A Black man holds up a sign during a Reparations Task Force meeting in Los Angeles, California on Sept. 22, 2022.
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Former enslaved persons have never received a dime for their labor. Nor have their descendants received reparations for the legacy of slavery.
Should the descendants be paid? By whom and how much?
A statue of John Witherspoon overlooks a common area at Princeton University.
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Founding Father and Princeton University president John Witherspoon told American colonists to resist the ‘slavery’ of British rule, even as he held slaves himself.
President Barack Obama presents NBA champion and human rights advocate Bill Russell the Medal of Freedom on Feb. 15, 2011.
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America’s complicated history with race can be told through the lives and times of Black Americans, a view that some GOP-controlled state legislatures want to restrict, if not outright ban.
Black fugitives fleeing slavery on the Underground Railroad,
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Instead of using the secret routes along the Underground Railroad to find freedom in the North, thousands of enslaved Black people fled to free Black communities in Southern slaveholding states.
Florida Governor Ron DeSantis campaigns for re-election during a rally on November 7, 2022.
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The events of Jan. 6, 2021, have been called an insurrection. The same word has often been used to describe the mostly forgotten rebellions against plantation owners by enslaved people.
General Grant stands in front of his campaign tent at his headquarters in Virginia in 1865.
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Known as the military leader who saved America, Ulysses S. Grant left a legacy of fighting for the rights of enslaved people during and after the Civil War.
A depiction of an auction where an enslaved person is sold.
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At a time when politicians across the country are debating how slavery in the US is taught, high school students are participating in mock slave auctions that are having severe consequences
A Texas law says slavery cannot be taught as part of the ‘true founding’ of the United States.
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Known as Juneteenth in Texas, Emancipation Days symbolized America’s attempt to free the enslaved across the nation. But those days were unable to prevent new forms of economic slavery.
Reconstructed slave cabins at James Madison’s Montpelier in Virginia.
Stephen P. Hanna
Once owned by James Madison, the Montpelier plantation remains a model for presenting a full depiction of the life of the former president as well as the lives of those he enslaved.
A portrait of Harriet Tubman in 1878.
Library of Congress/Getty Images
Harriet Tubman has long been known as a conductor on the Underground Railroad leading enslaved Black people to freedom. Less known is her role as a Union spy during the Civil War.
Hundreds of plantation museums dot the South.
Amy Potter
Plantation museums could be ideal venues for students to learn about the nation’s history of race-based slavery, but only if they stop whitewashing the horrors of what took place on their grounds.
In this rare photograph taken in 2000, prisoners at the Ferguson Unit in Texas are seen working in the prison’s cotton fields.
Photo by Andrew Lichtenstein/Corbis via Getty Images
The 13th Amendment is given credit for freeing an estimated 4 million enslaved people during the Civil War era. It also enabled a prison system of free labor and involuntary servitude.
Harvesting on a Louisiana sugar plantation, 1875.
Alfred R. Waud/Library of Congress
Sugar has deep links with slavery in the US, but Black workers weren’t the only ones affected. In post-Civil War Louisiana, Chinese workers also toiled cutting and processing cane.
The enslaved people who produced sugar before the Civil War did dangerous and grueling work.
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Before the Civil War, US activists sought to combat slavery through sugar boycotts. Instead, consumption grew.
These statues of enslaved young boys are part of a modern-day depiction of southern plantation life at the Whitney Museum in Louisiana.
AP Photo/Gerald Herbert
The romanticized notions of Southern gentility are increasingly at odds with historical reality as the lives, culture and contributions of the enslaved are becoming integral on tours of plantations.
Engraving of James McCune Smith by Patrick H. Reason.
New York Historical Society
James McCune Smith was the first African American to receive a medical doctorate from a university. He dedicated his life to fighting injustice.
A painting depicting Francis Scott Key aboard the British ship HMS Tonnant viewing Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore on Sept. 14, 1814.
Ed Vebell/Getty Images
Few people embody the contradictions of U.S. history like the author of the Star Spangled Banner, someone who denounced slavery as a moral wrong but rejected racial equality.
U.S. teachers often struggle to depict the realities of slavery in America.
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Few issues are as difficult to deal with in the classroom as slavery in the US. Here, a professor who trains teachers on how to present the topic offers some insights.