Earlier this week, headlines in several major newspapers screamed: “Melbourne researchers rewrite Big Bang theory”. You might think this is a reference to a new script for a popular TV show, but as a cosmologist, such words quickly pricked my interest.
Reflecting on the story in the cold light of day left me reassured that my textbooks are not about to be rewritten, and that our current understanding of the birth of our universe, the Big Bang, remains as sturdy as ever.
It is important to begin with the science behind the story, from a paper in the prestigious journal Physical Review D by University of Melbourne postgraduate researcher James Quach.
The underlying idea is very profound, questioning the very nature of space-time itself. Quach suggests space-time is not smooth and continuous, but rather discrete and chunky*, made of fundamental building blocks in the same way matter is made of atoms – an idea dubbed “quantum grafity”.
Before thinking about the implications of chunky space-time, we need to look at the grander media statements. The claim is that there was a time, a time before what we understand as “time”, where this chunky structure of the universe was hot, buzzing around with no underlying structure, where space and time, as we know them, didn’t exist.
In the same way water freezes into ice, changing its internal “formless” liquid structure into solid ice with crystals lining up together, in this picture the universe was born in a “phase transition” when structureless dimensions crystalised into the space and time that we know today.
In this picture, our universe was not born in a Big Bang, but a Big Chill.
Exciting stuff!
But does the media hype match up with the realities of the research? Interestingly, the paper does not claim that the Big Bang theory is about to be banished. Even more surprising, the paper does not contain any cosmology. So what is going on?
First, a little background. I’ve written on The Conversation before about what the Big Bang theory means to a practising scientist, and it is more than the flash that “brought the universe into being”.
In fact, it represents an immense body of evidence which show that “the whole universe was in a hot dense state” and that the universe has been continually expanding and cooling throughout cosmic history.
Gravity was then able to drag matter together to form the stars and galaxies we see around us.
The signature of this early heat is still visible as the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation, and tells us that in the earliest few minutes this immense fire forged the first light elements.
We can use our current understanding of the laws of physics to see into earlier and earlier times in the universe, until we hit a wall in our understanding – an epoch when the role of gravity and quantum forces had an equal part to play in what came before.
And this is where our current physics breaks down. We don’t have a “Quantum Theory of Gravity” that allows all the forces to play nicely together, and so we don’t know what happened in the tiniest fractions of a second at the “start” of the universe.
Before this time, it could have been an unstructured sea of chunks, just as in the media reports, but it could also have been one of many other ideas and hypotheses that have been floating around for many decade.
For instance, we could be nothing more than a quantum pimple on a previously existing universe or our cosmos could have been formed when older universes collided in “multi-dimensional” space-time.
My best bet is that it will turn out to be something we haven’t even thought of yet.
So, what does Quach’s research really tell us? If – and it is a big if – the idea of crystalline space-time is correct, then the universe could still be chunky today, and as light travels from “out there” to our telescopes it is constantly bounced back and forth.
Our observations of distant objects could contain the signature of chunky space-time, and support for the crystalline space-time structure.
But unfortunately, “quantum grafity” is not the first theory to suggest space-time may not smooth. Others have proposed that, on the smallest scales, the universe might be foamy, while others have posited the universe might contain immense space-time fractures left over from its turbulent youth.
And people have searched for these signatures in our observations of the universe. Alas, for all of these ideas, all we’ve shown is that cosmic space-time is as smooth as the proverbial baby’s bottom.
Even if the ideas of “quantum grafity” (or myriad other ideas) prove to be correct, it will reveal what happened in the earliest moments of the universe. But after gravity and the other forces go their separate ways – when the cosmos was less than one billionth billiont billonth of a second old, the subsequent growth must recreate the universe of the Big Bang.
Revealing what happened at the instant of genesis will only add to the Big Bang, not rewrite it.
I commend Quach’s research, as we must continue to explore ideas, even those that seem wacky and out-there. But it is a shame the AAP press release (and the resulting newspaper story) did not reflect the reality.
I guess a headline such as “Melbourne Researchers have a neat idea that might have observational consequences that may reveal the nature of the space and time, and could potentially point us in the right kind of direction in understanding a quantised picture of gravity and hence reveal what really happened at the very start of our universe” just doesn’t have the same ring about it.
It’s a shame, as it reflects the way that most of science is actually done. Sensationalist journalists just don’t seem to understand this.
For further analysis of James Quach’s research and the newspaper stories that followed it, check out this blog post by Luke Barnes, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Sydney.
* UPDATE: So, how lumpy is space-time? It just so happens that a new press release has been published, focusing at one of the largest explosions in the universe, a gamma ray burst that was observed in 2007.
The explosion actually occurred 7 billion years ago, and the high energy gamma-rays it produced have traveled an immense distance through the universe to arrive at our telescopes. By noting that the gamma-rays arrived at the same time, the researchers concluded that they could not have been scattered by pixellated space-time on their journey.
While the sample size is small with only three gamma-rays detected, the researchers conclude that travelling through space-time is more like sipping smooth whiskey than bouncing around a bubbly brew.
Further reading:
‘Rewriting’ the Big Bang theory – a personal perspective
Ian Donald Lowe
Seeker of Truth
There is a concept that time is curved. Extend a curve through infinity and it will eventually form a circle, or a wheel. So the first moment of this universe could be the last moment of this universe, after a full circuit of the wheel of time. Although these two incidents may be separated by a huge amount of time in one direction, they could be right next to each other when the end is reached and the next event is the creation.
When we look through space, we can see echoes of the past but the future is still hidden from us.
Michael Kane
Assistant Director Environment and Innovation
That may mean, if you are right, that some point in the future/past I will find/lose again my car keys that I lost last week
Ian Donald Lowe
Seeker of Truth
Funny but not quite right.
Read moreWe mere mortals move in one direction in time - forward. You lost your keys at some point in the past, which may also be some point in the future of the next universe but that is a very long time away. At the moment when you mislaid your keys, you knew exactly where they were and that implies that you still know where they are on some level, unless a random variable has caused those keys to be moved in the intervening time.
I forgot to mention random variable that affect…
Michael Kane
Assistant Director Environment and Innovation
Means I will need to go buy a new set of keys then! Problem with reality interference with my amateur quantum physics knowledge as you point out
Ian Donald Lowe
Seeker of Truth
Perhaps I should clarify a couple of things?
1. My spelling and grammar are not good, especially when I am thinking and writing at one time. I apologise.
2. I didn't make up the concept that time may be curved. I read Albert Einstein describe it as such.
3. Perhaps a wheel is the wrong mental image, perhaps time could be imagined as a giant ball and our choices decide our course across the surface? I still prefer the wheel image, even if it does imply a certain amount of pre-determination.
4. Time is linear and time, as we know it, has a fixed speed (60 seconds/minute, 60 minutes/hour, etc.) We move in a forward direction in step with the sedate (normal) pace of time.
5. Light has a fixed speed and the universe is very, very big. When we look at phenomena in space, we ARE seeing past events and that is a basic F.A.C.T..
Now, would the four (so far) people who consider my first comment "unconstructive" like to explain their reasoning, or is that too hard?
Paul Lasky
Postdoctoral Fellow in Gravitational Wave Astrophysics at University of Melbourne
I am more than happy to explain why I considered your comment "unconstructive": it is completely irrelevant to the topic at hand! It's just that simple. Geraint has done an excellent job explaining the science and sociology behind this poorly executed press release, but your comment was not relevant for that discussion.
Ian Donald Lowe
Seeker of Truth
OK then, discussion over.
There is no point in posting anything unless it's an agreeable meme in support of the lightweight original subject. (By lightwieght, I mean no offence to the author. I am sure this is impotant in certain circles but it doesn't interest me as much as time and relativity. The press sensationalise and tell pork-pies. I think most people would agree with that.)
Steven Tingay
Professor of Radio Astronomy at Curtin University
It is instructive to have a look at the press release from Melbourne University that is presumably the origin of the media reports: http://newsroom.melbourne.edu/news/n-885
While the press release is not hyperbolic like some of the media headlines, I can see how journalists and editors could take the story and headlines in that direction, based on the first paragraph (in bold type) of the release. This is the way that releases are structured in order to be picked up by the media. The release…
Read moreGeraint Lewis
Professor of Astrophysics at University of Sydney
I very much agree with you. Luke says it more strongly in his blogpost that the comments of the researcher in the press-release and to the media don't help the situation. It is depressing that we have gotten into this situation where science can only be reported if it is sensational, and so media offices feel that things have to be hyped up to catch the attention of journalists etc.
Reading Ben Goldacre's "Bad Science" brings this home. But it is clear that a better appreciation of the "doing" of science would help journalists. Also, seeking comments from experts in the field (which some journalists do) would help.
Gavriil Michas
logged in via LinkedIn
In general, when we use a law of physics for quantitative measurements, we can take different results in time under the same way of calculation that is unaffected by time.
Furthermore, we reaffirm the functionality proof of that physic law equation when results are always the same under the same calculation values. That gives us the credibility for a law of physics in mathematical expression.
Maybe this crystal clear solid way of thinking would prevent us to understand the flow of events yet to be discovered for our cosmos. While we still extracting information precision from uncertainty, thoughts and images like Schrödinger’s tree resisting to entropy might be even more meaningful, almost scientifically poetic beyond singularities quests.
Sean Manning
Physicist
What are you even saying?
Seriously, I can't decipher any of your argument.
Gavriil Michas
logged in via LinkedIn
Dear Sean,
The first paragraph is compacted central conceptualizations from Norbert Weiner essays in cybernetics and his student Shannon’s work concerning information theory, in my effort to present you the general frame of the current digitize computation control information concepts that we dealing in every day scientific processes. Obvious mathematical and crystal clear allowed me to say rooted for binaries.
The key thinking for the last paragraph is the word entropy, which especially…
Read moreBob Constable
logged in via Facebook
Well that sure cleared that up Gavrill
Sean Lamb
Science Denier
It has some very superficial semantic resemblances to the old World-Ice Theory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welteislehre
As Hoerbiger himself put it: "Calculation can only lead you astray."
Wise words those.
Ron Chinchen
Retired (ex Probation and Parole Officer)
Interesting subject this and only just read about this issue in the latest New Scientist magazine.
I'm sure there are many surprises still to be discovered, some that might turn our whole concept of the Universe on its head. One interesting suggesting was that if we live in merely one Uniiverse of a Multiverse conglomeration' is that gravity may be the linking force between these cosmoses. Who knows.
I am enthused though regarding the irregularity and churning characteristics of the subatomic…
Read moreG Srinivasan
Individual Researcher in Vedic Science
Theoretical Physics has become a parody, Monday Aether, Tuesday No Aether, Wednesday Big-bang and Thursday Big Chill. I hope the day will come when certainty prevails by Physics shifting to an axiom based Paradigm. Its sad to see that despite humanity claiming the gift of intelligence it has been unable to use it where it is needed most in theoretical derivations for blundering in experimental physics is self correcting. Space is the foundation of phenomena and detection process is dependent on a…
Read moreGeraint Lewis
Professor of Astrophysics at University of Sydney
Hi - Sorry, but you are confusing the media portrayal of physics, and the doing of physics. Physics does not flip-flop on a day-to-day, week-to-week, or even year-to-year basis, it simply does not operate in the way the media would like you to think it does. Textbooks are not continually being rewritten (in fact, as a reader of textbooks, what I have seen is that the ones today have often copied large chunks from the past - the science has not changed).
G Srinivasan
Individual Researcher in Vedic Science
Perhaps you have not got past the first sentence in my reply. I am not confused but theoretical Physics is hopelessly mired in its own illogical creation. I quote from page 167 of the book “Concepts of Particle Physics Part one’ by K. Gottfried and V. F. Weiskopf: “Nevertheless, it would be aesthetically appealing, to say the least, if one could construct a theory that incorporates all the known interactions in an integrated fashion.
Read more”. From page 543 Part two, “Can some grand principle--–some wondrous…
Ger Groeneveld
logged in via LinkedIn
An axiom which works pretty well is the one of energy conservation. Thermo dynamics will give a direction to the flow of that energy and its appearances. Let's say 'western' physics is using this axiom of energy conservation did pretty well until Max Planck (and later Einstein defined it) came to the conclusion that the physics would hold until a minimal scale, the Planck scale. QM to the rescue. Which has the Heizenberg relation making it possible to have energy created and destroyed as long as…
Read moreG Srinivasan
Individual Researcher in Vedic Science
I take your point that on the face of it ,an entire theory being founded on axioms seems improbable. I presume, to be fair ,your reply has been framed after you saw my website. Hence I will raise an issue that is axiomatic but unsolvable in physics with its math structure. If ten people clap once one after another, the observer (you ) can certainly count those ten accurately. If the same ten people, all clap at the same INSTANT or SIMULTANEOUSLY you the observer CANNOT count more that ONE clap though…
Read moreSean Manning
Physicist
I have a new axiom for everyone:
The degree of craziness is in direct proportion to the number of capitalised words in a post :p
G Srinivasan
Individual Researcher in Vedic Science
If you have made that statement after seeing the website I can at least say that you have shown the trait that scientists are supposed to do-show curiosity to see if scientific information from any source is correct. Else self aplomb is the foundation for craziness born out of egotism!!! Even with the capitals it has got past the cerebral structure of so called intellectuals so one has to create other forms of emphasis. The least scientists can do to help science is to see all other sources to correct the anomalies that abound in Physics and for the same scientists seem helpless in removing it. See website http://www.kapillavastu.com/index.html?r=20120724134234 and you might find that all the anomalies can be removed just by deriving Physics from axioms and that may indeed surprise you.
Sean Manning
Physicist
Surpirse is one word for it. Perhaps not the most apt word though...
Would you like to elaborate on what exactly is 'Vedic Science'? Wikipedia only has entries about crazy pseudoscietific belief systems with origins in religious texts...
G Srinivasan
Individual Researcher in Vedic Science
I understand. Since Wiki itself is a pseudo creation it's natural trend is to go orient bashing!!!
Read moreVedic Science as Sankhya is an Intellectual process of deriving the laws of Universal phenomena through combinatorial mathematical analysis based on axioms. Since it is very correct and remains so always its ritualistic practices (yoga/meditation etc) has been classified as religion by occidental authors (Maxmuller??) Perhaps my website is too elaborate for a cursory inspection so I give 10 general…
Sean Manning
Physicist
My first one relates to point 6; some in the field have suggested that the so called 'cosmological constant' is indeed not constant. I have often wondered whether this is related to a biomorphic feedback loop, but not a classical one but a quantum mechanical one in which the nonlocality of my wavefunction (or the experimenter or theorist for that matter) is in some way interfering with the hidden variables that determine the value of the constant. Now, obviously it can't effect the past value of…
Read moreSean Manning
Physicist
Sorry, I choped off the start of my post when editing it. Here it is:
Very interesting. Your summary is quite enlightening and useful as the url is blocked by my work network (an unsurprising outcome that no doubt speaks to certain organisations unwillingness to expand their pardigms).
The 10 points you provided are quite thought provoking and I was wondering I you have time to consider some of these thoughts?
G Srinivasan
Individual Researcher in Vedic Science
It would give me no greater pleasure that to dialogue on science with another scientist. I have precise answers to your questions already in mathematical form that will be very interesting for you to see. All your questions are based on insight and extremely valid. The brief answer just now is the concept of phenomena which is proved mathematically to be holographic state following simple laws of reflection refraction and coincidence. But there are complexities. I Could you give me email id where I can send larger mail as this forum has constraints. Please do not hesitate to ask any question for Sankhyan logic is complete and the mode of manifestation of Phenomena including our cerebral functions are mediated by a single perpetual harmonic oscillatory state in three time phases of the axiomatic cyclic time. If yoo can access ny web good if not will send relevant files to the id you suggest. Cheers
G Srinivasan
Individual Researcher in Vedic Science
My first one relates to point 6; 'cosmological constant' is indeed not constant.
Every point in space is some form of real matter and unless destroyed deliberately must remain constant. It forms the Cosmological constant.
In Sankhya it is MY with numerical value is 1.334Eminus 51 kgs mass value. It is a ratio of the sum of all harmonic states that can exist at the same location within the same cyclic time interval. The axiomatic (Catalan) / collision of 2 volumes of interaction numerically…
Read moreSean Manning
Physicist
OK, now I feel bad. I started this out as a troll but your response just makes me feel sorry for you.
What I did was to use what I think is the formula people such as you use to make their claims.
First you pick on a semi controversial idea that has made it to the attention of non-specialists (I used the cosmological constant and dark energy).
Then you string a series of cool sounding science words together like nonlocal, biomorphic, etc. Let me be clear. I did this knowing that what I had…
Read moreG Srinivasan
Individual Researcher in Vedic Science
The hallmark of any scientist is to show curiosity in understanding science from any quarter. But you were afraid to be confronted in an open dialogue , perhaps an axiomatic theory gave you the jitters? So you preferred deceitful retreat . Ridiculing other theories is a sure sign of an intellectual vacuum. To your question “H OW SCIENCE IS DONE “ the answer for you is “ HALF BAKED!” - Which is fully ensured by the bicycle mechanics approach you seem to be trained in. Seen your thesis, struggling…
Read moreSean Manning
Physicist
Random numbers and words does not make a theory.
tqft
logged in via Twitter
For those without access Phys Rev D (like me), this should be pretty close
http://arxiv.org/abs/1203.5367
"Domain structures in quantum graphity
James Q. Quach, Chun-Hsu Su, Andrew M. Martin, Andrew D. Greentree"
Submission history
From: James Quach Mr [view email]
[v1] Fri, 23 Mar 2012 22:40:42 GMT (2650kb)
[v2] Thu, 9 Aug 2012 08:03:04 GMT (2854kb)
Open access (see http://thecostofknowledge.com/) will hopefully become the prevalent means of publishing.
Back on topic: the idea that space-time isn't quantised like almost every other observed physical phenomena would require some extraordinary evidence in my view. If Quach et al have cracked how space-time emerges from the known fundamental fields (strong, weak, e-m & gravity) - 4 fields, 4 spacetime dimensions a conincidence? - then they are on their way to Sweden.
Geraint Lewis
Professor of Astrophysics at University of Sydney
Hi - A quick read of the paper shows that they do not show "how space-time emerges from the known fundamental fields", but demonstrate a test that could show if space-time is lumpy. Show how space-time emerges from the know fundamental fields is simply not the topic of the paper.
tqft
logged in via Twitter
Thanks.
I will actually open the paper now, Friday night was going to avoid it. Now learnt something.
They abstract out and constrain (maybe not the right word but that's what math is for) possible properties of the early universe to identify observable properties.
Even if they are wrong in their starting premise, should learn something testing it. Love science,
Julian Berengut
Theoretical Physicist, UNSW; ARC DECRA Fellow.
Another viewpoint on the original press release.
http://arstechnica.com/science/2012/08/why-you-dont-overturn-the-big-bang-via-a-media-interview/
Any comment on the claim that "author James Q. Quach states things even more strongly than the press release did".
Geraint Lewis
Professor of Astrophysics at University of Sydney
I would agree with that post. The comments made to the media by the researchers have helped overhype the results of the paper.
Arthur James Egleton Robey
Industrial Electrician
I also believed in the Big Bang theory until I read Dr Paul Marmet's hypothesis.
http://www.newtonphysics.on.ca/bigbang/index.html
Sorry guys but this is going to hurt. There is no pill for the pain of the loss of a deeply held belief.
G Srinivasan
Individual Researcher in Vedic Science
Great to find that you have the courage to throw the cat among the pigeons!
Read moreThe theory of a grand existence like the Universe cannot be based on belief but hard ascertained and provable knowledge. I am not sure how to engage in a dialogue with you but perhaps if you have the time to visit http://www.kapillavastu.com/index.html?r=20120724134234 and wade through some significant articles as the slide PPT, PHO state, Eclipse experiment and any other that may catch your interest It proves that Big Bang…
Geraint Lewis
Professor of Astrophysics at University of Sydney
As a working cosmologist, I am amazed when someone offers up an "alternative" cosmology to the current paradigm, without really considering the *evidence*; the *evidence* in our observations of the sky is the key guiding principle.
And, having looked that the evidence, the current model, and other alternatives, the current model comes out on top in terms of explaining (and predicting) what we see. This is why it is the current paradigm. Not because of some deep-seated *belief* or want in the cosmos to behave a particular way, but because of its explanatory power.
G Srinivasan
Individual Researcher in Vedic Science
As a cosmologist do you not have the responsibility to correct the anomalies that abound in Physics and Cosmology. Next do you not think it is your responsibility to see if there is correct information from any or other sources? Instead , pontificating inanities does not befit a scientific mind. Do yo have the will to answer this caveat I have posed below while stating that is the cause of the gross anomalies in science and I have theoretical numerical proof for it?
Read moreI presume, to be fair, your…
Nilesh Modhwadia
logged in via Facebook
Any good scientist's or researcher 's prime asset is his/her's clear perception due to objectivity without any bias whatsoever ,but most often conversations are not about learning and away from objectivity due to their own conclusion about what they know. If there was any perfact theory we wouldn't be having this article and views. One has objectively look into many ,but theory and math provided based on axiomatic principal with such a accuracy without any emprical or experimental input, shows all that physics has found and much more.Since "god particle" news and "neutrino faster than light" article space is empty is in question and" Snkhya" has some facts need attantion objectively.http://www.kapillavastu.com/index.html?r=20120724134234
Ian Donald Lowe
Seeker of Truth
How did this get to be a featured article?
The basis of the article is (wrongful) media hype over some research which may or may not be significant.
Considering the range of articles to choose from, this seems an ordinary choice at best.
Mark S
Self Storage Franchisee at Archive Storage
Such an interesting article. The universe is a storage of boundless amount of energy and particles that can be reduced or increase greatly over time. It is just the work of nature and is somewhat unpredictable. I personally think that the term 're-writing' the entire big bang theory is quite exaggerated and inappropriate when it concerns the entire massive universe which is ever-changing. Perhaps the better term to use is amend or improve the big bang theory based on current progress and updates.