If you asked me what’s in e-cigarettes, disposable vapes or e-liquids, my short answer would be “we don’t fully know”.
The huge and increasing range of products and flavours on the market, changes to ingredients when they are heated or interact with each other, and inadequate labelling make this a complicated question to answer.
Analytical chemistry, including my own team’s research, gives some answers. But understanding the health impacts adds another level of complexity. E-cigarettes’ risk to health varies depending on many factors including which device or flavours are used, and how people use them.
So vapers just don’t know what they’re inhaling and cannot be certain of the health impacts.
Read more: No, vapes aren't 95% less harmful than cigarettes. Here's how this decade-old myth took off
What do we know?
Despite these complexities, there are some consistencies between what different laboratories find.
Ingredients include nicotine, flavouring chemicals, and the liquids that carry them – primarily propylene glycol and glycerine.
Concerningly, we also find volatile organic compounds, particulate matter and carcinogens (agents that can cause cancer), many of which we know are harmful.
Our previous research also found 2-chlorophenol in about half of e-liquids users buy to top-up re-fillable e-cigarettes. This is one example of a chemical with no valid reason to be there. Globally, it’s classified as “harmful if inhaled”. Its presence is likely due to contamination during manufacturing.
Read more: Many e-cigarette vaping liquids contain toxic chemicals: new Australian research
How about polonium?
One potential ingredient that has been in the news in recent weeks is radioactive polonium-210, the same substance used to assassinate former Russian spy Alexander Litvinenko in 2006. The Queensland government is now testing vapes for it.
Polonium-210 can be found in traditional cigarettes and other tobacco products. That’s because tobacco plants absorb it and other radioactive materials from the soil, air and high-phosphate fertiliser.
Whether polonium-210 is found in aerosols produced by e-cigarettes remains to be seen. Although it is feasible if the glycerine in e-liquids comes from plants and similar fertilisers are used to grow them.
Read more: Litvinenko poisoning: polonium explained
It’s not just the ingredients
Aside from their ingredients, the materials e-cigarette devices are made from can end up in our bodies.
Toxic metals and related substances such as arsenic, lead, chromium and nickel can be detected in both e-liquids and vapers’ urine, saliva and blood.
These substances can pose serious health risks (such as being carcinogenic). They can leach from several parts of an e-cigarette, including the heating coil, wires and soldered joints.
Read more: We asked over 700 teens where they bought their vapes. Here's what they said
That’s not all
The process of heating e-liquids to create an inhalable aerosol also changes their chemical make-up to produce degradation products.
These include:
formaldehyde (a substance used to embalm dead bodies)
acetaldehyde (a key substance that contributes to a hangover after drinking alcohol)
acrolein (used as a chemical weapon in the first world war and now used as a herbicide).
These chemicals are often detected in e-cigarette samples. However due to different devices and how the samples are collected, the levels measured vary widely between studies.
Often, the levels are very low, leading to proponents of vaping arguing e-cigarettes are far safer than tobacco smoking.
But this argument does not acknowledge that many e-cigarette users (particularly adolescents) were or are not cigarette smokers, meaning a better comparison is between e-cigarette use and breathing “fresh” air.
An e-cigarette user is undoubtedly exposed to more toxins and harmful substances than a non-smoker. People who buy tobacco cigarettes are also confronted with a plethora of warnings about the hazards of smoking, while vapers generally are not.
Read more: Sex and lies are used to sell vapes online. Even we were surprised at the marketing tactics we found
How about labelling?
This leads to another reason why it’s impossible to tell what is in vapes – the lack of information, including warnings, on the label.
Even if labels are present, they don’t always reflect what’s in the product. Nicotine concentration of e-liquids is often quite different to what is on the label, and “nicotine-free” e-liquids often contain nicotine.
Products are also labelled with generic flavour names such as “berry” or “tobacco”. But there is no way for a user to know what chemicals have been added to make those “berry” or “tobacco” flavours or the changes in these chemicals that may occur with heating and/or interacting with other ingredients and the device components. “Berry” flavour alone could be made from more than 35 different chemicals.
Flavouring chemicals may be “food grade” or classified as safe-to-eat. However mixing them into e-liquids, heating and inhaling them is a very different type of exposure, compared to eating them.
One example is benzaldehyde (an almond flavouring). When this is inhaled, it impairs the immune function of lung cells. This could potentially reduce a vaper’s ability to deal with other inhaled toxins, or respiratory infections.
Benzaldehyde is one of only eight banned e-liquid ingredients in Australia. The list is so short because we don’t have enough information on the health effects if inhaled of other flavouring chemicals, and their interactions with other e-liquid ingredients.
Where to next?
For us to better assess the health risks of vapes, we need to learn more about:
what happens when flavour chemicals are heated and inhaled
the interactions between different e-liquid ingredients
what other contaminants may be present in e-liquids
new, potentially harmful, substances in e-cigarettes.
Finally, we need to know more about how people use e-cigarettes so we can better understand and quantify the health risks in the real world.