Last weekend, The Guardian ran an article entitled “Do online courses spell the end for the traditional university?” Had I been the one writing that article, it would have been precisely two letters long:
“N O”
Superficial opinion abounds, and nobody ever got famous for suggesting things were pretty much going to stay the same, but although the online education revolution will bring about fairly major changes in the way universities do things, they are not an existential threat.
I don’t want to criticise the Massive Open Online Courses, aka MOOCs. I’ve enrolled in one from Udacity, and it was very, very good, particularly in terms of how the learning material was presented.
But there are still a few issues that the MOOCs haven’t solved, and I’m not certain they’re going to be able to do so without significantly revising their model.
Flawed thinking
For a start, many of the disciplines universities offer have a practical as well as a theoretical component. Medicine, chemistry, fine art, engineering – all of these subjects require infrastructure, machinery or equipment that is beyond the means of an individual student.
In those fields, there will always need to be some sort of bricks and mortar institution to provide access and instruction. I invite anyone who thinks otherwise to go under the knife of a surgeon who learnt everything they know from YouTube videos.
The other major problem the MOOCs haven’t solved is assessment. They work very well for subjects like maths, which have objectively right and wrong answers, and can therefore be pretty easily marked by computers. It remains to be seen whether the model can be extended to softer subject areas, like, say, politics, philosophy or the social sciences.
Proven knowledge
The problems with assessment point to a larger problem: accreditation. A university education has never just been about acquiring knowledge. It’s about being able to prove it.
Employers look to the type of degree, the reputation of the institution that issued it and the marks a student received as shorthand for that student’s ability. The MOOCs need to figure out how to ascertain that the work they’re marking was done by the student whose name is on the test.
Coursera have announced that they will begin accrediting, using webcams to ensure students don’t cheat. But to cover the costs of that, they intend to start charging fees, which is a significant change to their business model.
There is also the fact that Princeton, Stanford and many of the other universities involved in the MOOCs have spent decades building up the cachet of the courses they offer. Ultimately, I’m sceptical that the administrations of those universities would be willing to dilute their premium brands by offering a degree to anyone with a broadband connection.
Personal learning
Ultimately, purely online courses are unlikely to supplant real-world universities because sporadic online interaction will never be able to match the deep, rich experience of attending university in person.
That may be a slightly unfashionable view in this day and age, where we look for everything to be quantified in terms of return on investment (ROI), but there is something special about one’s time in higher education, something of which the time spent in the lecture or the lab or the tutorial is only a part.
For the majority of students, university is the bridge between secondary school and working life. It’s where they learn the soft skills that employers tell us are just as important as the hard skills.
The on-campus experience deepens your learning through your interaction with your peer group – people who are getting across the same concepts as you at the same time can in many respects be your best teachers.
An online study group simply cannot provide the same depth of interaction. University is where you build your professional peer group and networks that will support you throughout the rest of your career.
The next steps
What I suspect is that we will see the two models – the online and the on campus – converging.
For the reasons I’ve just outlined, around accreditation and assessment, it’s likely that, in order to compete in the same spaces as physical universities, MOOCs will need to take on some of their characteristics.
Likewise, MOOC-like characteristics could improve the quality of pedagogy at traditional universities. It may be that the model doesn’t change much for those courses that require the use of expensive equipment or specialised facilities, but that, say, introductory courses of the type that traditionally had five hundred students crammed into a lecture theatre are taught almost entirely online.
That would free up teaching resources to improve the quality of the on-campus component. With the wide availability of online materials, the lecturer’s role may come to resemble that of a curator, selecting the best online material for each concept the course covers.
Students stand to benefit, because the onus is on universities to make sure the on-campus experience is worth paying for. So called “blended learning” gives students the best of both worlds.
The face-to-face time becomes much more valuable, because it can be used to explore the ideas in greater depth and test the learning. While the basic learning material can be accessed before coming to class.
Data mining
The other part of the model is learning analytics. Through regular diagnostic testing, the student will be able to see how well they’re across the material, how they’re tracking against the rest of the class, and what mark they’re on track for.
Similar information will also be available to the instructor: they’ll know what proportion of the class has read a particular piece of preparatory material.
From the results of the diagnostic testing, they’ll be able to tell which concepts the students have mastered and which they’re struggling with. Then they’ll be able to tailor their classes accordingly.
Of course, there is not one blended learning model, and each university will respond in its own way to develop its own strengths in its own circumstances.
But it is clear that universities are bound to adapt in some way to the possibilities that digital learning represents.
David Collett
IT Application Developer at Web Generation
A very good article. Thank-you.
I qualms around the following ideas:
"University is where you build your professional peer group and networks that will support you throughout the rest of your career."
I think this may have been true before the days of the web - but not so much these days.
For example, before the internet, my network consisted of only people I knew - my friends and peers. As such, it was important to build these face to face networks (which uni definitely provided many…
Read moreCarol-Anne Croker
logged in via Facebook
I have grave concerns around you contention that networking (face to face) is not a necessary precurser to successful employment and ongoing professional success. Peers and collegues from Conferences and the access to keynote speakers and presenters, the best in their fields and areas of expertise are one major benefit of the on campus experience , as are access to employers through Graduate Recruitment days. I shudder to think that we are moving towards a time when employers hire only from CVs and supposed University reputations. It also worries me that social networking may be the way to ensure access to employers. This to me gives rise to fears of nepotism. I feel that this is not an either/or equation for higher education modes of delivery; the research must be into both, and not via a cost benefit analysis only.
Sean Lamb
Science Denier
"I don't ever want anyone coming into this boardroom again," he told his colleagues as he held up a copy of one of Fairfax's hefty Saturday papers, "and telling us that people will buy houses or cars, or look for jobs, without this". He then dropped the lump of newsprint onto the boardroom table with a thud.
Mat Hardy
Lecturer in Middle East Studies at Deakin University
Or that anyone would rather skim two or three paragraphs of churnalism and then hit the vote button rather than peruse a lengthy piece of nuanced journalism. *click*
Carol-Anne Croker
logged in via Facebook
Good analogy... who ensures the managers and decision makers are competent let alone experts?
Daniel Kinsman
logged in via Twitter
I have my doubts about the value of the "accreditation" provided by universities, at least in my area of expertise (computer science). I know I would never hire or recommend some of my fellow undergraduates from university. When looking over resumes, I don't consider a university education very telling one way or the other.
Carol-Anne Croker
logged in via Facebook
Pity more employers didn't look more critically at the job applicants rather than the CV University Brands.
Tony Xiao
retired teacher
I've done both. An undergraduate degree on campus and a post graduate on-line which unfortunately due to my remote location only allowed me to complete the course-work.
My experience is that on-line has the great advantage of 24/7 deliverance but in comparison with on-campus, comes up short on personal satisfaction and mental stimulous and spontaniety in discourse among students particularly if students reside in differnet time-zones.
On-line (depending on the academic stream) also comes up short on digitized resources. Nothing beats a Uni library.
I believe that on-line study is more suited to post-graduate studies or short courses.
All in all, there was little personal satisfaction and mental stimulus from sitting behind a keyboard over my two- semester post-grad and would probably end up bonkers if I had to do it over 6 semesters for an undergrad degree.
Philip Starkey
Physics PhD Student
I don't really see how it is any better suited to post-graduate research.
You still have the issue of access to equipment for fields like Engineering and Science. Ultimately, as technology progresses, the issue of equipment access might diminish, but i think we are a way off having currently (multi) million dollar research equipment being made available to someone in their house. It also doesn't make sense to spread research funding across multiple individuals when you could give a larger amount to a group who could build/buy a common piece of equipment and share it at an institution.
Carol-Anne Croker
logged in via Facebook
In 2012 I researched the HDR student experience around Australia and this very issue of "horses for courses" came through very strongly, particularly with off campus respondents. The data is there if any Government wishes to research student needs and preferences but with the demise of the ALTC and the new replacement not completely operational and the competitive funding model ensuring that each area of educational research compete with each other for funds, we will not have the necessary research into student engagement, experiences and outcomes to compare all modes of delivery. As pointed out earlier, in another posting, the administrations are hyping and indeed barracking for the MOOC model seeing it as the panacea to rising costs of face to face teaching. This must become an area of research priority. We can lead the world in this respect Mr Robb. Globally this shift in educational paradigm is being mobilised and at who's expense?
Enrico Canale
logged in via Twitter
Yes, the MOOC, as a model, is deficient and has a long way to go. But perhaps the point is that the 'MOOC phenomenon' has shown our universities also have deficiencies and have a long way to go. If it becomes a race to see which model will address its current day shortcomings quickest, which is going to learn to meet modern day needs first and best? Will universities win that race, I wonder? Clay Shirky has written an insightful blogpost on how we should understand MOOCs, <http://www.shirky.com/weblog/2012/11/napster-udacity-and-the-academy/>
Gavin Moodie
logged in via LinkedIn
It is interesting to read the deep antagonism to universities in some comments on this piece and many comments on many other articles about moocs. Some seem to be barracking for moocs more to best traditional universities than from a clear evaluation of their strengths. Ironically, the most prominent moocs are sponsored by universities which are some of the most elitist, exclusive and restrictive in the world.
Carol-Anne Croker
logged in via Facebook
The debate goes on...meanwhile our teaching academics are facing lecture groups up to 600, online cohorts also in the 100s, tutorials if that's what they can be called these days up to 35, and the justifiably unpopular need to relyon group
Read moreassessment tasks. I have nothing against the democratisation of higher education and support anything to ensure equity of access but hold on... equity and access is an issue on Campus also. Many face to face students choose that mode as they perceive their need…
Alasdair McAndrew
Associate Dean (Learning & Teaching), Faculty of Health, Engineering and Science at Victoria University
"They work very well for subjects like maths, which have objectively right and wrong answers, and can therefore be pretty easily marked by computers." Oh dear. I hear this a lot - from people who, with due respect, should know better. Mathematics education is not just about providing recipes to solve different classes of problems (as many seem to think) but about teaching people to think abstractly and symbolically. Topics like proofs, or the ability to construct a chain of reasoning from a premise…
Read moreGavin Moodie
logged in via LinkedIn
@ Alasdair McAndrew
Thanx for making this point. I fear that mathematics is often confused with arithmetic, which is encouraged by the misleading names given to elementary subjects teaching quantitative methods. I would add 2 points.
A student may provide a wrong answer because they don't understand the main concept that is being taught, because they don't understand a concept or procedure that is incidental to reaching the desired outcome, or because of a computational slip. It is important to distinguish these mistakes to offer students the appropriate correction, something that an automated system doesn't do well.
Secondly, when students or pupils don't understand an arithmetical, statistical or mathematical concept it is important to explore the source of their difficulty to remedy it. This needs a teacher.
Paul Reader
independent researcher
Perhaps it is a mistake to think of MOOCs as a potential form of higher education provision. For the moment a better metaphor might be a siege engine.
A university or departmental "strategic plan" or "business plan" should determine why it would consider using a MOOC. Then it may be able to deploy and innovate with one.
For the moment MOOC systems are performing as cultural development tools.
Jonathan Marshall
Founder
To All,
I would highly recommend reading this rather thought-provoking article:
Napster, Udacity, and the Academy
"That’s because the fight over MOOCs is really about the story we tell ourselves about higher education: what it is, who it’s for, how it’s delivered, who delivers it. The most widely told story about college focuses obsessively on elite schools and answers a crazy mix of questions: How will we teach complex thinking and skills? How will we turn adolescents into well-rounded members of the middle class? Who will certify that education is taking place? How will we instill reverence for Virgil? Who will subsidize the professor’s work?MOOCs simply ignore a lot of those questions"
http://www.shirky.com/weblog/2012/11/napster-udacity-and-the-academy/
Alasdair McAndrew
Associate Dean (Learning & Teaching), Faculty of Health, Engineering and Science at Victoria University
Yep - I agree. It's a terrific article. Everyone should read it.
Gavin Moodie
logged in via LinkedIn
@ Carol-Anne Croker
I suggest that mooc champions are arguing that they will restructure higher education radically rather than make existing institutions or processes more efficient. They argue that moocs are needed precisely because higher education teachers, processes and institutions are under so much pressure.
I think that the nature and extent of any teaching subsidisation of research is different in different universities, but typically funds from international business students are allocated to researchers in health, engineering and the physical sciences. Sometimes those funds are allocated for only short terms since international student fees vary from year to year, and sometimes research leaders prefer to engage researchers on short contracts.
Carol-Anne Croker
logged in via Facebook
Gavin Moodie, I agree that often there appears a deep antagonism towards Universities that finds expression on these pages. I would suggest the amount of frustration being articulated has grown since workloads and casulaisation has increased. I am also hypothesising that the degree of frustration and antagonism expressed may find correlations with departmental downsizing, larger class sizes and added quality assurance measures demanding more time at meetings and on paperwork at the expense of research…
Read moresuifaijohnmak
logged in via Twitter
Here is my response post http://suifaijohnmak.wordpress.com/2012/11/30/cfhe12-oped12-the-emergence-of-moocs-part-4-assessment-certification-and-accreditation/?utm_term=%23elearning
Read moreYes, it is true that "In those fields, there will always need to be some sort of bricks and mortar institution to provide access and instruction. I invite anyone who thinks otherwise to go under the knife of a surgeon who learnt everything they know from YouTube videos." What MOOCs, and cMOOCs could offer are not just…