If you typed “pins and needles” into Google, what kind of results would you expect to find? According to a recent study from Bupa Health, the search engine could diagnose you with anything from a completely reversible vitamin B12 deficiency, to sciatica, or worse, multiple sclerosis.
Entering “stomach cramps” into Google returns indigestion, appendicitis, or something as serious as heart disease or angina. Even a condition as benign as a rash comes up with dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, or much more serious diseases such as meningitis.
No wonder there’s a dedicated term to describe patients who develop paranoia from googling their symptoms – cyberchondria.
The most recent statistics about Australians' computer use shows around 80% of us now have access to the internet at home and the use of mobile devices is on the rise, thus nearly all of us can access the world-wide-web 24/7. Google is the search engine of choice for 93% of us, so when it comes to sourcing information about our health and medications, Dr Google seems an obvious place to go.
The Bupa study also revealed that: approximately a third (34%) of us would like to have the ability to text an image of our problem to receive a diagnosis; 45% would like to have access to our doctor by email; half of us self-diagnose; and 70% research our medications online. But while there is a plethora of information available online, it remains largely unregulated.
So how can you determine if the health information you find is accurate?
Well, mostly you can’t. In fact studies analysing the accuracy of Google results for the search term “vaccination” reveal 60% are actually against vaccination. (Interestingly searching “immunisation” is more likely to return accurate results since people opposed to vaccination do not believe that vaccination induces immunity).
All of this has created a difficult scenario for health care practitioners and patients alike. A patient could self-diagnose mild abdominal pain as constipation, for example, when they might have gallstones. Or on the flip side, another patient could incorrectly diagnose their headaches as meningitis.
Some doctors are justifiably worried that patients are diagnosing and treating themselves, using devices such as a gastric bypass surgery kit which was sold on Amazon. Or apps to scan moles and determine if they’re cancerous.
But while some doctors are frustrated by patients’ desire to research their conditions online, others are resigned to the fact it will happen, so are prepared to help guide patients to accurate information on the web.

My top ten health websites
No website is completely free of errors or spurious or out-of-date information, so you will always need to exercise scepticism. A few rules of thumb include checking the date the information was updated, checking the “about us” section for the author’s/publisher’s qualifications and reputations. Also look for any evidence of peer review published data, as opposed to testimonials.
The Australian government offers accurate, consumer-driven information that’s generally kept up to date. Of note is its vaccination information which provides easy to read information for parents (the “Understanding Childhood Immunisation Booklet”, is just one example). The government’s National Prescribing Service and Health Insite provide consumer-driven health information, as do state government websites such as the Better Health Channel in Victoria.
The commercial My Doctor website will give you comprehensive local health and medical information from the MIMS medical reference tool.
Concise and accurate fact sheets on vaccination can be found at the National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS) and facts sheets on other medical conditions are available from the Consumer Health Forum.
Other international sources include WebMD, The Mayo Clinic, NIH Health and the National Cancer Institute, which are all good places to find reliable and easy-to-understand medical information.

There are also a number of crowd-sourced tools that indicate the quality of a site, based on user experience. Web of trust (WOT) is a browser plug-in which rates sites from green (good) to red (bad) depending on consumer reviews compiled from four categories: trustworthiness, reliability, child safety and privacy.
The HON (Health on the Net Foundation) Code is the oldest rating system and was founded in 1995 by the Economic and Social Council of The United Nations to encourage the dissemination of quality health information for patients, professionals and the general public.
If you come across information that makes you suspicious, you can always google it with the word “sceptic” or “debunk” and you’ll usually find several blog posts that offer a second opinion. A large community of scientists and health professionals lurk on the intertoobs and take great pleasure in applying their expertise to debunking suspicious and spurious medical claims. Science Based Medicine is one such multi-author blog, with contributions from pharmacists, cancer specialists, neurologists, infectious disease doctors and researchers.
The important thing to remember about researching health information online is to be sceptical, be critical, and never replace the trained eye and diagnosis of an experienced health professional with diagnosis by Dr Google. The internet can assist you, perhaps even calm your fears temporarily (or not, as case may be) but it will never replace the expertise of your doctor.
Finally, respect your doctor. Don’t be fooled into thinking you know more than them just because you’ve spent a few hours at Google University.
This list of websites is by no means exhaustive, so please feel free to add your favourites in the comments section below.
Jayson Daniel Cooke
Journalist
Well done on raising this incredibly important issue. I've lost count of the times lay people have told me of their self-diagnosis in lieu of seeking professional health care. Considering just how much misinformation is on the internet, combined with the complexity of the human body, not to mention our all to human fallibility, you're spot on that this is potentially a deadly combination.
Colin Jenkins
Software
Google can however be used for reliable searches if you use their tools. I have used Google Custom Search Engine to construct a science based vaccination search engine, with categories like "Parent Friendly", "Blogs" and "Research". It also blacklists known anti-vaccination sites. This only took about half a day. The tools are there for reliable searching with a little effort. http://vaxfax.me
Russell Hamilton
Librarian
It's fantastic how much information is now available to everyone on the net, and surprising how many people do know about sites such as PubMed. Of course there's a lot of rubbish out there as well.
But what academics and universities could do, if they cared to, is very much increase the amount of quality info available on the net: that info which they publish exclusively in very expensive journals.
Rachael Dunlop
Post-doctoral fellow at University of Technology, Sydney
Hi Russell, under the current system don't have control over the publishing of academic papers. Here's how it works now - we write them for free, they go to editors who reside over them for free, they are reviewed for free, then we pay to publish them and pay to read them. The journals maintain our copyright and sell our work on. It's really a very odd system.
There are moves in the UK to change this. The UK Science Minister has called for results of publicly funded research to be published in…
Read moreRussell Hamilton
Librarian
Hi Rachael,
Thanks for your reply ... yes, schemes for open access web access for academic papers has been talked about for more than 10 years, but not much has happened. Vice Chancellors are paid about a million$ a year I think - you would think that that much talent might have made more progress ......
Libraries, as trusted information providers, pay for subscriptions to health databases so that their clients can get good information. Unfortunately the companies that compile those databases (largely aggregations of journal articles) can't afford to include the articles published only in the expensive journals. Clients searching those databases find there may be only a little on the topic they're interested in, so off they go to Google ......
Cris Kerr
Volunteer Community Health Researcher, Advocate for the value of Patient Testimony
From my experience collecting patient testimony, diagnosis for many remains frustratingly elusive.
Patients tire of symptoms that progress or don't abate, and they tire from treating symptoms alone with no end in sight... which can then lead to depression.
Not all, but many are desperate to know what is causing their health issues so they can do something positive about it rather than passively taking drugs to suppress symptoms. This unmet need is one of the reasons patients turn to the net.
Another…
Read moreDouglas Cotton
logged in via Facebook
Good points Chris. It's probably a little unfair to blame it on the Government (not that I care what you blame on the current one) for it's usually the TGA I understand.
Judith Olney
Ms
One of the reasons that people access the internet for diagnosis, and information, is that actually seeing a doctor or health professional, in many areas, is almost impossible.
I live in a rural town and in order to see a doctor, you must first be already on the patient list, all doctors in my town are refusing to take any new patients. To have an appointment with a doctor, the average waiting period is 3 weeks, if you are lucky enough to be on the patient list. If you cannot get an appointment…
Read moreRachael Dunlop
Post-doctoral fellow at University of Technology, Sydney
Good points Judith
Fron Jackson-Webb
Section Editor at The Conversation
Hi all,
When deleting some off-topic comments, some of your website recommendations have inadvertently dropped off this thread – my apologies. It would be great if you could post them again, if possible.
Regards,
Fron
Paul Rogers
logged in via Twitter
These were my recommendations. I've added a few more on evidence assessment.
General health and medicine
----------------------------------------
Medscape - http://www.medscape.com/
MedicineNet - http://www.medicinenet.com/
WebMd - http://www.webmd.com/
PubMed - http://preview.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
Better Health Channel - http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/
Prevention
--------------
Harvard School of Public Health Nutrition - http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/
Berkeley Wellness Alerts - http://www.berkeleywellnessalerts.com/
Evidence assessment
-------------------------------
NHMRC levels of evidence and grades for recommendations
for developers of guidelines - http://tinyurl.com/4yzf7cm
Cochrane Collaboration - http://www.cochrane.org/
DION DOE
webmaster
Hello, nice article..
Please check out my website. :)
http://howtocureayeastinfectionathome.net