Since 1976 I have worked in the field of radiobiology, looking at effects of radiation on cell and tissues. Since the 1990's my interests have shifted to consider effects of low doses of radiation in the ecosystem. Our group were among the first to identify what are now called "non-targeted effects" of radiation where radiation in one cell or organism can signal other cells or organisms to induce responses even though they were not directly "hit" by the radiation. These mechanisms are thought to enable coordinated responses to environmental threats such as radiation, at the level of the population or ecosystem.