That “Eureka” moment when a student thunders over an educational hurdle opening up a new realm of learning, is the holy grail for educators.
The technical term is a “threshold concept”, and they’re being discovered in every discipline from economics to engineering, design and English grammar.
Origins of the concept
These fascinating beasts were introduced to us by Erik Meyer and Ray Land nine years ago.
They wanted to understand the factors that lead to high quality learning in five subject areas. The term distinguishes between core concepts which open a gateway or portal to otherwise inaccessible material, and ideas which might mark “seeing things in a new way”.
The transition through the portal can be problematic, troubling and often humbling, and students often mimic the new status without understanding the meaning of what they are doing.
Curriculum progress
A very important aspect of curriculum reform will therefore be identifying threshold concepts so that ways of helping students pass through the threshold may be considered and built into the course structure.
There has been an increasingly loud buzz around this issue with more and more teachers locating threshold concepts in different disciplinary areas. The most recent book Threshold Concepts and Transformative Learning summarises developments in this new field of educational research and development.
At UWA we have a unique opportunity to redesign our curriculum using the threshold concepts approach, as we prepare for our New Courses 2012.
In order to help us achieve this aim, we have been awarded an Australian Learning and Teaching Council grant to identify and explore fundamental engineering thresholds – those which any engineering student will need in order to progress to upper levels.
We are collaborating with academics across Australia as well as in the UK and Sweden for this process, whereby potential thresholds are debated and discussed.
Challenging students
Once a threshold concept has been identified, a next step is the consideration of how students might vary in their experiences of learning it, with a knowledge of such variation informing new forms of pedagogical practice.
What is known as “variation theory” provides one basis for developing such new ways of teaching.
The idea is that we understand the concept “night” by the existence of “day”. The first step for students to develop their knowledge of, and capability with, any new concept is for us to help them discern its critical aspects by experiencing variation around it.
An example used in The University of Learning: Beyond Quality and Competence is that of students considering: (a) a car moving on a straight, flat road, with ever-increasing speed up to a given limit and (b) a car moving at a constant speed on a curved off-on ramp between two motorways. Students note that the car in (b) is changing direction while the car in (a) is not. Also that in (b) the speed is not changing while in (a) the speed does change.
They begin to think about force and acceleration in ways that lead them to the conclusion that some form of force is needed to increase the speed of a car moving in a straight line. And that force is also needed to change direction, while keeping the speed constant.
Integrating courses
We need to prepare learning situations in which students can focus on the troublesome aspects of threshold concepts in different ways and contexts – but it is equally important for us to point out that this is what they are doing so they experience it.
One way is to integrate courses, so that students “see” the threshold concepts more than once and experience them in different ways.
We are, for example, creating a foundational integrated “block” of courses for students in first and second year in which we specifically teach concepts that are known to be threshold, in multiple contexts.
Our main aim? To never again hear a student in second year say “no, we didn’t learn that last year” when we know we taught it to them!
John Harland
bicycle technician
To what extent are those breakthrough points the same for all learners?
Are some students approaching that point in their learning from such a different angle that there is no obvious breakthrough point and they just see things in a slightly different way at that point?
To what degree is the overcoming of such breakthrough points dependent on intellectual maturity?
Caroline Baillie
University of Western Australia
The thresholds will be caused by a few different reasons: the actual subject matter within the discipline itself and state of the art knowledge in the world (some would say these are the only 'true' threshold concepts), the context in which it is taught (the teaching style, learning environment, cultural context etc.) and of course, as you point out, the individual learner differences. It is therefore necessary to tease out some of these differences in order to make best use of our knowledge of what…
Read moreJohn Harland
bicycle technician
Thanks, Caroline.
The breakthrough moments I remember vividly both in myself and in students have been from the bringing together of known principles, rather than from adding a lot of new information.
Perhaps this is a useful guideline: minimising the mental load of new material to concentrate on seeing the connections.
Teaching bicycle maintenance - especially hands-on - can be a good generator of such linkages, and breakthroughs in understanding.
There is something special about not simply the naked simplicity of physics of the bike but an extra dimension of its usefulness and ordinariness. I think this helps people to make broader linkages than do specific "demonstrations" in a classroom.
Perhaps, too, it is because the learning is not labelled "science" so people come to it without mental barriers to learning, and are more ready to make links to other areas of knowledge.
I hope you can make some use of that, anecdotal and subjective though it is.
Mary Kennedy-Jones
Senior lecturer Occupational Therapy at La Trobe University
It seems from our work doing concept maps before and after a subject that the depth of learning (meaningful, rote or non learning( Novak) is largely influenced by what knowedge the learner starts with!
On another matter: I wonder if anyone can help with the following question I have;
Can concept maps be used to identify threshold concepts and if so how?
Thanks
Caroline Baillie
University of Western Australia
Kathleen Quinlan of Oxford University is collaborating with us and is using concept maps to describe the terrain of the threshold concepts we discover. Not so much to discover them but to understand the architecture and the hierarchy of concepts within concepts - to find out what the underlying troublesomeness might be. More work in this area can be found on Mick Flanagans useful portal http://www.ee.ucl.ac.uk/~mflanaga/thresholds.html
Sally Male
Researcher in Engineering Education at University of Western Australia
Caroline Baillie's article notes the project at UWA, "Engineering thresholds: an approach to curriculum renewal" supported by the Australian Learning and Teaching Council. This project has a web discussion forum on engineering threshold concepts
http://www.ecm.uwa.edu.au/engineeringthresholds.