No boom without bust: a cautionary note about mining and employment

Much public discussion around the current mining boom focuses on the lack of qualified staff to fill an expanding employment market. But yesterday’s report by Deloitte Access Economics warning that the “peak of the project pipeline is already in sight” and expected to tail off in one to two years, brings…

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Australia’s boom investment conditions will begin tailing off by 2014, according to a Deloitte Access Economics report – so what does this mean for current labour shortages?

Much public discussion around the current mining boom focuses on the lack of qualified staff to fill an expanding employment market.

But yesterday’s report by Deloitte Access Economics warning that the “peak of the project pipeline is already in sight” and expected to tail off in one to two years, brings into focus a little-discussed topic – the actual nature of economic cycles in mining.

The report says while Australia is still a global standout, it warns that “the strong bit of Australia’s two speed economy may not stay as strong beyond 2014.”

If this report is correct – and there are good reasons to suggest it is accurate – it brings into question whether labour shortages in regional and remote mining areas, particularly in the key states of Western Australia and Queensland, should continue to be the central focus of the discussion of the current mining boom.

If nothing else the Deloitte findings do point to the need for a closer examination of the actual nature of mining booms, and the capacity of the current conditions to deliver uninterrupted, long-term prosperity.

This analysis has been sadly lacking from the policy discussions of the mining boom, and so too have the lessons of previous mining cycles.

History tells us that mining is subject to boom/bust cycles where production expands in relation to demand, but when demand slackens, there are sudden corrections which come in the form of contraction of investment and production, mine closures and job losses.

It is important to point out that there is no immediate concern that this will occur in the current context. History does however provide some lessons that are worth considering.

Firstly, history tells us that commodity markets can be manipulated by consumers who can exert significant bargaining power. As an export rather than domestic producer of mineral resources, Australia is subject to fluctuations in the world export trade not only from pressure from consumers but also from entry of other suppliers.

Secondly, decisions about investment and production are based on forecasts of future demand, and consumers have a vested interest in over-forecasting their demand. The difficulty for resources firms is that there are long lead times between investment and actual production, meaning today’s investment must accurately predict consumer demand years into the future (as well as the investment decisions of other producers).

It is also in the interest of purchasers of export commodities to ensure security of supply. This means not only negotiating with many producers but also, where possible, contracting with suppliers of alternative fuels for energy or steel production.

These two consumer strategies are closely linked. Thus, to the extent that there is an over-investment in production across the resources sector, based on inflated demand, consumers are able to exert pressure on producers to reduce price.

This can and has occurred where a deal is struck with one key producer that provides for additional tonnage for that producer and potentially higher revenue, but at a lower unit price.

The danger is that this sets a new benchmark price and all produces must adjust. Even if expansionary conditions continue, and demand forecasts are accurate, it is questionable whether current commodity prices are sustainable (that is, affordable) for the end users of Australia’s key export resources.

History also tells us that employers face challenges in creating mining workforces, particularly in remote locations. While the nature of the discussion about the mining boom has been on whether expanding employment can be filled locally or with overseas workers, a key issue that has received less attention in this discussion is the associated benefits employers derive from experimenting with non-standard employment agreements, particularly where there are concerns about long-term employment prospects.

The Deloitte report may help to re-focus the current debate to shed light on why atypical employment is so attractive to resources employers who are looking forward to a slowing of the strong part of the two speed economy.

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8 Comments sorted by

  1. Thomas Edwin Yeats

    Mr

    Once again Australia finds itself at the crest of a minerals demand bubble. Like the nickel boom of the late sixties and the "rush that never ended" this one also will end; hopefully without too precipitous a plunge. The hype surrounding the boom has seen "estimates" of twenty years and more and the Deloitte Access Economics report released today throws some reality back. Firstly, labour shortages refer only to the construction phase and these workers are construction workers of the normal type…

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  2. Tim Mazzarol

    Winthrop Professor, Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Marketing and Strategy at University of Western Australia

    A good article Michael.

    The peaking of the current resources boom has been predicted for some time. The Chamber of Minerals and Energy WA and the WA State Government were predicting that investment and construction of existing projects would reach a peak around 2014-2015 back as far as 2009.

    Anyone who understands the history of a resource state like WA will know that mining booms and busts on a regular cycle. The main reason for the current boom (actually two booms, the first prior to the GFC, the second since) is the abnormal demand for metals by China.

    China has a metals intensity level in its imports that is far in excess of most developing economies. This is due to the huge need for infrastructure and construction.

    The key issue we should be grappling with is how to develop our economy for after the boom passes. Sadly the high dollar and some short sighted government policy has led our education and training, tourism and manufacturing sectors into a parlous state.

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  3. Greg J. Bamber

    Professor, Department of Management at Monash University

    Michael Barry rightly reminds us of the importance of learning from history. We neglect history at our peril. As the American author, Norman Cousins, put it: "History is a vast early warning system!"

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  4. David Arthur

    n/a

    When Chinese demand for coal peaks and then starts to diminish, will cancellation of supply contracts commence with Chinese-owned mining operators, or with non-Chinese operators?

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  5. Gil Hardwick

    Anthropologist

    Michael, and I write as a published historian on colonial and post-settlement Australia, mining has always been cyclical, it's in the nature of the business. That does not mean, however, that the end of a boom period portends doom for the industry.

    A good comparison is in agriculture, less so here in coastal Western Australia where it rains every year, but, say, the Riverina where I grew up and only 2-3 good years out of 7 can be relied upon to remain viable.

    The whole of pre-settlement Aboriginal…

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    1. David Arthur

      n/a

      In reply to Gil Hardwick

      The Good News is, while another boom for metalliferrous minerals will, sooner or later, restore the fortunes of West Australians, the same does not hold for (eastern state) coal mining.

      For the next several centuries, there are severe constraints on the amount of fossil fuel that the world can 'safely' use.

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  6. Robbie Adams

    logged in via email @hotmail.com

    Perhaps what we should be focused on is what we, as a society and as an industry will do with the tens of thousands of workers that may be left without a job if there is a major contraction within the sector.
    It has been noticeable that there has been a significant decline in further study from those who are quite comfortable earning excessive money for what is a essentially minimal skilled labour. I certainly appreciate the efforts and skills required by mine workers but if there is major job cuts…

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  7. R. Ambrose Raven

    none

    Big Mining (the foreign-dominated mining industry) is campaigning for measures to increase their exploitation, of people, government, society, environment, air, water, and their workers.

    Labor's Enterprise Migration Agreements (introduced in the 2011 Budget) are similarly designed to cut wages and discourage good training. Resources and Energy Minister Ferguson emphasised that the aim is to keep wages below what they would have been (if not actually cut them). Obviously with such an implicitly…

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