Welcome to Shades of Grey, a series from The Conversation that examines the challenges posed by Australia’s ageing workforce. Today, Australian National University’s Sarah Olesen and Peter Butterworth look at the issue of mental health and well-being in retirement.
Community views on retirement are polarised. Some see it as an opportunity to escape work obligations and pursue their own passions. Others view the transition as a loss of status, social connectedness, and financial security.
We’ve studied this topic using large samples of Australians to explore how retirement is associated with mental health and well-being.
The view that retirement has a negative effect on mental health is consistent with decades of evidence about the impacts of job loss among young and middle-aged people. And the transition to retirement is certainly a major milestone and lifestyle change, given the central roles work and career play in most people’s lives.
Studies comparing the mental health of retirees with that of working older adults has shown that retirees (particularly men) tend to have greater levels of depression and anxiety than their working peers.
But longitudinal studies that track the mental health of people moving from work to retirement offers little proof that this transition has a significant detrimental impact on the mental health of most people. Indeed, it seems more likely that the poor mental health observed among many retirees precedes and perhaps has driven their workforce exit.
The reasons for retirement, whether people left work gradually or continue to work in some capacity during retirement, and the age at which people leave work have all been shown to affect mental health among retirees.
Not surprisingly, involuntary or unexpected job loss in later life is the form of retirement that has been most consistently linked to increased depression. On the other hand, part or gradual retirement (rather than full departure from the workforce) may ease the stress associated with leaving the workforce.

We are all familiar with the popular image of early retirement being a luxury enjoyed by financially secure individuals who lead full and satisfied lives. However, contrary to this widely held idea research shows that early retirees tend to have much poorer mental health than their working peers and older retirees.
Again, this may in part reflect the reasons for their early workforce exit, such as existing health concerns. But these studies also suggest that poor mental health may stem from being out of the workforce at an age when most of one’s peers are still working.
Workplace conditions can also impact upon people’s decisions to stay at work. We’ve found that older people with stressful jobs or jobs that offer little security or autonomy have poor mental health and tend to retire early. This research suggests that improving conditions at work may encourage better mental health and longer workforce engagement for older adults.
Once retired, who does best?
Retirement has the strongest positive psychological effect on people with solid social supports. Older adults who are engaged in their communities and spend more time with family and friends have better mental health than others. And this is particularly true for retirees, as community participation has added meaning and importance to one’s mental health once paid work has finished.
As a nation, we’re constantly looking for ways to maintain the health – both mental and physical – of older adults and encourage their continued participation in the workforce. Knowing the risk factors for mental health problems as a result of workforce exit in later life is key to these goals.
Fortunately, there is little cause for concern that retirement will lead to greater depression or anxiety.
Read more in the series:
Older workers may be our economic salvation – or a pipeline to poverty
There’s no silver bullet solution to Australia’s ageing workforce
Bruce Moon
Bystander!
Sarah & Peter
Sometimes research analyses fail to reveal the full picture. On the topic you write about, I suggest this view may apply here.
I suppose I'm pointing to the research 'issue' of association Vs causation.
Your article links mental health and retirement. What I am not reading is material about mental health of humans as they mature.
Is deteriorating mental health a function of aging? Maybe, maybe not - but you don't make any comment on this.
If deteriorating mental health…
Read moreGiles Pickford
Giles Pickford is a Friend of The Conversation.
Retired, Wollongong
The ANU is where two ideas took shape which have a bearing on thius topic.
When I retired at 56 one of my colleagues warned me that I would suddenly become invisible to all my previous colleagues. I was a member of the Association for Tertiary Education Management (www.atem.org.au). I suggested to ATEM that they should create a Chapter for retired members. so the Emeritus Chapter was created. We call ourselves "The Ghosts" because we are invisible. We raise funds at an annual dinner for the ATEM Foundation and so far have donated over $20,000).
The second opportunity occurred when we were gathered around the grave of Eugene Kamenka. John Molony, the historian, said "There are enough people here to create a very successful small University and we vare all retired". From this moment interested people organised themselves into the ANU Emeritus Faculty (www.anu.edu.au/emeritus).
Both organisations keep me and many others busy and productive.
Giles Pickford
John Bryan
Retired
A colleague told me one how most people go into the future...backwards. We want the past to continue; we want to remain active and relevant.
At 76 that's me to a (tee)? I run occasional workshops similar to the ones I ran in the 80's. I tell the same stories because the audiences are new. There's no song like an old song - and there's no joke like an old joke.
Why? Because I haven't found an alternative to suit. Alternatives abound but I've had enough golf, cruising is restrictive and I loathe airports.
So I attend exercise classes three times a week and I feel so well I can hardly stand it.
Peter Orpin
Senior Research Fellow
Our work would suggest a critical factor is the degree to which the activities associated with either work or retirement provide a sense of connection/belonging and using one's skills and talents to make a meaningful contribution to the world. For some (a minority I suspect) work provides opportunities for both meaning and contribution and many stuggle to find satisfactory substititutes on ceasing work. For others, (the majority I suspect), the work situation does little to meet these needs and retirment provides an opportunity to pursue activities that are more socially satisfying and meaningful. The big mistake it would seem to me, is to see retirment as a 'well earned rest', an extended leisure period in which one is excused from the need to contribute further - therein lies meaningless, marginalisation.and depression.
David Healy
Retired
The "well earned rest" idea may apply to people who have done hard physical labour during their working lives, but that's about it.
Your emphasis on making a contribution is spot-on. By the time people reach retirement age, they've hopefully figured out life's not all about them!
Peter Orpin
Senior Research Fellow
The forgotten dimension of 'aged care' is reciprocity' - nobody wants to be seen as taking without any hope of giving in return. It doesn't have to be a lot but nothing is so disempowering as being seen as a burden or encumberance rather than a player and contributor. Similarly we need to ditch the goal of maintaining independence of older people and replace it with one of inter-dependence.
Michele Wilkinson
logged in via Facebook
Yes Peter the "extended leisure period" idea really is destructive and having tried it, having travelled for a period of 3 years with no real goals (I think I was "burned out") now find the need to be useful again. I have a professional background in human services and feel that I still have a lot to offer at age 65. I have recently settled into a community and have become involved in University of the Third Age (U3A) where I have found real interest and stimulation, as well as the opportunity of forming some meaningful solid relationships (community). I have also become a U3A tutor (reciprocity). U3A offers courses to foster knowledge and growth, not just entertainment, at a very low cost eg $2, $4, or more if rented premises are used.. All the tutors are volunteers and most are retired professionals. I still want to travel and am finding the highways and back roads of retirement life an interesting landscape to navigate.
Peter Ormonde
Peter Ormonde is a Friend of The Conversation.
Farmer
Growing up in a steel town I had plenty of opportunity to study the effects of "retirement" - watching blokes (all blokes) desperately trying to find something to do to fill their remaining (remnant) years.
The one that really stuck was a fella across the road who every afternoon at about 4 would come out to the front fence and stand, leaning over the fence spotting weeds in his narrow strip of grass, eventually coming out to pull the half dozen or so targets he'd spotted.
It was only after some months watching this strange ritual that I realised what was actually happening.
At 4.15 or so every day the red BHP bus would roll past dropping off the day shift through the suburb. He'd look up, trying to catch an eye or to see who was on board or not...his last connection with his mates and the appalling place he'd spent his life.
2 years and he was gone. Thankfully.
Gil Hardwick
Anthropologist
Aha, growing up in a steel town, Farmer Pete. Newcastle boy, are you, got yourself a little block up in the Hunter, is it, and now call yourself a farmer?
No bloody wonder, us western plains squattocracy must really get up your nose.
Good, I'm happy now, I've got you spotted.
You'd know this Mark McGowan character the unions have parachuted into Labor leadership over here in WA, I suppose. He's an old Newcastle boy. They don't like Gina Rinehart either.
Um, back on topic, sorry Sarah and Peter, but what's retirement?
Eddy Schmid
Retired
As I've partly alluded to in my earlier posts, it seems rather weird, that folks supporting this beaurocratic enslavement of our elderly, have a definate selective memory, especially in the area of self funding retirement.
Read moreIt is clear to me, many folks on here have deliberately shut out the memories of superanuation funds run by their employers, registered as a company in their own right, availing themselves of all the perks, such a registration allows under the current laws, AND changes down the…
Michael Hay
retired
I think the most important part of retirement is to keep one's mind active. I am now 81 and have just stopped being involved in community functions. Ill health was the final straw, but my mind stays active with The Conversation and a Rotary Club which does expect me to do physical things - I 'supervise' or cook the BBQ - something that does not require speed.
Read moreWhen I was employed (and I was in my mid forties) my employer ran a seminar on "Early Planning for Retirement" - 20 years before retirement…
Eddy Schmid
Retired
Well spoken Michael, glad to see you've made retirement 'work' for you, well done. I too, have been 'retired' now for 12 years due to my military service and disabilities caused by that service for my fellow Australians.
Read moreOMG, I can't believe I just said that, what a load of crock, the only folks who benefited from my service were the banks/politicians/manufacturers of war materiale. Just as they are currently doing today.
I too, thought I'd involve myself in community service, however that was…
Chris O'Neill
Telecommunications Engineer
"Studies comparing the mental health of retirees with that of working older adults has shown that retirees (particularly men) tend to have greater levels of depression and anxiety than their working peers."
One thing conspicuously omitted from this claim and quite clear in the citation: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16171915 is that this effect only occurs among younger retirees, i.e. not "for retired men of, or nearing, the traditional retirement age of 65" as the cite points out.
Another problem with these studies is that they never separate the financially well-off retirees from the financially poorly-off retirees so we never know whether it's money that's the cause of the problem or something other than money. It makes me feel that some sort of ideological barrow is being pushed.