He failed to understand that the struggle for justice and freedom in southern Africa was changing the world - and diplomacy itself.
Adalberto Costa Junior, leader of Angola’s opposition party, The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) arrives to cast his vote.
John Wessels/AFP via Getty Images
The political skill to turn situations to his advantage, rather than any ability to mobilise people, made Angolan president José Eduardo dos Santos one of Africa’s longest-serving leaders.
Former Angolan president José Eduardo dos Santos.
EFE-EPA/Manuel de Almeida
The optimism Angolan president João Lourenço’s election generated four years ago has dwindled as electoral promise after another have failed to materialise.
President of Angola Joao Lourenco in Berlin, Germany in 2018. The powers of the president remain intact.
Photo by Abdulhamid Hosbas/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images
The Angolan political elite lost an extraordinary opportunity to improve significantly the country’s constitution.
People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) supporters at a campaign rally. The party has run the country since independence in 1975.
Photo by Osvaldo Silva / AFP) via Getty Images.
Citizens have been denied their right to elect officials at the grassroots and this has allowed the central government to maintain rigid control of the country’s regions.
John Liebenberg in the ransacked hospital in Cubal, Angola, in 1993.
Photographer unknown/Courtesy the Liebenberg family
No other photographer in southern Africa has documented war in the way that John Liebenberg did. He captured the life and the conflict of both sides in his body of work.
The Portuguese colonisers were not the only ones who could use radio for control. A new book tells how popular radio broadcasts from Angola’s liberation fighters were used as weapons in the struggle.
Angolan President João Lourenço.
EFE-EPAAlexei Druzhinin/Sputnik
Angola’s recent election results showed the ruling MPLA losing support across the country. If opposition claims are to be taken seriously, the losses could be more severe than they appear.
João Lourenço, set to become Angola’s president, is unlikely to bring any major changes.
EPA/Manuel de Almeida
Angola’s president-elect, João Lourenço, has a reputation for relative probity. But, he’s unlikely to rock the boat as Eduardo dos Santos remains party chairman.
Rebel UNITA troops walk through a field twenty miles from the front line at Munhango, Angola April 29, 1986.
Reuters/Wendy Schwegmann
For a military battle whose outcome is still hotly contested 30 years later, the impact was so remarkably clear – independence for Namibia, peace for Angola and the death knell for apartheid.
The official Angolan broadcaster, or Emissora Oficial de Angola, under construction between 1963-67.
Fernão Simões de Carvalho
Portugal used radio propaganda in its colonies in the 1960s against local liberation movements. Decades later there are still lessons to be learned for occupying armies from their failed strategies.
Senior Research Fellow, Centre for the Advancement of Scholarship, University of Pretoria, and Visiting Professor of International Relations, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil, University of Pretoria