The same amino acid can be encoded by anywhere from one to six different strings of letters in the genetic code.
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Many of the amino acids that make up proteins are encoded by genetic material in more than one way. An information theorist explains how principles of nature may account for this variance.
Stochasticity is everywhere – and finding the order in disorder can unlock new ways to understand biology.
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An epigenetic model of cancer that incorporates the concept of stochasticity could also explain why cancer risk increases with age and how biological development can be reversible.
Our curiosity about time travel is thousands of years old.
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In physics, entropy is the process of a system losing energy and dissolving into chaos. This applies to social systems in everyday life, too. Limiting energy loss can make social systems run better.
Leaving predictability and entering into uncertainty is a threshold to transformation.
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Psychedelics can help reset the brain, shaking it out of old patterns. The current state of uncertainty could have similar impacts - a metaphorical psychedelic dose - for new insights.
M81 spiral galaxy.
NASA/JPL-Caltech/ESA/Harvard-Smithsonian CfA
The evidence for a rapid shift in state of the terrestrial atmosphere-ocean system over the last two centuries (see figure 1) requires a deep time perspective, beyond events of the day. Tracing the original…