Erin L. Duffy is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics at USC. Her current research focuses on consumer financial liability for involuntary out-of-network health care utilization – a phenomenon coined “surprise” medical billing. Duffy studies the prevalence and magnitude of surprise medical bills and evaluates the impacts of state policies addressing surprise medical bills. She has also conducted qualitative and quantitative research on health system performance, healthcare provider payment, and social and racial disparities in health outcomes.