Communication between programmers and local communities can provide good opportunities in the toilet prototyping process from the beginning of the design process.
Most of the wastewater produced worldwide receives no treatment and the nutrients in wastewater go to waste. Here's how households can draw these nutrients from urine and use them as fertilisers.
A yellow fever ward in Havana in 1899.
Everett Collection/Shutterstock
In cross-sector collaboration, communities and citizens articulate their needs and then partner with governments and NGOs to address these self-identified problems.
Many women in South Africa still don’t have access to safe toilets.
Frédéric Soltan/Corbis via Getty Images
Andrew Gibbs, South African Medical Research Council and Tarylee Reddy, South African Medical Research Council
Studies globally have made the link between the lack of adequate sanitation, particularly open defecation or shared community toilet facilities, and the increased risk of women and girls being raped.
Poor sanitation has a well documented effect on child health.
ALEXANDER JOE/AFP via Getty Images
There is no clear delineation of roles and responsibilities relating to the integration of clean water, sanitation, safe hygiene and nutritional status.
The coronavirus lockdown has amplified the problem of access to clean and safe public toilets for everyone.
Shutterstock
Coronavirus has amplified the fact that inadequate toilet access has long been a feature of UK life for many, including women and the disabled. Vulnerable people deserve better.
Even in hospitals, where hand hygiene is vital, staff don't always remember to wash their hands. What hope is there for the rest of us? Thankfully, research on handwashing behaviours has some answers.
With no place to wash hands and nowhere to physically isolate, many poor Indonesians are incredibly vulnerable as COVID-19 sweeps through the global south.
Police trying to enforce COVID-19 lockdown regulations outside a shop in Yeoville, Johannesburg.
Marco Longari/GettyImages
The coronavirus, like many infectious diseases, can live and spread on inanimate objects in the world around us. An epidemiologist explains how and gives some advice on how to minimize the risk.
Tubeho Neza community distributions of household water filters and cookstoves in western Rwanda in 2014.
Evan Thomas
Vanuatu has banned them outright, while many Chinese families use just one every 24 hours. So why are Australians still sending millions of dirty nappies to landfill every single day?
Billions of people globally don’t have access to safe, clean toilets.
Clive Chilvers/Shutterstock
Executive Director of the Democracy, Governance and Service Delivery Programme at the Human Sciences Research Council and Adjunct professor of law, University of Fort Hare