p>
<p>Conversely, a content cat may approach you with their tail up, with their body and head in a neutral position and their ears forward. When resting, they may tuck their paws in, or lay on their side with their legs stretched out. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/312083/original/file-20200127-81362-g6phtu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/312083/original/file-20200127-81362-g6phtu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/312083/original/file-20200127-81362-g6phtu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=927&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/312083/original/file-20200127-81362-g6phtu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=927&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/312083/original/file-20200127-81362-g6phtu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=927&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/312083/original/file-20200127-81362-g6phtu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=1165&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/312083/original/file-20200127-81362-g6phtu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=1165&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/312083/original/file-20200127-81362-g6phtu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=1165&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Cats’ emotions can be deciphered through their different behaviours.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://blog.doggiedrawings.net/post/120512597686">(Lili Chin)</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Facial expressions may also be an indicator of how cats are feeling. Researchers have found that <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12283">certain individuals can readily distinguish the images of cats in pain from those of pain-free cats</a>. Despite this, the full range of cat facial expressions, including those made in positive situations, has not received much investigation. </p>
<h2>Most people are poor cat face readers</h2>
<p>As a postdoctoral researcher in animal science, I ran an <a href="https://catdogwelfare.wixsite.com/catfaces">online study</a> in which participants were shown short video clips of cats in various situations. Positive situations were those where cats approached, for example, their owner for treats. Negative situations were those where cats sought to avoid, for example, retreating from a person unknown to them. </p>
<p>The videos were carefully selected based on <a href="https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.28.4.519">strict behavioural criteria</a> and edited to only show each cat’s face, removing any potential body language or location cues. </p>
<figure>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/211759805" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitallowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
<figcaption><span class="caption">An example of a video from the study: here, a cat is kneading in his favoured resting spot, a positive situation.</span></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>More than 6,300 people from 85 countries judged whether the cat in each video was feeling positive or negative. On average, people identified the correct expression 59 per cent of the time. While this score is slightly better than if people had simply guessed, it suggests that many people find the task of reading cat faces challenging. </p>
<figure>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/202460513" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitallowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
<figcaption><span class="caption">An example of a video from the study: here, a cat is hiding in the examination room of a veterinary clinic, a negative situation.</span></figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Cat whisperers</h2>
<p>Although most people were poor cat face readers, a small subset of people (13 per cent) were quite skilled, scoring 15 points or higher out of a possible 20 points.<br>
Individuals in this group are more likely to be women than men. This is not surprising, since research has found that women are generally better at interpreting non-verbal emotional cues; this has been shown with <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00193">human babies</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074591">and dogs</a>. </p>
<p>I found “cat whisperers” also tend to have experience working as a veterinarian or veterinary technician. People in these occupations encounter a large number of cats on a daily basis and must learn to interpret their behaviour to recognize illness and avoid injury. </p>
<p>Suprisingly (or not, depending on your personal experience as a cat owner), cat owners are not any better at reading cat faces than people who have never owned a cat. This may be because cat owners learn the intricacies of their own cat through continued interactions, but likely cannot draw on varied experiences when faced with a series of unfamiliar cats. </p>
<h2>Implications for animal welfare</h2>
<p>My work has shown that cats display different facial expressions and that these facial expressions differ depending on how cats are feeling, both positive and negative.</p>
<p>Being able to read and interpret these different facial expressions can help to ensure that cats receive appropriate care. For example, facial expressions can indicate when a cat may be in pain and require treatment. Being able to read cat faces can also improve the bond between cat owners and their cats, through an improved understanding of how their cats may be feeling. </p>
<p>While many people seem to struggle with reading cat faces, some individuals are able to read them well. This suggests that interpreting cat faces is a skill that could improve with training and experience. </p>
<p>Do you think you could be a cat whisperer? You can test your cat-reading abilities by taking <a href="https://catdogwelfare.wixsite.com/catfaces/cat-faces-interactive-quiz">this interactive quiz</a>.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/128686/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Lauren Dawson does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Research suggests that people can learn to read cats’ facial expressions.Lauren Dawson, Postdoctoral fellow, Animal Biosciences, University of GuelphLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/1077742018-12-18T14:32:55Z2018-12-18T14:32:55ZIs it unethical to give your cat catnip?<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/250711/original/file-20181214-185258-1czwsab.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Catnip induces changes in cat behavior.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/gray-cat-enjoying-fresh-catnip-outside-688656943?src=5lwUKNfY33jhs9KaWPk6bA-1-1">Anna Hoychuk</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>For many Americans, companion animals are on their annual gifting list, particularly cats and dogs who share our homes and hearts. </p>
<p>Whether they’ve been naughty or nice matters not, as the more than <a href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-pet-toys-market-tops-1-billion-300495452.html">US$1 billion pet toy industry</a> has everything from the whimsical to practical to keep Fluffy and Spot occupied and caretakers entertained. Many of the go-to items for cats <a href="http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=e433">contain catnip</a>.</p>
<p>This herb, which goes by the botanical name of <em>Nepeta cataria</em>, induces changes in cat behavior. <a href="https://www.peterlang.com/view/title/22869">In my view</a>, it’s worth considering whether giving a mood-altering substance to a pet is ethical. </p>
<h2>Kitty crack?</h2>
<p>Catnip is sold in small packets and toys as well as in highly concentrated forms such as oils and sprays. The concentrated forms are different from its availability in nature. If a cat were to encounter catnip in the wild, it would be in the form of leafy greens growing on plants, not concentrated.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/experts-how-does-catnip-work-on-cats/">Not all cats are affected</a> by the drug, but for some it can have a five- to 15-minute marijuana- kind of effect. </p>
<p><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/experts-how-does-catnip-work-on-cats/">About 30 percent do not respond at all</a> – which means 70 percent do – and it doesn’t have an impact on kittens until they are about 6 months old, the time they attain sexual maturity. </p>
<p>When under the influence, some cats roll around, salivate, and at times, fight with other cats. It is not clear if there are any medicinal benefits. Cat owners often laugh at this behavior of their feline friends as being “high.” </p>
<figure>
<iframe width="440" height="260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/G-XUpY82S18?wmode=transparent&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
<figcaption><span class="caption">This video explains how catnip works.</span></figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Babes and beasts</h2>
<p>As an <a href="https://journalism.uoregon.edu/people/directory/dmerskin">animal media studies scholar</a>, I argue laughing at a cat who has been given a drug even if they seem happy should raise questions about human power and animal autonomy. </p>
<p>Several philosophers have made an argument for giving the same moral consideration to animals as we would give to humans. Philosopher <a href="https://uwaterloo.ca/philosophy/jan-narveson">Jan Narveson</a>, for example, asked in context of eating meat, whether animals suffer and if that was sufficient reason not to eat them. </p>
<p>One <a href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/anim-eth/">animal ethics theory</a> denies moral standing to other animals, stating they lack characteristics that only humans are thought to possess, such as rationality, autonomy and consciousness. But <a href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/anim-eth/">another theory of moral equality</a> argues that there are parallels in mental capabilities between humans and other animals and that moral consideration should not be limited to only our own species. </p>
<p>Philosopher <a href="https://petersinger.info/">Peter Singer</a>, calls for <a href="https://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/1979----.htm">“equal consideration of interests.”</a> Singer argues that we should not use our species as a measure of the worth or abilities of others, or their worthiness of ethical consideration. Other philosophers too <a href="http://www.environmentandsociety.org/mml/argument-marginal-cases-and-slippery-slope-objection">have argued</a> that simply because dogs or other animals don’t have the same vocal structure as humans doesn’t mean they should be treated with less compassion. </p>
<p>Furthermore, humans share many traits – empathy, ability to communicate, eating habits, sociability – with other species. For example, the capacity to love one’s young, the need to have food, water and to spend time with others of one’s own species are not exclusively human traits. <a href="http://www.environmentandsociety.org/mml/argument-marginal-cases-and-slippery-slope-objection">According to</a> philosopher <a href="https://philpeople.org/profiles/julia-tanner">Julia Tanner</a>, “It would be arbitrary to deny animals with similar capacities a similar level of moral consideration.” </p>
<p>So, if is unethical to drug a child and to laugh at how he or she responds, should we unthinkingly do the same with our cats? </p>
<h2>Consider animal ethics</h2>
<p>The <a href="https://ask.metafilter.com/82491/To-nip-or-not">discussion</a> on whether giving catnip is ethical has been an ongoing one on social media and <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/catnips-effect-on-big-and-little-cats-33576280/">other websites</a>.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/250713/original/file-20181214-185234-1cl1wxa.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/250713/original/file-20181214-185234-1cl1wxa.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/250713/original/file-20181214-185234-1cl1wxa.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/250713/original/file-20181214-185234-1cl1wxa.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/250713/original/file-20181214-185234-1cl1wxa.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/250713/original/file-20181214-185234-1cl1wxa.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/250713/original/file-20181214-185234-1cl1wxa.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Should you reconsider giving catnip to your cat?</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/calico-cat-licking-catnip-lips-1006672093?src=5lwUKNfY33jhs9KaWPk6bA-1-8">Tanya Plonka</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>On Reddit, for example, one person commented, “think of it as your cat going out for a few beers after work.” To that, another reader from an Alcoholics Anonymous family responded, asked whether it was ethical to give someone a drug in an otherwise substance-free home. </p>
<p>I asked the nonprofit <a href="https://www.peta.org/">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a> where they stand on this issue. Media Officer Sophia Charchuk responded:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>“PETA is all for treating cat companions to reasonable amounts of high-quality catnip – and for keeping them indoors, where they’ll be safe from cars, contagious diseases, predators, and cruel humans and able to enjoy toys (including those filled with catnip) for years to come.”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>However, my point here is not only about whether cats feel pleasure or pain. It’s about taking responsibility for our actions towards our pets and giving them the same moral consideration as we do to humans. </p>
<p>We rarely notice how advertising, television programs, movies and photographs often present <a href="https://www.peterlang.com/view/title/22869?format=HC&tab=aboutauthor">a one-dimensional view</a> of animals using them to say something about us, but very little about them. Wolves, for example, are widely shown in advertising and film as intent solely on harming us, rather than the complex, multidimensional pack animals that they are. </p>
<p>This has an impact on how we view animals. I agree with scholars who have pointed out that we need to view animals as <a href="http://www.animalethics.org.uk/subject-of-a-life.html">subjects of their own lives</a> rather than objects in ours. I believe we need to reconsider the ethics of “catnipping” them.</p>
<p><em>Editor’s note: This piece is part of our series on ethical questions arising from everyday life. We would welcome your suggestions. Please email us at ethical.questions@theconversation.com.</em></p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/107774/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Debra Merskin does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Catnip can induce changes in cat behavior. An expert argues that giving it to cats raises questions about human power and animal autonomy.Debra Merskin, Professor, University of OregonLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/753082017-05-02T20:06:39Z2017-05-02T20:06:39ZCurious Kids: Why don’t cats wear shoes?<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/167308/original/file-20170501-12974-1j3iuk0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Did Puss in Boots have it all wrong?</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/11250735@N07/10008347535/in/photolist-gfpp38-9ecPtP-s75ivp-4aGQi9-eirn6e-wRGt3-9B1ZBf-6iDRfQ-bt9VY-5Yie5k-dgHJZi-SKJdNf-9cUhCU-dKpXV9-j67D1G-eixcQ3-A5zqy-nYkhJh-eixcoq-gfp9Uh-cr8bYw-6kr3BF-gfpFyW-eirp1B-bpYaL-9zhcZW-34q88y-ocs2Je-4QkF4R-68pV79-roqg4m-mdsid-89kfSf-qm7nHj-4T99DE-ra18i-9epFcJ-impKiW-AJYuP-387B7L-dKL834-etWeMr-SeKjEd-dWbHrA-6kPcyC-dvfh6X-6fCYp2-85ut25-cBF7G5-gcEDB">Flickr/zaimoku_woodpile</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">CC BY-NC</a></span></figcaption></figure><p><em>This is an article from <a href="https://theconversation.com/au/topics/curious-kids-36782">Curious Kids</a>, a new series for children. The Conversation is asking kids to send in questions they’d like an expert to answer. All questions are welcome – serious, weird or wacky!</em> </p>
<hr>
<blockquote>
<p>Why don’t cats wear shoes? <strong>– Molly, 3, Melbourne.</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Cats don’t need shoes because since the dawn of time they have evolved to walk, run and jump on their hands and feet. Their hands and feet have evolved for the life of a carnivore (a meat-eater). They are well-designed killing machines, which is why we should try to keep pet cats inside.</p>
<p>Cats evolved in hot desert regions, where there were lots of small animals they could eat – mainly rodents like mice and rats. Hunters such as cats need to travel very fast, for short distances, to pounce on their prey, and to be able to climb so they can catch things that climb trees.</p>
<p>So they evolved to have retractable claws. That means cats can push them out and pull them in, just like Wolverine. </p>
<figure>
<iframe width="440" height="260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EJoSn7x2vzY?wmode=transparent&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
<figcaption><span class="caption">This slow-motion video shows how cats extend and retract their claws.</span></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>When they are resting, cats have their claws pulled in. These retractable claws help them grab and hold prey. They also help with climbing. They have a “thumb” on their front paws, which they use to scratch enemies in a fight, and to grip their prey so that cannot escape. </p>
<figure>
<iframe width="440" height="260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7Fs8xOHU0s4?wmode=transparent&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
<figcaption><span class="caption">All members of the cat family – from little house cats to big panthers – have retractable claws.</span></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Cats do not have “thumbs” on their hindlimbs (the back legs). The claws on a cat’s back legs are used mainly in climbing, and are not honed as much as those on the front legs.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/167302/original/file-20170501-12979-1sdhgzl.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/167302/original/file-20170501-12979-1sdhgzl.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/167302/original/file-20170501-12979-1sdhgzl.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=751&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/167302/original/file-20170501-12979-1sdhgzl.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=751&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/167302/original/file-20170501-12979-1sdhgzl.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=751&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/167302/original/file-20170501-12979-1sdhgzl.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=943&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/167302/original/file-20170501-12979-1sdhgzl.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=943&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/167302/original/file-20170501-12979-1sdhgzl.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=943&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">This is our cat Obi’s paw from underneath. In this picture, we have made the claws pop out by gently pulling Obi’s paw. Claws are made of layers of keratin and sharpened to a knife’s edge.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Cats’ needle-sharp claws grow out of bones in their paws, just like our nails grow out of our finger bones. And cats use wooden objects in nature to sharpen their claws on their front paws. It’s instinctive – that means they can’t help wanting to do it.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/167303/original/file-20170501-12974-196o9wl.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/167303/original/file-20170501-12974-196o9wl.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/167303/original/file-20170501-12974-196o9wl.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=695&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/167303/original/file-20170501-12974-196o9wl.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=695&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/167303/original/file-20170501-12974-196o9wl.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=695&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/167303/original/file-20170501-12974-196o9wl.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=873&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/167303/original/file-20170501-12974-196o9wl.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=873&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/167303/original/file-20170501-12974-196o9wl.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=873&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Obi’s paw from underneath. The dark, black ‘stopper pad’ is in the middle and there are smaller ‘digital pads’ up on his ‘toes’. These are the shock absorbers, and the skin there is thicker and tougher than the rest of the cat’s skin. The cat is relaxed and so the claws are retracted (pulled in).</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Some people like to ask their vet to remove the claws, but fortunately this cruel practice is banned in most places (including Australia). That’s because it hurts cats, messes with their fine balance, and affects their behaviour. </p>
<p>Another thing people sometimes do is use plastic protective caps to cover the claws. These are applied using superglue, to “save the furniture”. But an indoor “cat tree”, like a scratching post, works even better, and is less inconvenient for the cat.</p>
<p>The pads on their paws are shock absorbers, which helps explain why cats are so good at landing when they jump from a great height.</p>
<figure>
<iframe width="440" height="260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-xN12kR4TLc?wmode=transparent&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
<figcaption><span class="caption">Parts of a cat’s paws are padded, and act as shock absorbers when they jump from great heights.</span></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Some parts of the pads on the cat’s paws get their toughness through thickness and that protects them from rough surfaces. They also have special cushioning to protect against deformation.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/167306/original/file-20170501-13007-l3j4ir.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/167306/original/file-20170501-13007-l3j4ir.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/167306/original/file-20170501-13007-l3j4ir.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/167306/original/file-20170501-13007-l3j4ir.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/167306/original/file-20170501-13007-l3j4ir.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/167306/original/file-20170501-13007-l3j4ir.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/167306/original/file-20170501-13007-l3j4ir.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/167306/original/file-20170501-13007-l3j4ir.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Big cats like tigers also have well-designed paws that help them hunt, climb and jump.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/tambako/15971449167/in/photolist-qkkRpe-qnH35v-8oU7n7-74AmDv-eWqh2k-4DetX3-6z7APi-8g2TtS-iS573m-kbuug5-eZsFhd-bm7NQy-fHubzL-nA1CUY-fkExiU-aRBXDi-qRAXsE-buKcxH-cZgts5-qTmT1i-btBwP2-c9GX1N-dq7kuX-aoEQKo-bFUtN4-drAFpV-cYdBYu-dfYKD3-cY1qwb-nTmYdw-awBQxH-5gJN2K-aHqiPr-6zbEUL-cWaWFG-T1J4d-FGBkGB-drYnUc-6QNew2-7BTCYo-ds26cQ-a7LmzR-ds9YNB-kecVeX-p7YLUG-8ygk2n-dL7R9q-c5RgLG-aJwY4B-czAv9E">Flickr/Tambako The Jaguar</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">CC BY-ND</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>If cats wore shoes, none of this – the climbing, grasping, catching and all the other things cats evolved to do to survive – would be possible. It would be like Wolverine wearing boxing gloves. It just wouldn’t work.</p>
<p>On the other hand, because they do not wear gloves and boots, cats can get infections from germs that live in the soil. This doesn’t happen often.</p>
<p>Of the animals we are most familiar with, only people and horses often wear shoes. Some people think it is silly for humans to be wearing shoes. It’s just an un-natural adaption to recent things like living in cities and walking on concrete.</p>
<p>So perhaps the answer to Molly’s question is: “Why do humans wear shoes?”</p>
<hr>
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<figure class="align-left ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/165749/original/image-20170419-32713-1kyojyz.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/165749/original/image-20170419-32713-1kyojyz.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=376&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/165749/original/image-20170419-32713-1kyojyz.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=376&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/165749/original/image-20170419-32713-1kyojyz.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=376&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/165749/original/image-20170419-32713-1kyojyz.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=472&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/165749/original/image-20170419-32713-1kyojyz.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=472&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/165749/original/image-20170419-32713-1kyojyz.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=472&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption"></span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">CC BY-ND</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p><em>Please tell us your name, age and which city you live in. You can send an audio recording of your question too, if you want. Send as many questions as you like! We won’t be able to answer every question but we will do our best.</em></p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/75308/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Cats evolved in hot desert regions where there were lots of small animals to eat. So they evolved feet that are perfect for pouncing on prey, climbing, scratching and jumping from great heights.Richard Malik, Veterinary Internist (Specialist), University of SydneyAndrea Harvey, Veterinary Specialist, PhD scholar, University of Technology SydneyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/586922016-05-18T00:50:19Z2016-05-18T00:50:19ZCould the mystery of the meow be solved by a new talking cat collar?<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/122766/original/image-20160516-15930-1r1ny3p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C1931%2C5000%2C3068&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">How good are people at interpreting a cat's meow?</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-351510317/stock-photo-what-cats-say-repeating-pattern-of-cats-and-what-they-say-and-think-about.html?src=pp-same_artist-374297611-m4mjc7c1AA_51e0fqou18A-2">'Cats' via www.shutterstock.com</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>Imagine you’re a cat, and, every time you meowed, the loud voice of a snooty-sounding British gentleman kindly informed your human guardian of your every thought and feeling (well, the thoughts and feelings you had <em>before</em> you were terrified by the sound of the voice).</p>
<p>A new product called <a href="http://catterbox.com/">the Catterbox</a> – the world’s first talking cat collar – purports to do just that, using Bluetooth technology, a microphone and a speaker to capture a cat’s meow and translate it into an English-speaking human voice. </p>
<figure>
<iframe width="440" height="260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-pq8J12tLd4?wmode=transparent&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
<figcaption><span class="caption">An ad for the Catterbox, which claims to be the world’s first ‘talking’ cat collar.</span></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>It’s not a joke; nor is it the first time a company has tried to use technology to translate cat meows for humans. A few years ago, the <a href="http://www.japantrendshop.com/meowlingual-cat-translation-device-p-2739.html">Meowlingual</a> promised to interpret feline vocalization and expressions, but it didn’t exactly fly off the shelves or revolutionize our relationships with cats.</p>
<p>Still, the fact that these devices exist speak to the obsession humans seem to have with figuring out what their cats are thinking and feeling. Cats have a reputation for being hard to read – their mind is a “black box” – and some animal scientists have suggested that <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/04/cat_intelligence_and_cognition_are_cats_smarter_than_dogs.html">cats are just too challenging to even study</a>. </p>
<p>But while a talking cat collar isn’t likely to solve the mystery of the meow, scientists have already discovered a few helpful things about human-cat communication and cats’ environmental needs. </p>
<h2>A 20,000-year head start</h2>
<p>Domestication of both dogs and cats has likely had a huge influence on their behavior, especially the way they interact with humans. </p>
<p>The coevolution of dogs and humans, however, can be traced back <a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v4/n5/full/ncomms2814.html">approximately 30,000 years</a>, giving dogs a <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/01/were-cats-domesticated-more-once">20,000-year edge over cats</a> in wiggling their way into human companionship. </p>
<p>Because cats have had a much shorter period of coevolution with humans than dogs, they’ve been subject to less selection for facial expressions that we translate in dogs as “easy to read” and “human-like.” For example, we see something as simple as “eyebrow raising” in dogs <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0082686">as a sign of sadness and vulnerability</a>. </p>
<p>For this reason, many will either dismiss cats as inscrutable, or use venues such as <a href="http://www.lolcats.com/">LOLCats</a> to imagine what cats’ thoughts might be (mostly disparaging toward humans, it appears).</p>
<p>But humans are actually pretty good at reading some aspects of cat communication. Cornell psychologist Nicholas Nicastro <a href="http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/com/118/3/287/">tested human perceptions of domestic cat vocalizations</a> and compared them to those of the cat’s closest wild relative, the African wild cat. </p>
<p>Our pet cats have meows that are shorter and of a higher pitch than their wild cousins. Humans tended to rate domestic cat cries as more pleasant and less urgent, showing that humans can identify which meows are from domestic cats and which are from a closely related wild cat. Meanwhile, <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982209011683">a 2009 study</a> demonstrated that humans could discriminate an “urgent” purr (one made by a cat while soliciting food from its owner) from a nonurgent one. </p>
<h2>Communication breakdown</h2>
<p>Many cat owners already assign meaning to meows, depending on their context. When your cat woefully cries at 5 a.m., you might be certain he wants food. But what if it’s just petting? Or wants to go outside? </p>
<p>This is where the cat-human communication seems to break down. People know their cat wants <em>something</em>. But they don’t seem to know just what.</p>
<figure class="align-right ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/122768/original/image-20160516-15920-1gg6g66.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/122768/original/image-20160516-15920-1gg6g66.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=698&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/122768/original/image-20160516-15920-1gg6g66.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=698&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/122768/original/image-20160516-15920-1gg6g66.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=698&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/122768/original/image-20160516-15920-1gg6g66.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=877&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/122768/original/image-20160516-15920-1gg6g66.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=877&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/122768/original/image-20160516-15920-1gg6g66.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=877&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Yes, but what is it that you’re actually trying to say?</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="http://www.shutterstock.com/s/cat+talking/search.html?page=4&thumb_size=mosaic&inline=282845168">'Cat' via www.shutterstock.com</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Nicastro did <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12735363">another study</a> that found people were just so-so at being able to assign meaning to a meow. Experimenters recorded cats when hungry (owner preparing food), in distress (in a car), irritated (being overhandled), affiliative (when the cat wanted attention) or when facing an obstacle (a closed door). Participants could classify the meows at a rate greater than chance, but their performance wasn’t great (just 34 percent correct). </p>
<p><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08927936.2015.1070005">A similar study</a> in 2015 by Dr. Sarah Ellis showed that even when the cat belonged to the participant, only four out of 10 humans could correctly identify the context of the different meows. And no one performed better than random chance when classifying meows of unfamiliar cats. </p>
<p>This suggests a few possibilities: meows might all sound the same to humans; perhaps some sort of learning occurs when we live with a cat that allows us to be slightly better at recognizing their meows over those of unfamiliar cats; or we might rely very heavily on context – not just the meow – to tell us what our cat might be thinking.</p>
<p>I have to admit, I’m not one of those people who finds cats difficult to understand. I accept that all cats have different needs than I do – and those needs include mental and physical stimulation (such as vertical space and play with interactive toys), appropriate outlets for normal feline behaviors (such as multiple litter boxes and scratching posts) and positive interactions with people (but as <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2047832">research has shown</a>, in order to be positive, the interaction almost always needs to happen on the cat’s terms). </p>
<p>My bet? Those “urgent” 5 a.m. meows most often come from cats who either have learned that meowing is the only way to get attention or are not having their environmental and social needs met. But providing for those needs is going to be a lot more effective than trying to get your cat to talk to you through a novelty collar.</p>
<p>In its <a href="http://www.adforum.com/agency/3884/press-releases/56916/adameveddb-creates-temptations-catterbox-the-worlds-first-talking-cat-collar">press release</a> for the Catterbox, Temptation Labs claimed the device will “inject more fun” into a cat’s and human’s relationship. I can’t imagine it will be much fun for cats (who have <a href="http://www.lsu.edu/deafness/HearingRange.html">much more sensitive hearing than humans do</a>) to be subjected to a loud sound near their ears every time they meow. </p>
<p>At best, the Catterbox is a sorry attempt at a humorous ad campaign to sell cat treats. At worst, we have a product that does nothing to help us actually understand cats. </p>
<p>Instead we have a cat collar that promotes anthropomorphism and will probably simultaneously terrify the cats that are wearing it. </p>
<p>Talk about a lack of understanding.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/58692/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Mikel Delgado does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>While cats – with their steely demeanor – have a reputation of being hard to read, humans seem intent on figuring out what they’re thinking and feeling.Mikel Delgado, Ph.D. Candidate in Psychology, University of California, BerkeleyLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.tag:theconversation.com,2011:article/521842016-01-06T11:42:56Z2016-01-06T11:42:56ZHow the cat got its coat (and other furry tails)<figure><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/107215/original/image-20160104-29000-ev5b6.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=496&fit=clip" /><figcaption><span class="caption">All dressed up</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/schill/5332057936/">Scott Schiller</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">CC BY-NC</a></span></figcaption></figure><p>From Sylvester in Looney Tunes to Mr Mistoffelees in the 1980s musical, some of the most famous (albeit fictional) cats share a distinctively sharp appearance thanks to their black and white tuxedo-style coats. Cats with skin and fur marked by white patches in this way are known as “<a href="http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/piebaldism">bicolour” or “piebald”</a>. Piebaldism is also common in a range of domestic and farm animals including dogs, cows and pigs, deer, horses and appears more rarely <a href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1113248-overview">in humans</a>. It is caused by a mutation in a <a href="http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/KIT">gene called “KIT”</a>.</p>
<p>Our team of researchers from the universities of Bath, Edinburgh and Oxford have been working to unlock the mystery of how these animals get their distinctive patterns. <a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160106/ncomms10288/full/ncomms10288.html">We have discovered</a> that the way these striking pigment patterns form is far more random than originally thought. Our findings have implications for the study of a wide range of serious embryonic disorders in humans, including diseases affecting hearing, vision, digestion and the heart.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/107185/original/image-20160104-28980-ehqr70.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/107185/original/image-20160104-28980-ehqr70.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=385&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107185/original/image-20160104-28980-ehqr70.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=385&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107185/original/image-20160104-28980-ehqr70.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=385&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107185/original/image-20160104-28980-ehqr70.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=483&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107185/original/image-20160104-28980-ehqr70.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=483&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107185/original/image-20160104-28980-ehqr70.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=483&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Stunning patterns.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Shutterstock</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Piebaldism usually manifests as white areas of fur, hair or skin due to the absence of pigment-producing cells in those regions. These areas usually arise on the front of an animal, commonly on the belly and the forehead. Piebald patterns are among the most striking animal coat patterns in nature.</p>
<p>Although the effects of piebaldism are relatively mild, it is one of a range of more serious defects called <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9050057">neurocristopathies</a>. These result from defects in the development of tissues and can manifest as heart problems, deafness, digestive problems and even cancer. The diseases are all linked by their reliance on a family of embryonic cells called neural crest cells. By understanding piebaldism better, we can improve our understanding of these related and more serious diseases.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/107184/original/image-20160104-28994-17brinf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/107184/original/image-20160104-28994-17brinf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=480&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107184/original/image-20160104-28994-17brinf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=480&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107184/original/image-20160104-28994-17brinf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=480&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107184/original/image-20160104-28994-17brinf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=603&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107184/original/image-20160104-28994-17brinf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=603&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107184/original/image-20160104-28994-17brinf.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=603&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Ready for the ball.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/adavey/8563682874/">A.Davey/Flickr</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">CC BY-NC</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Animals acquire piebald pigmentation patterns on their skin when they are still developing embryos. Piebaldism arises when the precursors of pigment-producing cells spread incorrectly through the embryo. In normal development, pigment cells start near the back of the embryo and spread through its developing skin to the belly. As the cells spread they also multiply, creating more cells, some of which are left behind to ensure all the skin is pigmented.</p>
<p>With piebaldism, however, the darkly coloured pigment cells don’t make it as far as the belly in time to pigment the hair and skin. This results in distinctive white patches of fur and skin, usually around the belly of the animal, the furthest point from where they started. It has <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC335639/pdf/pnas00677-0363.pdf">long been thought</a> that pigment cells migrate directly from the back to the front and that the lack of pigmentation at the front is due to pigment cells not moving <a href="http://dev.biologists.org/content/develop/121/3/731.full.pdf">fast enough</a>.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/107193/original/image-20160104-28991-1eqrtfj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/107193/original/image-20160104-28991-1eqrtfj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107193/original/image-20160104-28991-1eqrtfj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107193/original/image-20160104-28991-1eqrtfj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107193/original/image-20160104-28991-1eqrtfj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=424&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107193/original/image-20160104-28991-1eqrtfj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=424&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107193/original/image-20160104-28991-1eqrtfj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=424&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Cells starting near the back of the embryo migrate around to the front.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Richard Mort</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>However, our findings, <a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160106/ncomms10288/full/ncomms10288.html">published in Nature Communications</a>, paint a different picture. We found that, if anything, cells in piebald animals migrate faster than in normal animals, but that they don’t divide as often. This means that there simply aren’t enough cells to pigment all the areas of the developing embryo.</p>
<figure class="align-left ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/107201/original/image-20160104-28985-9zs4nm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/107201/original/image-20160104-28985-9zs4nm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=1142&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107201/original/image-20160104-28985-9zs4nm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=1142&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107201/original/image-20160104-28985-9zs4nm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=1142&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107201/original/image-20160104-28985-9zs4nm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=1435&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107201/original/image-20160104-28985-9zs4nm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=1435&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107201/original/image-20160104-28985-9zs4nm.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=1435&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Chimaeric stripes.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">John West</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Chimaeric animals develop from a fusion of two early-stage embryos. If the original embryos would have been differently coloured (for example, black and white), the chimaeric animal often has striped or patchy coat patterns, a mix of the two colours. Previously, the <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC335639/pdf/pnas00677-0363.pdf;%20http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022519375900296">predominant theory</a> was that each stripe was created by a small number of initiator cells that spread from back to front.</p>
<p>Our study used a combination of biological experimentation and complex mathematical modelling to demonstrate that pigment cells migrate randomly. Rather than moving in a specific direction like the sprinters in a 100-metre race, the cells move with little or no persistence, like drunks staggering out of the local bar at closing time. The striped patterns seen in some chimaeric mice may simply be the result of several groups of cells of the same colour coming together by chance.</p>
<p>Using our mathematical model, we can explore and evaluate a huge range of possible alternative biological hypotheses for pattern formation. This gives us a deeper understanding that would be impossible with experiments alone. It also means we could reduce the number of animals used in experiments in this important research area.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/107179/original/image-20160104-29000-1hwo4af.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/107179/original/image-20160104-29000-1hwo4af.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107179/original/image-20160104-29000-1hwo4af.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107179/original/image-20160104-29000-1hwo4af.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=450&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107179/original/image-20160104-29000-1hwo4af.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107179/original/image-20160104-29000-1hwo4af.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/107179/original/image-20160104-29000-1hwo4af.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=566&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Gratuitous cat picture.</span>
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/tjflex/233591330/">Tjflex2/Flickr</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">CC BY-NC-ND</a></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Excitingly, there is now the potential to use the same mathematical model to investigate other cell types during early development. This creates a new opportunity to learn more about medical conditions linked to early cell positioning, including those that give rise to certain types of cancers of the nervous system and other debilitating diseases such as <a href="http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/waardenburg-syndrome">Waardenburg syndrome</a>, <a href="http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Hirschsprungs-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx">Hirschsprung disease</a> and <a href="http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/congenital-central-hypoventilation-syndrome">Ondine’s curse</a>, a respiratory disorder that is fatal if left untreated.</p><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/52184/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />
<p class="fine-print"><em><span>Christian Yates does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p>Scientists have used maths to explain why some cats’ fur makes them look like they’re wearing a tuxedo.Christian Yates, Lecturer in Mathematical Biology, University of BathLicensed as Creative Commons – attribution, no derivatives.