Teaching students to lie: historical method through hoaxes

What happens when you teach students how to lie? Answer: they become better historians. More than a decade ago, back in the days of Web 0.5, a student of mine submitted a generally well-written essay on “Ante Pavelić, Great Hero of the Croatian Nation.” Now, if you know your history of World War II…

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By deliberately making false historical sources, students can learn to think more critically. Historical hoax image www.shutterstock.com

What happens when you teach students how to lie? Answer: they become better historians.

More than a decade ago, back in the days of Web 0.5, a student of mine submitted a generally well-written essay on “Ante Pavelić, Great Hero of the Croatian Nation.” Now, if you know your history of World War II, you may remember Pavelić as the leader of the Croatian Ustaše government that was perhaps the most vicious of the puppet regimes aligned with Nazi Germany.

How, I wondered, had she decided that Pavelić was such a great hero?

The solution lay in her sources. All of the major citations in the paper were drawn from Croatian nationalist websites that lauded Pavelić for his supposed achievements on behalf of the nation and denied any role he had in the atrocities committed by his regime – some denying the atrocities had occurred at all.

When I pointed my student to histories of the period written by historians whose work focused on the history of Yugoslavia, she was surprised to find many significant differences between what she found on those websites and what she found in the published histories. We were then able to have a very good conversation about the critical assessment of sources – an essential conversation for any budding historian.

Anyone who has taught history at the high school or university level in the past decade has experienced some version of this story. Despite many stern warnings from teachers or parents, too often students uncritically accept what they find online, especially if it is served up in the first page of Google search results.

Of course, the same can be said of both scholars and society as a whole.

Over the years, I’ve issued many admonitions about the critical reading of sources, with decidedly mixed results. Several years ago, I decided that perhaps the problem was not the students, but the teaching.

So, in an attempt to teach my students the sort of scepticism historians need for successful historical investigation and analysis, I turned the entire process on its head and created a course in which my students create lies about the past and turn them loose on the internet. After two weeks, we end the hoax and come clean.

One of the most famous instances of historical forgeries was The Hitler Diaries – diary excerpts that purported to be written by the Nazi leader. Wikimedia commons

My purpose was to create better historians by helping them develop critical thinking skills in an unorthodox way. I believed that if my students went to the trouble of creating an elaborate historical hoax, they would learn just how easy it is to lie online. Hopefully, in doing this they would become better critical thinkers when it was time to do their own research.

I’ve taught the course twice now and, based on the results I’ve seen and my students’ self-evaluations, I think it’s safe to say that no one who took either of those courses will ever again believe what they read online without cocking one eye, raising an eyebrow, and asking themselves, “Really?”

In just 14 weeks they acquired essential critical thinking skills, but they also had a lot of fun.

For this reason alone, teaching students to create a historical hoax turned out to be the most effective way I’ve come across to teach historical method.

Because they had to create plausible “false facts” to support their hoaxes, my students became much closer readers of historical sources. Only by reading the “true facts” very carefully could they create plausible lies. They also spent many hours in libraries, archives, and visiting historical sites, all so the hoaxes they created would be more believable.

Just to be clear, the hoaxes my students create are truly innocuous. I place strict limits on what they cannot do (violate copyright, create a hoax about health care, etc.) and we have extensive discussions of the ethics of our work.

But something else happens in this class that I have only rarely seen in 16 years of university history teaching: my students laugh their way through the entire semester.

Why should it matter that they laugh? After all, the study of history is serious business. Or is that just a conceit of too many of us who teach about the past?

No doubt, there are scientific studies to show that the more engaged students are in their learning, the more they learn. And there are probably others to show that if students are having fun, they are more engaged.

But I don’t need these studies to know that the students I’ve taught in the first two iterations of this course were the most engaged, the most focused, and the hardest working of any group of students I’ve ever taught.

Teaching a course where my students lie to the public is not uncontroversial. Since an article on my course appeared in The Atlantic, I’ve received my share of hate mail as well as many well wishers.

Too often, debates about historical pedagogy are about what should be taught, not about how our students might best learn about the past. For a brief moment after that story appeared, hundreds of thousands of people around the world considered that latter question. How can that be a bad thing?

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50 Comments sorted by

  1. Ian Donald Lowe

    Seeker of Truth

    Really?

    In all seriousness, I am not sure if this is really the best method to teach children how to research history. It may be the best method of teaching children how to perpetrate hoaxes but that's a different subject. I would prefer to see a more balanced approach to history being taught, where students are encouraged to research as many and as diverse a range of sources as possible and then write a more balanced paper as a result.
    History changes with perspective. The history of 'Western…

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    1. Tony Xiao

      retired teacher

      In reply to Ian Donald Lowe

      I tend to sit up and take notice when there is ever a mention of historical 'true facts'. I would argue that most history is objective, sanitized, and written for a particular audience in mind. Not to mention that a great bulk of history regardless of truth is yet to be translated into English.
      I'm puzzled to know how do students know when they are supposedly reading the 'true facts' that they are indeed reading 'true facts' .
      In my humble opinion, the teaching of histography and creative thinking should begin with an introduction to Edward Said's 'Orientalism' and Benedict Anderson's 'Imagined Communities' and go on from there..

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  2. Stephen Lehocz

    Interested public.

    What a great idea.
    The best way to spot lies is to know how to lie. Just like in computers the best computer security professionals are the ones that wrote computer viruses in the first place.
    And as we all know history is liberally strewn with lies and falsehoods, as history is always rewritten by the winners.
    Spotting these falsehoods is probably one of the more important skills in the subject of history.
    But what really struck me was the fact that your students were laughing through the whole course. This one point is valuable by itself, a basically dry and to some, an uninteresting subject can be made to be fun and brought to life. My daughter wants you as a teacher.

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    1. Philip Dowling

      IT teacher

      In reply to Stephen Lehocz

      You suggested that the best computer security professionals are the ones that wrote computer viruses in the first place.
      I would suggest that this is a myth.
      Writing computer viruses is a rather low level activity and most viruses are merely variants of earlier ones.

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    2. Stephen Lehocz

      Interested public.

      In reply to Philip Dowling

      Fair enough, I do get your point.
      But I it seems to me that virus writers would have an insight into computer infections that others wouldn't have, so obviously they could identify infections sooner in some instances. And that ties into the point of this article, spotting falsehoods.

      The subject of computer viruses and worms is an interesting one but not the subject of this article, besides at this time I am impervious to all known viruses on the web, even without anti-virus software. My operating system is Puppy Linux. So pardon my being smug about infections.

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    3. Stephen Lehocz

      Interested public.

      In reply to Philip Dowling

      No, I like dogs but don't have one.
      You don't know about Puppy Linux? I'll still smug. :)

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    4. Stephen Lehocz

      Interested public.

      In reply to Dianna Arthur

      Hello Dianna.
      The point about including sociopaths in “how lying is done effectively" courses, is a good one. And something to be wary of, but I would think a psychotic would already be a past master at lying effectively. They would have been doing it for most (if not all) of their lives.
      So the important thing, in my opinion, would be for the huge bulk of the people, the honest, non psychotic people, to be more able to spot when someone is lying and not be put off, by the seeming correctness of…

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    5. Elizabeth Bathory

      Knowledge creator...

      In reply to Stephen Lehocz

      Stephen - all very insightful points....Though, for the sake of avoiding misinformation I would respectfully suggest that you reconsider your use of the term 'psychotics'. I doubt any self-respecting psychopath would want the two confused.

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    6. Stephen Lehocz

      Interested public.

      In reply to Elizabeth Bathory

      You got me thinking.
      I reckon a psychopath is an extreme of insanity or psychosis. A psychopath is extremely psychotic.
      http://dictionary-psychology.com/index.php?a=term&d=Dictionary+of+psychology&t=Psychosis
      How can a criminal act be anything but an psychotic act?
      A very psychotic person (there are obviously degrees of psychosis) is obviously a danger to society and to himself, and needs to be treated either by the law (goal) and/or mental treatment.

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    7. Elizabeth Bathory

      Knowledge creator...

      In reply to Stephen Lehocz

      Hi Stephen,

      You can think all you like, but there is no evidence to suggest that there is any link between psychosis and psychopathy. I'm a Psychology-trained researcher within the mental health field, and these are the kinds of misinformed associations that the sector have been working to dispel for many years.

      Psychotic mental illness does NOT equal psychopathy, and it is insulting to those with such a diagnosis who are functional members of society to suggest that they are in any way related…

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    8. Stephen Lehocz

      Interested public.

      In reply to Elizabeth Bathory

      Hello Elizabeth. Well thank you. I - do - think.
      I did not expect such an emotive response over an “opinion.” Right or wrong it's an opinion, nothing more. Yes, I wish I could repair my typos,' and I did mean gaol.
      You also did not fully read what I wrote, I did say – and/or - sometimes it would be rehabilitation only. Common sense comes into this. Ignorance would be more on your part for not fully reading what I actually wrote.
      It would seem that there is some disagreement with you by some psychiatrists…

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  3. Lynne Newington

    Lynne Newington is a Friend of The Conversation.

    Researcher

    This is where Jewish children come into their own, their history handed down by generations for evermore.
    I would encourage those interested in history to read up on this particular "hero" and the role of the Son's of St Francis played with full co-operation of the Holy See.
    Assets stolen from the Jews, are still in the possesion of the Vatican.

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    1. Sean Lamb

      Science Denier

      In reply to Lynne Newington

      Thanks, but a life spent worrying about the dark hand of the Vatican behind everything holds no appeal to me.

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  4. Sean Lamb

    Science Denier

    What happens when you teach students how to lie? Answer: They submit their PhD thesis? They become post-docs? They join the staff of politicians as interns? They become journalists? They enter the graduate recruitment programs of major corporations? They get admitted to the bar?

    So many accurate and highly satisfying answers to that question.

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    1. Stephen Lehocz

      Interested public.

      In reply to Sean Lamb

      Sadly Sean, there is a lot of truth in what you say.
      But they already know how to lie, especially politicians, journalists and some researchers. And super especially, drug addicts, I found they lie even when they don’t need to.
      But I reckon that the great bulk of the public would not lie and they find it hard to see that some supposedly honorable people lie so blatantly, I certainly did. And as you so correctly pointed out falsehoods and lies are more common than they should be.
      So the ability spot falsehoods or misleading statements is one of the more important abilities of surviving in this ‘history’ that we are living in now.
      So I am grateful that some people are are teaching it and showing how learning can be fun. And as Craig pointed out somewhere in a comment, below - how to think.

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  5. Philip Dowling

    IT teacher

    T, Mills Kelly, I have discussed this issue with a variety of people and I can conclusively say that this is completely unprofessional - as it fails to mention iphone, ipad, podcast, blog or wiki or web2 or the cloud - and unethical. I have this on no less an authority than Ernest Lalor "Ern" Malley himself.

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  6. Craig Minns

    Self-employed

    The important thing that your students are learning is how to think. Congratulations: you're teaching a vanishing skill.

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  7. terry lockwood

    maths teacher

    I have adopted a similar approach in the teaching of forensic science in a secondary school context. The students take the role of criminals trying to forge handwriting and make fake voice messages and so on. Try as they might, other students in the class acting as detectives inevitably spot the fakes. Very good analytical skills and convincing arguments emerge with lots of fun. All students report that fooling experts is very very hard. (And their ability to mimic teachers is enhanced as well!) Is there a danger that this may hone skills as a future transgressor? Probably nothing like watching a few episodes of any old crime show on the TV - not that youngsters do that much anymore.

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  8. Linus Bowden

    management consultant

    If I am reading Professor Kelly correctly, his aim is not to teach student's to lie or be deceitful, but rather to teach them to become much more sensitive to the possibility that others are trying to do so to them!

    I relate very strongly to Professor Kelly and his student 10 years ago. Already having a degree, and a career, I returned to university for the sort of heavy-duty BA I hadn't been ready for back when I was 18. But between finishing my first degree and the early 21st century BA, technology…

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  9. Helene Jaccomard

    Lecturer

    May I provide a true story illustrating a different approach to teaching Internet caution.
    A French secondary school teacher of literature decided to trap his students who kept on using the Internet uncritically.
    He became a contributor to Wikipedia and added wholly fabricated anecdotes on the page of a minor 17thc poet Charles de Vion d’Alibray. Under the name Lucas Ciarlatano (!) he wrote a fantastical comment on one of Vion d'Allbray's poem which he proposed to two sites specialising in offering…

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    1. Antony Howe

      Retired uni history lecturer

      In reply to Helene Jaccomard

      I am amazed this French guy got away with it for more than 48 hours!! I have myself submitted reliable articles which have taken many hours to write and research, to Wikipedia but unlike the French writer I have found the anon editors (with pseudonyms) either challenged what I wrote, slashed the articles to ribbons, or deleted them entirely. With this very inconsistent and unreasonable attitude from WIKI's administration (as a site) I now refuse to waste a moment adding anything to it on any topic. And we all have heard of big business, politicians and Govt Depts that rewrite anything written about them.

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    2. Mat Hardy

      Lecturer in Middle East Studies at Deakin University

      In reply to Antony Howe

      I once had the pleasure of writing a comment in an essay that was along the lines of "Unfortunately your marker reads Wikipedia too. Even more unfortunately, he wrote this bit of it."

      But in earlier times (Web <1.0) I also saw a lecturer create a fake page that was tagged with all the key words of the essay question. The page consisted of a 1500 word essay that made some vague reference to the topic, but was not that spot on, and even included some completely made up words. And yes, there would be a few students every year who would turn in this cut and paste, with the best ones removing some of the fake words.

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  10. Byron Smith

    PhD candidate in Christian Ethics at University of Edinburgh

    Professor Kelly, I doubt I am not alone in wanting to see some examples of your students' work!

    I realise there may be issues of confidentiality/privacy involved, but if these hoaxes were published on the internet, then haven't they already become public? No students need be named, but I'd love to see what they came up with.

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    1. T. Mills Kelly

      Director, Global Affairs at George Mason University

      In reply to Byron Smith

      You can see examples of my students' work here:

      The Last American Pirate (from 2008): http://lastamericanpirate.net
      Edward Owens entry on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Owens_(hoax)
      An interview with my students from 2008: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6RT9ZwlNLeY
      Beer of 1812: http://beerof1812.com/
      Brown's Brewery entry in Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%27s_Brewery
      The serial killer blog: http://lisaquinn565.wordpress.com/

      With the two blog sites, you…

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  11. Stephen Cowley

    logged in via Facebook

    I find this highly dubious. Would you teach about gender studies by encouraging the students to commit rape, then apologise for it afterwards? Lying is not a crime admittedly, but it is nonetheless immoral, even if the victims are outside the university system.

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    1. Antony Howe

      Retired uni history lecturer

      In reply to Stephen Cowley

      While I can dispute the idea of teaching lying as "historical" method ... really this comment about rape is so extreme as to be no contribution to any discussion at all.

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    2. Dennis Alexander

      logged in via LinkedIn

      In reply to Stephen Cowley

      Hi Stephen. I think the "rape-apology" analogy is false: nobody is being irrevocably and physically harmed and violated by the work of the students. However, the Jane Elliott's "blue eyes, brown eyes" workshops, which have been used for some time to teach about prejudice through active experience of both sides of prejudice (being part of the dominant and bigoted group and being one of the target group), provide a closer analogy: while some questions about the ethics of the psychological harm experienced have been raised, it is generally seen as a positive approach to educating people about the psychological harm that prejudice does.

      The difference here is that, not only will the pedagogical approach teach students about identifying deliberately misrepresented information about history, it will also teach them about identifying simply erroneous interpretation about history because of the plausibility factor and its relation to simple misinterpretation.

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    3. Dianna Arthur

      Dianna Arthur is a Friend of The Conversation.

      Environmentalist

      In reply to Dennis Alexander

      Dennis

      Having watched TV doco on Jane Elliott's work, I have NEVER wanted to be part of them. I'm one of those people who are for whatever reason - a bully magnet. I couldn't think of anything worse than being in one of Jane's workshops - I am blue-eyed, blond hair, above average height, athletic build - basically I look like a Nazi, but more friendly:)

      I would've spent the entire program a quivering mess on the floor.

      That said, I thought Elliott's workshops an excellent idea - just wouldn't want to be there.

      More on topic - the idea of teaching lying as a means to critical thinking is excellent, but I still stand by screening for sociopaths.

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    4. Stephen Cowley

      logged in via Facebook

      In reply to Antony Howe

      Dennis,
      There is a difference between the blue eyes brown eyes case in that no-one outside the class is involved, whereas anyone can access the internet. I agree my analogy was extreme and unnecessarly so in retrospect, but that does not invalidate the point of principle. I'm afraid I'm not one to take lying lightly, so there you have it.

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    5. Sean Lamb

      Science Denier

      In reply to Stephen Cowley

      I am with Stephen Cowley - except perhaps the rape thing - I can see how this could be potentially annoying and not really very good for the students. The false belief in superiority of being able to fool people and to use interior lines of communication in online discussions is not one that should be encouraged.

      In Australia we have a rich history of hoaxes - with a particular line in literary hoaxes going back to Ern Malley.

      But one hoaxer that might be of interest is the person known as…

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  12. Geoffrey Edwards

    logged in via email @gmail.com

    Though not exactly analagous, I was reminded of an xkcd comic

    Citogenesis: http://xkcd.com/978/

    Anyway, in some ways history is always an act of fabricating the truth. From subset of possible facts we create a narrative that, however convincing, is necessarily a falsification.

    This is not to deny the utility of the process or the result - if we enter into the enterprise with a clear sight of both our limitations and the goal toward which we strive. But the historian becomes merely an ideologue when they attach too much importance to their constructions.

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  13. Kenneth Mazzarol

    Kenneth Mazzarol is a Friend of The Conversation.

    Retired

    As long as one had done the necessary research when writing about historic happenings who can refute the findings. Honest refutation requires as much research as the criticized original. It is not a lie when all the known facts have been exhausted and the best presented.

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  14. Derek Bolton

    Retired s/w engineer

    We need this approach in a political science course, preferably as a mandatory requirement before becoming eligible to vote.

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  15. Antony Howe

    Retired uni history lecturer

    Making this sort of trick a component of a regular history course may be a good idea, but only as a one off element, e.g. for a seminar (etc), but packaging a whole semester on this approach is not to actually "teach" history at all. I may be old fashioned, but I would want my students to actually learn that there are some "facts" in history, and to go away having learned a few "real" things.
    But in this post-modernist era it seems to be increasingly a matter of "entertaining" students who do not…

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  16. PHILTON PHILTON

    Teacher of Creative Writing

    "Everybody loves a hoax except those hoaxed" W Smith "Spectra Hoax" p47

    I endorse Prof Mills' initiative with one caveat: the laudable outcome of these courses may mask a potential long term (ethical) risk. A key factor as yet to be mentioned is the students' likely awarenes they were participating in a revolutionary approach.

    With a history major BA, I'm now undertaking a research thesis examining 3 hoaxes (Philip Dowling: "Good Ol' Ern" is one of them - an 'intimate friend' of mine over…

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  17. Michael Crowhurst

    Lecturer - Education

    Interesting article...I quite like this idea...I teach a class for pre-service secondary Humanities teachers here at RMIT in Melbourne...we do a lot of work on 'critical literacy'...I'll def send this one around...should generate some great discussion in classes...

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  18. Scott Ragan

    Educator

    I created an assignment with my senior English classes in which they had to create propaganda based on new/original ideas they developed after doing an analysis of popular culture, politics, religion, etc. They didn't have to believe the propaganda they were creating. It was an exercise of higher level thinking, deconstruction and reconstruction from both internal and external analysis. And it produced some fantastic pieces and stimulated some incredible insights and awareness within the minds of my students. Unfortunately a few parents...and then administrators...were less than thrilled with the idea of creating new propaganda and after being "talked to" I haven't done that project since. But perhaps it is time to take it out again and dust it off.

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    1. Danielle James

      retired

      In reply to Scott Ragan

      When I was tutoring history at university many many years ago, I told my students to question everything, their texts, the media, the lecturer and even myself. The university had excellent primary sources available for research. I told them if they produced an essay at variance with what was taught, and it was well referenced and with a compelling argument, they would be marked accordingly.

      I was always available for advice - students could even reach me at home.

      I was carpeted by the departmental…

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  19. Geoff Davies

    Retired scientist

    Good grief, in all this discussion nobody questioned putting lies on the internet?
    "create lies about the past and turn them loose on the internet"

    Don't you know things take on their own life on the internet? You might take down the source, but you have no idea where your false information has migrated to.

    I try to contend with all the manufactured garbage about global warming, but of course it just keeps coming around, repeated forever.

    I hope you will stop this and never do it again.

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