The Lance Armstrong ‘witch hunt’ is over – and he’s a witch

In June, when the US Anti-Doping Agency (USADA)’s allegations against cyclist Lance Armstrong were released, I wrote: Armstrong has vehemently denied any wrongdoing, describing USADA’s actions as a “witch hunt” and arguing that in 25 years as a professional athlete he has “passed more than 500 drug…

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Armstrong has consistently maintained that USADA has been leading a “witch hunt” against him. Aspen/Snowmass

In June, when the US Anti-Doping Agency (USADA)’s allegations against cyclist Lance Armstrong were released, I wrote:

Armstrong has vehemently denied any wrongdoing, describing USADA’s actions as a “witch hunt” and arguing that in 25 years as a professional athlete he has “passed more than 500 drug tests and never failed one".

But the recent accusations suggest Armstrong was nothing less than a willing participant and active leader in a culture of doping (including himself and other cyclists) for more than a decade.

Ouch.

Ouch indeed. Yesterday USADA released its reasoned decision in the arbitration against Armstrong and it makes for extraordinary reading. The level of detail, even in the 200-page summary of the entirety of the evidence, is extraordinary.

There are multiple overlapping testimonies from 11 of Armstrong’s former teammates (and 26 witnesses overall), corroborating evidence, details of financial transactions, information about further drug tests, and more. The full USADA report, when you include all the appendices, extends over more than 1,000 pages.

People have been convicted of capital crimes on the basis of much, much less. From a scientific perspective, the testimony provides a window into doping at the highest levels of cycling.

Several facts stand out which make a great deal of sense.

  • From the late 1990s onwards, the drug of choice was EPO (Erythropoietin ) – a method to increase the ability of the blood to carry oxygen by increasing the number of oxygen-carrying red blood cells. But when an EPO detection test was rumoured to be introduced in the year 2000, the athletes immediately switched to blood doping. The differences between these two practices are outlined in my previous article.

  • EPO was still used infrequently after testing was introduced, and a far more prosaic solution to avoid drug testing – such as relying on the drug to clear the rider’s system overnight, or simply hiding from the drug testers – was employed.

  • Simple saline injections were often used to dilute the haematocrit (a measure of the percentage of red blood cells to the total blood volume) in order to return blood parameters temporarily to normal.

  • Blood parameter monitoring in the team was as sophisticated as their training doctor carrying a Hemocue (a portable blood-testing instrument) and a centrifuge to make sure their “numbers” were in the correct zones for optimal performance.

  • Low-dose testosterone, in the form of the oral testosterone ester Andriol or testosterone patches (normally prescribed for male hormone replacement) were also frequently employed for recovery. Like EPO, these were used overnight in conjunction with careful blood monitoring.

  • Armstrong’s proud statement of having passed “500 doping controls” or similar is a misnomer. Most of these tests were designed to establish biological passport values, and were not actually drug tests.

  • Perhaps most disturbing of all, the testimonies in their entirety paint Armstrong as the spiritual leader of these proceedings. This was over a decade or so in which there were frequent accusations and smaller scandals about doping, all of which were met with outright denial and often overt hostility.

From the broadest perspective, there can be little doubt any more about whether Lance Armstrong was doping throughout his professional cycling career.

Armstrong has consistently maintained that USADA has been leading a “witch hunt” against him. If that is the case, it seems overwhelmingly likely that’s because he is, in fact, a witch.

Join the conversation

64 Comments sorted by

    1. James Heathers

      PhD Candidate in Applied Physiology at University of Sydney

      In reply to Geoffrey Edwards

      It's extraordinarily obvious that when it comes to the issue of drugs in sport, we have a situation which has no moral, procedural and legal clarity whatsoever. It really is a bit of a mess all up, and burning effigies of LA will achieve absolutely nothing. Perhaps with the knowledge that this all happened the way it did, we can be a little more level-headed about it. But I won't hold my breath.

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    2. Robert Moore

      Street Sweeper

      In reply to Geoffrey Edwards

      What do we do with witches? Make them ride the TdF without a team and unassisted. Maybe the whole TdF edifice needs demolishing. Start again, simpler, more sustainable. Sponsors might flee anyway.

      We were too level headed, easy when covered in sand.

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    3. Linus Bowden

      management consultant

      In reply to James Heathers

      Alternatively, just drop all drug laws, and let them all go for it. Freaky Sports would be fabulous for the spectator!

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    4. Geoffrey Edwards

      logged in via email @gmail.com

      In reply to Robert Moore

      I am not sure sponsors will flee at the moment. There has been ample opportunity over the last two decades, yet le Tour is bigger than ever.

      There seems to be a different attitude with a lot of the riders coming through and the increasing global profile of the event has raised the stakes, as the Armstrong saga demonstrates.

      There is still plenty of cynicism in and around cycling, but I believe - read: hope - that is changing.

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    5. Dennis Alexander

      logged in via LinkedIn

      In reply to Linus Bowden

      Linus, I'm not sure about the spectator attraction of "freaky sports" (genetic or surgical modifications or augmentation as well as drugs?) and your alternative is only really OK if we accept the Darwinian consequences like Tommy Simpson (Mt Ventoux 13 July 1967). While amorality is an option, it is unlikely to be one that attracts the kind of audience that would keep the grand tours viable.

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    6. Linus Bowden

      management consultant

      In reply to Dennis Alexander

      Hmmmmm...clearly not a sports fan.

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    7. Robert Moore

      Street Sweeper

      In reply to Geoffrey Edwards

      UCI and Le Tour must make some sort of response and so must riders, and also spectators and fans. Or is TdF too big to fail like our banks were? If this has "raised the stakes" then you would think sponsors would be demanding a lot of "procedural clarity" at least, if not moral and legal. Disqualify and ban whole teams, including managers, (and sponsors?) if anyone caught using PEdrugs.

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    8. Seamus Gardiner

      Citizen

      In reply to Robert Moore

      Perhaps the answer is the Alan Jones precedent.... Withdraw support from sponsors that still support ex-dopers....

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    9. Alex Cannara

      logged in via LinkedIn

      In reply to Russell Walton

      So, Russell, if anyone "should be able to use any drug that's legally available to the public", how is anyone to know when an illegal drug is used? Or, how is one to know when an illegal dosage is used? Or...?

      That statement has no meaningful interpretation for any competition, sport of other.

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    10. Russell Walton

      Russell Walton is a Friend of The Conversation.

      Retired

      In reply to Alex Cannara

      Alex,

      Eh, you've missed the point, entirely.

      "..how is anyone to know when an illegal drug is used?" Why, the same way that law enforcement 'knows' when any citizen uses illegal drugs, and aren't athletes members of the public. Implicit in your comments is the assumption that there's something special about athletes, there isn't.

      More explicitly, modern gladiators can dose themselves up with any legal compound they like, rather like the majority of the public, and earn their living subject to the usual legal parameters. Are you suggesting that entertainers such as athletes should be subject to a discriminatory enforcement regime?

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    11. Alex Cannara

      logged in via LinkedIn

      In reply to Russell Walton

      Russell what you miss in logic is that you said "Athletes should be able to use any drug that's legally available to the public".

      That can't be verified without testing, both for the drug and for the dose. Meeting your own statement's restriction requires testing.

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    12. Russell Walton

      Russell Walton is a Friend of The Conversation.

      Retired

      In reply to Alex Cannara

      Alex,

      You're still missing the context, you're assuming that there must be a separate testing regime for athletes, which is precisely what I'm arguing against. In other words you're "assuming what is to be proved". The jargon for that is "begging the question".

      If the use of vitamin Q is unrestricted and therefore It's freely available to the public and it also enhances athletic performances, so what, there's no reason to test for it. However cyclists should be subject to the usual restrictions in regard to alcohol consumption ie treated like anyone else.

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    13. Alex Cannara

      logged in via LinkedIn

      In reply to Russell Walton

      Ok Russell, now I see you're the expert in "begging the question".

      Drugs " freely available to the public" -- like alcohol?

      You want testing for alcohol, but not for blood enhancers? Really?
      What other rules should we give up and still say we're running a sport"?
      ;]

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    14. Michael Block

      Idler

      In reply to James Heathers

      This is not about Mr Armstrong, he's a symptom of the problem. The cause of the problem is the culture at the time in pro cycling and in particular the uCI that has wilfully turned a blind eye and allowed people like Mr Armstrong to flourish - not just allowed but encouraged, as it was seen as 'good for the sport' as long as the truth remained separated from the spectacle.

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    15. Tom Anderson

      Chemical Engineer

      In reply to Russell Walton

      By legally available to the public, do you include via a prescription? It's not as if I can get EPO, HGH, testosterone etc. over the counter!

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  1. Comment removed by moderator.

  2. Seamus Gardiner

    Citizen

    There's some conspicuous absences from this debate... What does a denier do when the evidence is overwhelming?

    Methinks there's lots of fanboys hugging their yellow bracelets tight to their chests tonight.

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    1. Seamus Gardiner

      Citizen

      In reply to John Phillip

      John,
      I have no control over how people feel when they read my posts and if you feel insulted by it I'd be curious to know why. The intent of the post was to expose the lack of critical faculty in this whole affair. The hagiography towards Armstrong blinded many to the obvious and while these people were often quick to defend with intransigence their absence is certainly noted now.

      The evidence is that Armstrong is a conspirator, a bully and a serial liar. People who 'believe' in him are accepting and abbetting that behaviour which has done actual damage to people (simeoni, betty andreu, tyler armstrong emma o'reilly, greg lemond and others). Whilst you might feel insulted their reputations and in some cases lives, are tangibly affected by their dealings with Armstrong.

      It's time for those who 'believed ' in him to step up and wash their hands of his abhorrent behaviour. These are the 'fanboys' of which I wrote.

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  3. Suzy Gneist

    logged in via Facebook

    I find the title of the article and comparison offensive. Using "witch" in this way implies that there is a female character which is as bad or worse than a sports cheat. This perpetuates a past myth that there is such a thing as a "witch" and that this figure has a bad reputation - I would think anyone who has a small inkling of historic events knows that the term was used to suppress, persecute and disown women in the past by the church and state, to shift assets and power away from them and towards the ruling patriarchy.
    The fact is that this person was dishonest and broke the rules of his association. How does the author define a "witch" or what way does this man resemble a wrongly persecuted woman?

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    1. Geoffrey Edwards

      logged in via email @gmail.com

      In reply to Suzy Gneist

      Suzy,

      As you seem unfamiliar with context: The person who is the target of the investigation being discussed, Lance Armstrong, is on the record condemning the proceedings against him as a "witch hunt."

      The term is a pejorative one and, rather than perpetuating a myth, relies on the the falsehood of the accusation of "witch" and the nature of witch hunts which you describe.

      Armstrong is not being compared to a witch. Your offense is unwarranted and relies primarily on your ignorance of the issue being discussed.

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    2. Linus Bowden

      management consultant

      In reply to Suzy Gneist

      "I find the title of the article and comparison offensive." Of course you do. Yawn.

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    3. Linus Bowden

      management consultant

      In reply to Suzy Gneist

      Suzy, "Analogies For Beginners" will set you free.

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    4. Patrick Stokes

      Lecturer in Philosophy at Deakin University

      In reply to Suzy Gneist

      You're right to be sensitive to the nuances and historical abuses of the term and to raise the question, Suzy. In this specific case, though, I think it's simply a (rather clever) play on Armstrong himself accusing USADA of running a "witch hunt" against him. Part of what makes 'witch hunt' such a negative term is precisely that witch hunts were hysterical searches for something that never existed in the first place (and which was, as you note, used to persecute women). In using the term, Armstrong was thus suggesting that, likewise, his opponents were frantically chasing something that was never there. That turns out not to be the case.

      I think it's a valid question, but in this instance it does simply seem the author is flipping Armstrong's own words back on him. I'd say it's just a cute bit of verbal judo. I don't think he was comparing Armstrong to witches in any other sense.

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    5. Linus Bowden

      management consultant

      In reply to Patrick Stokes

      Too many big words Patrick. More pretty pictures are needed in cases like this. ;)

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    6. Suzy Gneist

      logged in via Facebook

      In reply to Geoffrey Edwards

      I am aware of the issue (despite being female ;) ) but continuing to use negative words/imagery whether in humour or sarcasm perpetuates a culture which I believe our prime minister recently named quite openly.
      Just because you or Lance give the term a certain meaning doesn't make it a respectful expression.
      We have to become much more aware of the impacts of repeated imagery if we want to change the underlying culture of how we relate to each other.
      Having particated in international sporting events myself, I'm familiar with the guidelines athletes are subject to and agree to follow in order to compete. Neither Lance's nor others use of such comparisons are very respectful.
      That's the point and it still stands, even if not everyone gets it :)

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    7. emily vicendese

      undergrad

      In reply to Suzy Gneist

      Suzy, just because someone doesn't agree with you, doesn't mean they don't "get it."

      I am all for calling out the use of sexist epithets, but these days "witch" is generally not used as a sexist epithet. Language can evolve, and to make things even more complicated, context changes meanings.

      It's not so simple as to write a list of naughty words and object absolutely to their use.

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    8. Suzy Gneist

      logged in via Facebook

      In reply to emily vicendese

      It has been stated in responses that 'witchhunt' is used as a clever twist and that no-one calls Lance a witch in any other sense than he is a wrongly accused person (Geoffrey)... Sorry, but the article clearly says ... "and he [Lance Armstrong] is, in fact, a witch." I don't think the meaning behind this is meant to flatter. There's nothing nice about it unless the author believed that he is, in fact, innocent and falsely accused (?).
      I did not call it a specifically 'sexist' term (as you put it…

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    9. Seamus Gardiner

      Citizen

      In reply to Suzy Gneist

      Witch_(etymology)
      The word witch derives from the Old English nouns wicca /ˈwɪttʃɑ/ (masc.) " sorcerer, witch (male)" and wicce /ˈwɪttʃe/ (fem.) "sorceress, witch (female)".

      It has been an androgynous term for most of its time of usage. Hence the term 'witch- king' to describe a male sorcerer in the Tolkien novels of the 1940s. I guess I'm the only one here not to genderise the word.

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    10. Suzy Gneist

      logged in via Facebook

      In reply to Seamus Gardiner

      I note your point - gender does not have to come into it.
      If one replaces 'witch' with 'jew', 'muslim', 'black' or any 'other' group name, does it remain just as defensible in its use? I suspect not.
      I also don't think witch is used here to describe Lance as a male sorcerer ;)

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    11. Seamus Gardiner

      Citizen

      In reply to Suzy Gneist

      if one replaces jew or black with witch makes no sense, as in the witches went to the synagogue or many witches were kept as slaves in 19th century america.

      If you can't argue against the use of the word witch upon it's own merits don't try to obfuscate with an analogy to racism.

      The use of the word witch in respect to Lance was in terms of his use of witchhunt, to confuse this with misogyny, racism or some veiled attempt against the wicca religion is as far away from logical or pertinence to the article as I can imagine.

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    12. Seamus Gardiner

      Citizen

      In reply to Suzy Gneist

      I think the term was described as the witch of the witchhunt, not lance as a witch. You could take witch in 3 ways:

      1. Witch as a turn of phrase, the subject of an unfair trial (this is the sense used by the author)

      2. witch as a sorcerer/sorceress, denoting the historical use of the term

      3. witch as a female practitioner of magic

      4. witch as a pejorative term for woman (as in old witch, presumably derived from fairy tale imagery)

      5. witch as a misogynistic term for the PM (as in…

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    13. Suzy Gneist

      logged in via Facebook

      In reply to Seamus Gardiner

      I initially asked how the term was used by the author (I can only speculate), not witchhunt but 'he is a witch' - what the intended meaning was and questioned if it was appropriate. Most commentators here seem to find it appropriate for one reason or another. Their interpretations are based on their personal worldviews (not the author's).
      To mistake critical questioning for outrage is also based on your personal worldview, Seamus. My intend is to question ingrained views - I subscribe to these articles because I have no interest in main stream news and sensationalism. I prefer not to encounter it here either and when I do, I question it. End of story.

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    14. Suzy Gneist

      logged in via Facebook

      In reply to Seamus Gardiner

      Not as yet, but a good response rate from others as to how they use/understand the term - male sorcerer, victim of injustice, unfairly persecuted person, or twisting someone's own words to describe them... No-one openly uses it as a derogatory term of course ;) I'm still wondering what it actually means in this case since none of the above make much sense in context.

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    15. Patrick Stokes

      Lecturer in Philosophy at Deakin University

      In reply to Suzy Gneist

      In this very unusual and specific context I suspect 'witch' means nothing more than "the improbable object of an histerical and vindictive search" - in this case it turns out Armstrong is, indeed, the improbable object. Had Armstrong accused USADA of being "off on a wild goose chase" I dare say the headline would have called Armstrong a wild goose, without thereby suggesting he has any goose-like properties. Likewise I don't think anyone is saying Armstrong has any properties associated with the…

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    16. Peter Hindrup

      consultant

      In reply to Suzy Gneist

      suzy;
      I may well be wrong, but in this area not too often, but I believe that if you investigate you will find that the term 'witch' was not originally gender specific.

      As in witchdoctor. Wicca may give you some leads.

      Witch was feminised by christian prosecution and fairy tales. Wizard is a later construction, and was never used in the religious context of 'witch'.

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    17. Suzy Gneist

      logged in via Facebook

      In reply to Peter Hindrup

      I know that a number of male witches were burned alongside a majority of females (the latter being an easier target of power and asset stripping). There still remains the question in which way the term is used here. It's become pretty certain if not proven that doping has been practiced and planned specifically to 'get away with it' and apart from this involving 'fairy tale' concoctions and brews, what is known does not imply that the perpetrators were completely innocent and the accusers were victimising them wrongly. Since most male contributors here insist that the term witch is in no way meant to demean innocent women or men burned at the stake (and they presumably never use it in this way) nor the fairy tale crone, I wonder what character 'Lance the Witch' is meant to convey? Maybe he is the good witch of the east and our collective culture is the root of the problem rather than just his individual actions.

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    18. James Heathers

      PhD Candidate in Applied Physiology at University of Sydney

      In reply to Suzy Gneist

      We are dealing with a situation of moral hysteria, driven by what is (alleged by LA) a feverish prosecution of a non-existent case, led vindictively by the USADA and deeply cynical.

      At least, that was his initial opinion when he called the process, uh, a "witch hunt": http://lancearmstrong.com/news-events/lance-armstongs-statement-of-august-23-2012

      And from this environment, it appears that he is in fact every bit as guilty as everything he'd previous painted as massively unfair and vexatious.

      Witch-hunt is a pejorative term which has nothing whatsoever either in context or in general with actual witches (???), who account for precisely zero words of the above article.

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    19. Suzy Gneist

      logged in via Facebook

      In reply to James Heathers

      If you read the title and the whole article to the end, you'll find 'witch' appears as 'he [Lance] is a witch' exactly twice (meaning: magical or unfairly persecuted, so I am told) and a couple of times as the term 'witch hunt' in the sense of unfair persecution. The fact that he seems guilty of misconduct by evidence gives the term 'he is a witch' a different meaning - I suppose noboby expects the Spanish Inquisition.

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    20. Seamus Gardiner

      Citizen

      In reply to Suzy Gneist

      Suzy wrote:
      'you'll find 'witch' appears....exactly twice'

      The author of the article wrote:
      'actual witches...account for precisely zero words of the above article.'

      The author was talking metaphorically. There are no witches being discussed in the article there are only metaphorical witches... non-female, non-actual witches... got it?

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    21. Suzy Gneist

      logged in via Facebook

      In reply to Seamus Gardiner

      ...and among metaphors, witch has which positive and flattering connotation that applies to Lance? Modern dictionary choices (excluding old-English dictionaries):

      witch |wi ch |
      noun
      1 a woman [or man] thought to have evil magic powers. Witches are popularly depicted as wearing a black cloak and pointed hat, and flying on a broomstick. < metaphor
      • a follower or practitioner of modern witchcraft; a Wiccan priest or priestess. < 'actual'
      • informal an ugly or unpleasant old woman; a hag. < metaphor
      • a girl or woman capable of enchanting or bewitching a man. < metaphor
      2 an edible North Atlantic flatfish that is of some commercial value. • Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, family Pleuronectidae. < 'actual'

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    22. Seamus Gardiner

      Citizen

      In reply to Suzy Gneist

      the one that applies to lance is none of those, that's the point... it is the 'subject of the witch-hunt' that the word witch pertains to. It is not an actual witch. The word witch is actually not necessary for the concept of witch-hunt'. When one uses the word witch-hunt, one is not saying 'i am a witch and I am being hunted'. The word or concept witch is not pertinent to the issue.

      When Lance armstrong first made the reference 'I am subject to a witch-hunt' he was not alluding to himself…

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  4. Peter Boyd Lane

    geologist

    Even with drugs LA was an amazing athelete and I found his book "Not About the Bike" quite extraordinary ...... but now I wonder just how true that is. Even if he did have testicular cancer, can that book be accepted as factual? Does anyone out there know of independent verification?
    Hate to see a hero destroyed, but .......

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  5. Alex Cannara

    logged in via LinkedIn

    If ne were a witch, he wouldn't have been cught drinking from the cauldron.
    ;]
    He's just an arrogant narcissist -- redundant?

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  6. terry lockwood

    maths teacher

    Since professional cycling is simply part of the entertainment industry, maybe it is time to apply rigorous drug testing to other sectors of show business. Rock musicians seem to regularly brag about using performance enhancing drugs. Even the inventor of the drum kit, Gene Kruper, was a confirmed user back in the 40s. Time to revoke Grammies, Go-Set King of Pop awards, MTV accolades perhaps even Brett Whiteley's Archibald.

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    1. Alex Cannara

      logged in via LinkedIn

      In reply to terry lockwood

      Good idea! And, since politicians are entertainment as well, throw them in too.
      ;]

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  7. Jay Wulf

    Consultant

    Technically Armstrong is correct.

    I think his words are something along the lines 'He has never failed a drug test'.

    Rather than 'I have never used drugs'. The report against him, is based on circumstantial evidence, though very solid.

    I am not defending the man, but he is merely saying 'I have not been caught', rather than claiming total innocence.

    The more important question here is, with so many Sports people using drugs to boost performance, as someone here said, should we have 'Freaky…

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    1. Peter Hindrup

      consultant

      In reply to Jay Wulf

      It has been said that Lance Armstrong was targeted for testing more than any other cyclist. If this is so, it is surely reasonable to suspect that the doping was systemic

      A quick check indicates that over three weeks of racing Armstrong’s biggest win seems to be about seven minutes. Assuming that nobody else was doped, this doesn’t appear to be much of an advantage. And where the results were closer, does it suggest the Armstrong was not much of an athlete?

      I would assume that all of the teams finishing within a few minutes of the winning team were doped..

      Note that Jan Ullrich's victory margin, of 9' 09" was the largest margin of victory since Laurent Fignon won the 1984 Tour de France by 10' 32" and that the biggest winning margin (since 1947): 28 min 27 sec (Fausto Coppi--Stan Ockers in 1952).

      Guess they were all doped?

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    2. Alex Cannara

      logged in via LinkedIn

      In reply to Jay Wulf

      No criminal is "caught" until he/she is caught.

      Is this a discussion of use of tautology, or use of unsportsmanlike tricks that rightly disqualify cheaters?

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    3. Michael Block

      Idler

      In reply to Peter Hindrup

      Peter, it's unlikely that they were all doped. It's possible to win single day races and longer stages without doping. EPO and transfusions gave an advantage to riders over the second and third week of long races like the grand tours, and steroids aided recovery. There are clearly riders who refused to dope and paid the price through having brief professional careers like Paul Kimmage of brief ignominious careers like Christophe Bassons. It's likely that someone who finished 20th or 30th in those…

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  8. Lisa Ann Kelly

    retired

    Hate to break it to you guys, but NO ONE hears or reads or thinks of the word "witch" without relating it to a female.
    I read this piece curious to see why the author would dub Lance a "witch," and how this word could in any way be used to label a male. Sorry. No cigar.

    Plus, the "witch" in "witch hunt" is always and will ever be a sympathetic character. Just as the Salem witches were burnt at the stake . . .mistakenly . . .for being witches.

    This is sensationalistic journalism, making use of a misnomer to grab one's attention. It sure sucked me in.

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    1. Will Hardy

      logged in via Twitter

      In reply to Lisa Ann Kelly

      Lance Armstrong has previously called the investigation a "witch hunt" to characterise himself as the hero who falling victim to overzealous prosecution. The title is making a reference to that, the quotation marks give it away.

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  9. Chris Booker

    Research scientist

    Part of the reason Lance Armstrong described it as a witch hunt was because the USADA has performed such an intensive investigation of him, but paid scant attention to other riders.

    Also, take a look at the USADA treatment of the other riders - some of them were given six month bans on competition. Supposedly one of the reasons the USADA was pushing this investigation was 'to clean up the sport' and ensure that drug users wouldn't be held up as role models. Yet, a six month ban pretty much says…

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    1. Mal Adapted

      Primate

      In reply to Chris Booker

      Chris,
      you wrote:
      'USADA has performed such an intensive investigation of him, but paid scant attention to other riders'
      This is because Lance Armstrong was at the centre of the scandal - along with Johan Bruyneel and Michele ferrari. As lance Armstrong was the lead rider and won 7 Tours de france why would it not be logical to focus on the kingpin. Moreover, he was the role model and patron of the TDF. Anyway, does it make the affect the quality of the evidence? USADA also took action against…

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    2. Mal Adapted

      Primate

      In reply to Chris Booker

      Addit:
      Chris wrote:'Which comes down the final question - if you win in a field of dopers, aren't you in some sense still 'the winner'?'

      Not quite true, there's doping and there's doping. Hamilton's book (if it can be believed) made the point that the more successful doping strategies were reserved for a clique of top riders (and thatthe microdosing strategies employed by Dr Ferrari were the province of USPS not all the teams). So it's not a case of a level playing field, more that the select…

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    3. Chris Booker

      Research scientist

      In reply to Mal Adapted

      Yeah I understand focusing on Lance as he was the winner, but still, the other guys seem to have got a slap on the wrist - it doesn't do much to increase confidence in the sport. Not to mention Tyler Hamilton has to be pocketing some income from his book, no?

      Also, I confused my ratios - it's usually testosterone to epitestosterone (a metabolite) they measure, although I think there is some research into radiocarbon dating.

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    4. Mal Adapted

      Primate

      In reply to Chris Booker

      Chris,
      I think you're right: both epi/testosterone ratios and radiocarbon dating of the carbon in the exogenous testosterone is used.

      I think the penalties for hamilton/ landis/ armsatrong were the same (2 years ban etc) but the 'informants' on Lance got 6 months so there is a discrepancy there. I presume it was some sort of plea bargain arrangement. Yes, it does seem one sided but I htink USADA were definitely out to get Armstrong.

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    5. Michael Block

      Idler

      In reply to Chris Booker

      Chris, many other riders have been investigated, and sanctioned. This is the reason why the races will remain unawarded, almost every poduim getter has either tested positive or ridden for a team with team organised or sanctioned doping, what is so special about Mr Armstrong that he should not be subject to the same investigations?
      Mr armstrong's crime isn't so much doping, as you say many riders were also doping. What is different about Mr Armstrong is that he was grooming young riders, insisting that team mates also doped, and trafficking in prohibited substances. As is customary in sports hearings an admission of truth mitigates the punishment, other riders have volunteered their guilt, granted under some coercion, but Mr Armstrong insists on continuing the charade.
      Maybe we should be asking exactly what the term 'winner' means, if coming first in a field where all the serious contenders are also doping is 'winning' then we have a very different understanding of the terminology.

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