
Increasing our humanitarian settlement intake would help untangle the policy knot around irregular migration to Australia.
Over the past decade, humanitarian visas have been capped at about 13,500 per year. This quota includes off shore refugees and those granted visas under the Special Humanitarian Program (onshore convention refugees and their families regardless of mode of arrival, family members of resettled refugees and other persons living in situations of extreme discrimination). The quota cap within the humanitarian stream is problematic not least because of the increasing difficulties experienced by refugee settlers in sponsoring family members to join them.
By substantially increasing its humanitarian intake, Australia would lessen the burden on the two transit countries in our region, Indonesia and Malaysia, and thereby increase the chances for a regional humanitarian solution.
A substantial increase would reduce the need for irregular migrants to board unseaworthy vessels and ease the tensions arising from perceived competition for places between offshore convention refugees and the Special Humanitarian Program stream. Such an increase would also make family reunion a more realistic prospect for refugee settlers. This is important because there is strong evidence that family reunion is a key determinant of successful settlement.
The arguments for increasing our humanitarian intake raise three key issues: Australia’s capacity to support increased numbers of humanitarian settlers; the challenges faced by humanitarian migrants in Australia; and the settlement outcomes for these migrants.
These issues have been addressed by an impressive body of academic research into refugee settlement in Australia.
Klaus Neumann, James Jupp and others have documented the history of Australia’s refugee migrants, which total over 700,000 since the end of World War II. There are two key messages we can take from the historical research.
First, Australia has historically been able to settle much larger numbers of humanitarian migrants than it currently does. For example, up until 1952, at a time when Australia’s population was about a third of its current size, about 170,000 migrants arrived under the Displaced Persons scheme. Over the past 30 years, Australia’s largest humanitarian intake was in 1981-82, with close to 22,000 settled in a single year.
Second, each new wave of humanitarian settlers has been met with similar anxieties about whether they will fit in and whether Australia would be able to provide support in the early years. Yet the historical record shows that dire predictions – “there goes the neighbourhood” – have been largely unfounded.
There is a wealth of research on the challenges faced by refugee migrants in Australia. The mental health problems caused by past trauma and loss have been well documented as have the impacts of settlement on their psycho-social wellbeing. Other well documented difficulties include learning English, finding employment, securing affordable housing, negotiating health and social services, dealing with racism and, for young people, successfully achieving their educational aspirations.
A key lesson from this body of research is that on arrival, humanitarian settlers are more disadvantaged than other migrants. But research has also shown that humanitarian settlers arrive with high levels of optimism about their future and high levels of wellbeing despite their traumatic pasts.
A few small-scale longitudinal studies have helped us to get a better picture of refugee settlement. Their findings support a large scale study recently completed by Graeme Hugo, which analyses the relevant published research, data on first and second generation humanitarian settlers drawn from a range of data bases, and data from a questionnaires and in-depth interviews.
The study found that compared to other migrants, refugee settlers are younger and will spend more of their working lives in Australia thus offsetting the effects of an ageing workforce. Refugee settlers are committed to staying in Australia and there is less “settler loss” compared to other migrants who move on or return to their own countries.
Increasingly, refugee migrants are moving into regional Australia thus bringing social and economic benefits to declining rural towns. Although unemployment is high in the early years, refugee settlers are finding employment.
Over time, economic participation rates are similar to those of the Australian-born population. They are more likely to engage in entrepreneurial activities. Importantly, they retain economic links with their origin countries.
Finally, they are active volunteers both in their own ethnic communities as well as in the wider community. The evidence suggests that over time, refugee settlers overcome the challenges they face in the first years after their arrival, and make important contributions to Australian society.
Overall, the academic research provides us with a sound body of evidence supporting a significant increase in the humanitarian migrant stream.
Increasing our refugee settlement intake is an important part of the larger solution for sorting out the current asylum deadlock. Increasing the humanitarian intake will not be problem-free. But no resolutions to messy social problems are.
We have met these challenges in the past and we can be confident, based on the scholarly evidence, that we have every chance of doing so in the future.
Read the rest of The Conversation’s asylum seeker coverage:
Asylum seekers and Australia: the evidence
The Conversation panel on asylum seekers: meet the experts
Infographic: global refugee populations 1975-2010
Refugee intake starts in the region: making a difference in regional burden sharing
Refugees and asylum seekers in Malaysia: the good, the bad and the unexpected
What does the Australian public really think about asylum seekers?
What role does Australia play in accepting the world’s refugees?
Who are Australia’s ‘boat people’, and why don’t they get on planes?
Uncomfortable truths: busting the top three asylum seeker myths
There’s no evidence that asylum seeker deterrence policy works
There’s more to regional collaboration than the Malaysia Arrangement
How immigration policy harms asylum seekers' mental health
Asylum seekers in Indonesia: why do they get on boats?
Preventing deaths at sea: asking the experts on asylum seekers
Peter Ormonde
Peter Ormonde is a Friend of The Conversation.
Farmer
Excellent. Pure and simple.
One of the great falsifications is the notion of queue jumping - that there is some orderly process with desperate families all lining up with a number patiently waiting their turn. That is not how it happens at all.
The other great falsification that galls is the characterisation of "offshore processing" as a deterrent - of sending punitive messages to refugees and people smugglers. Offshore processing - within walking distance of the source country - can work, has worked and would work again.
It is not about deterrence, it is about investing the resources to efficiently evaluate claims for asylum and bringing them here. No more leaky boats. No more detention centres. No more "sending messages".
Good piece. Let's hope someone in Canberra is reading it and has some decency left in them.
Stephen Prowse
CEO at Wound CRC
I agree, unfortunately politics overrides moral and ethical behaviour over and over again and politicians in positions of influence who show integrity do not seem to last long.
Rajan Venkataraman
Citizen
Prof Gifford, you say that "by substantially increasing its humanitarian intake, Australia would lessen the burden on the two transit countries in our region, Indonesia and Malaysia, and thereby increase the chances for a regional humanitarian solution." You go on to say that "a substantial increase would reduce the need for irregular migrants to board unseaworthy vessels and ease the tensions arising from perceived competition for places between offshore convention refugees and the Special Humanitarian…
Read moreKen Swanson
Geologist
Sandy
If we take 13,000 more per year (around double our current), does that solve the problem or does it just encourage another influx of the same number and we are in the same place in 2 years time. Increasing the limit is an invitation not a solution in the medium term.
So I ask:
Where do you draw the line on numbers and face up to the fact that at some point we are taking no more?
What is the number that you would recommend to the Australian people we should take annually?
When the number waiting exceed that number, as it will in the near future, how do we say "No more!"
Please take your bleeding heart hat off and provide some rational responses so we can all quantify the effects of your advocacy. To the general public what you propose could create a bottomless pit with no concept of what it will cost and what the social impact will be.
Felix MacNeill
Environmental Manager
Ken, do you really expect to be taken as a rational adult when you employ idiotic dog-whistles like 'bleeding heart'.
If, as you claim, you want a rational, evidence-based discussion - which I rather think Sandy provided - you might like to consider behaving rationally yourself, instead of resorting to school-yard name-calling.
Oh, and you could try offering some actual evidence, which the original article provides i nspades.
Ken Swanson
Geologist
Please answer the questions and do not get so emotional, then I will take you seriously as an adult.
Where do you draw the line on numbers and face up to the fact that at some point we are taking no more?
What is the number that you would recommend to the Australian people we should take annually?
When the number waiting exceed that number, as it will in the near future, how do we say "No more!"
The article did not answer these simple questions at all!
Felix MacNeill
Environmental Manager
Wow! You have a magic machine for measuring emotion over the internet! When are you going to patent it and make your fortune?
And I never offered to answer your questions - merely suggested that you might pose them more calmly and courteously.
It is meaningless to try to provide precise, fixed 'numbers' in a case like this and refusing to fall into such a fallacy is not to evade the issue. Numbers have to be decided year-by-year as the situation evolves. Sandy's article does, however, suggest…
Read moreFelix MacNeill
Environmental Manager
Sorry - obvious typo - that should hav ebeen 170,000 in the third paragraph (emotion must have got the better of me!)
Ken Swanson
Geologist
So you would advocate anything between 22,000 and 170,000 per annum?
What is a likely "sensible number" in your or Sandy's view?
The world's refugee population is in the hundreds of thousands and always will be. Lets face it, there is always a war somewhere, there is always persecution somewhere. It will always be reasonably easy to make a case to come here. As we increase the number we accept, the more demand we will create to choose Australia as a destination and the greater the pressure to increase our intake.
So I ask again what is the number (please a lot tighter than between 22k and 170k) and having given this number, what is the quantified business case justifying it? You cannot strongly advocate for such increases and not be mindful of the cost to other Australians.
Peter Ormonde
Peter Ormonde is a Friend of The Conversation.
Farmer
Ken,
On a global scale we take a miniscule number of the world's refugees. We can afford to take more. We've taken 700,000 in my lifetime. And they have added immeasurably to the country's talent and richness (in every sense of the word).
Long term yes you're dead right - the only way to stop the movement of people is to provide an outbreak of world peace, harmony and plenty. We are not doing too well at that. Wouldn't it be a good thing to have the reputation as the region's school builder…
Read morePeter Ormonde
Peter Ormonde is a Friend of The Conversation.
Farmer
Ah a "quantified business case" ... that how these things should be decided is it?
There is a wealth of information on the economic function of immigration in stabilising and expanding the Australian economy ... I guess you'd regard that as a Good Thing". So here you are, your "business case": http://www.pc.gov.au/projects/study/migration-population/docs/finalreport
The Productivity Commission - at the direction of one Peter Costello and Judith Sloan at the time, demonstrates quite clearly that increased immigration directly enhances our economic performance to the tune of $400 a head.
And as history shows us constantly - refugees make the best, most productive and entrepreneurial citizens. Unlike many of those who come as "economic migrants" with expectations and a sense of entitlement.
Now how did you come to arrive here Ken?
Felix MacNeill
Environmental Manager
Ken, seeing you're fascinated by precise numbers, you might like to note that th enumber of refugees in the world is actually in the millions, rather than 'hundreds of thousands' as you suggest. I believe the UNHCR suggests a figure around 7 milion.
As I've already stated, it is spurious, pointless an dmeaningless to try to nail down some fixed number - particularly as numbers will need to be flexible to balance need with capacity. But, as a broad estimate I have indeed suggested that that number…
Read morePeter Ormonde
Peter Ormonde is a Friend of The Conversation.
Farmer
G'day Felix,
Hate to be the bearer of bad tidings but according to that UNHCR 2011 report, in 2011 alone there were an EXTRA 4.3 million added to the number of displaced persons - 800,000 fleeing their countries while 3.5 million were displaced within their own countries.
To paraphrase a bit of the report: Of the world's displaced people - some 25.9 million - 15.4 million were internally displaced persons, while 10.5 million were refugees - all under the protection of, or receiving assistance from, the UN. That is a 700,000 increase over 2010.
So 10.5 million and counting Felix. And that's the official ones.
These damn regional wars and progroms are getting worse, affecting more people and erupting all over the place... but the biggie is Afghanistan ... which is more than understandable combining a regional war, with religious programs, deep corruption and political failure and - what seems from the ground - a global invasion. Anyone would run away from that.
Ken Swanson
Geologist
Peter
The study you cite refers to skilled migrants not unskilled arrivals which is the typical profile of the Afghans, Pakistanis and Sri Lankans. Not relevant at all.
My ancestors came here as second class passengers courtesy of the British. My wife's parents are of Russian descent and came here to escape the communist regime in Russia and after that China. They waited for 2 years in a Hong Kong internment camp before being accepted. My father in law had to repay the cost of his family's…
Read moreFelix MacNeill
Environmental Manager
Wow - I wasn't aware it had got that bad...kind of puts our tiny refugee numbers in perspective, doesn't it?
Marilyn Shepherd
pensioner
I wonder why it is that so many people think we can set a limit on humanitarian visas.
Everyone has the right to seek asylum from persecution, no-one has the right to resettlement which is nothing to do with protection or the refugee convention, is not run by the UNHCR as often claimed and is an expensive hoax for the few.
Marilyn Shepherd
pensioner
Oh my god, there is no such thing as spots. You have seriously brought the entire drivel haven't you?
That 700,000 we brag about is less than the number of Palestinians forced out of their homes in 6 months by jewish terrorist gangs.
And we pretend that it is a huge number when it is just over 10,000 a year and when we know that all of it was about how they can help us.
Peter Ormonde
Peter Ormonde is a Friend of The Conversation.
Farmer
Now Ken, had you read more than the press release on the page I sent but actually looked at the report itself you would have noticed the difference between the spin coming from Howard's team and the actual scope and the facts presented by the Productivity Commission.
While the press release talks only of skilled immigration, the report itself looks at migration of all sorts. It's only 1.8 MB's ... worth a read before you go leaping to conclusions about costs and the impact of immigration…
Read morePhilip Dowling
IT teacher
Of course, Marilyn, Australia could afford to do more if it didn't have so many hypochriandriacs and malingerers on the public teat. End these unnecessary pensions, perhaps. Do you agree?
Peter Ormonde
Peter Ormonde is a Friend of The Conversation.
Farmer
Good to see that this "new charity" can also begin at home Phillip... I just wonder what sort of country we would have inhabited with another 10 years of John Howard and the encouragement of this heartless selfishness.
Where is Charles Dickens when you need him?
Yet we still have blow-ins - economic migrants who came here to get a better life - now telling us who should and should not be allowed in.
How do you come to be in Australia Phillip?
Russell Cunningham
Trainer
Dear Ken,
Let's get some perspective. How bad would it have to get here for you to be desperate enough to give up everything you own, leave your friends and pay your last money to get on a leaky, under provisioned boat to another country?
I've coached some of these traumatized refugees who came by boat. One 4 year old I recall had no food for over a week, 3 days without water and vomited a meter long tape worm before being rescued off the coast. The uncles family who did not make it to the…
Read morePhilip Dowling
IT teacher
It is good to see that you still think that "The Magic Pudding" is an economics textbook rather than a children's story.
Peter Ormonde
Peter Ormonde is a Friend of The Conversation.
Farmer
Now I find myself wondering Phil why we should not be applying this Norman Lindsay notion to your good self? Why you? What have you done to earn membership in this exclusive little club you'd like to set up? Who are you to say who should get to join?
Philip Dowling
IT teacher
Peter, Unlike other farmers you don't have any fences, I presume.
Peter Ormonde
Peter Ormonde is a Friend of The Conversation.
Farmer
Course I have fences. There are rabbits and foxes all over the place up here. But we are talking about people Phillip - not pests and feral animals... men women and children who have been getting kicked around back home and now by us. So I'm not sure what your point might be.
So you are suggested fencing the coastline? Sending the boats back? Shutting down international airports? Should we be shelling the boats if they come back? And you would volunteer to undertake this sort of work yourself, Phillip?
Now answer me regarding the means by which you find yourself here in this country telling us who should be allowed in.
Russell Cunningham
Trainer
Don't try to persuade Philip, Peter. he's one of those IT people who's missing something, doesn't have a heart. Probably had it replaced by a sump pump and a pocket calculator.
If he saw starving homeless people on his doorstep he'd just shoo them off like a couple of foxes. Or maybe get his calculator out to see if his budget could afford to give them half a biscuit each.
Philip Dowling
IT teacher
Military age yound males well fed designer clothes paying multiples of national income and with laptops
Apparently a sailor recently was admonished by an asylum-seeker who wanted more care taken with his bag because it contained a laptop
Peter Ormonde
Peter Ormonde is a Friend of The Conversation.
Farmer
Yep - no question about it - with facts like this we should have you stationed up there Phillip with a howitzer blowing these swarthy rich devils to oblivion.
Seriously Phillip this is a difficult and huge problem - not for us but for the world, particularly the poorer parts of the world that a carrying the heavy weight of human misery. The question is how can we help.
It will not be solved by pretending it's not happening, by sending folks back where they came from or by grabbing onto any…
Read moreMarilyn Shepherd
pensioner
What does that have to do with a few thousand refugees? Fair dinkum in a country this rich what is it you are whinging about.
Philip Dowling
IT teacher
A few thousand a month, Marilyn.
Keep up with reality - if you can.
Philip Dowling
IT teacher
How insensitive of me to suggest that a military age, designer dressed male could not be a refugee if he has a laptop.
You of course could relate to this completely. This was why you asked this question.
If it was me, I would arrive with my wife and children and sell the laptop to fund their trip.
Of course, we must accept that various people have different cultures and values .. even people like you.
Peter Ormonde
Peter Ormonde is a Friend of The Conversation.
Farmer
No Phillip, what you are missing is that being a refugee has little to do with poverty - it has to do with fear and persecution.
Say for example a rabid bunch of luddites seized power in Canberra and began wiping out every IT teacher in arm's reach, killing their kids and burning down their houses. Now some of them might get themselves into a tinny and head off to New Zealand only to be met by some bloke saying that they are too well dressed, too young, or that they have laptops in their luggage…
Read morePhilip Dowling
IT teacher
I would recommend that you and most asylum seekers read "Julius Caesar" and perhaps also "Mila18".
The "Rats of Tobruk" would have surrendered, according to your philosophy.
Incidentally, the ability to use a computer does not indicate literacy. The biggest business on the Internet is pornography. Nor does it indicate any knowledge of English. It also allows access to sites that promote videos of Daniel Pearl's death as an act that should be glorified and emulated.
I wash my hands after reading your posts.
Peter Ormonde
Peter Ormonde is a Friend of The Conversation.
Farmer
"Incidentally, the ability to use a computer does not indicate literacy."
Well argued Phil... impossible to dispute apparently.
Now again - how do you come to be here telling us who qualifies as an Australian and who we should throw out?
Eddy Schmid
Retired
I am totaly amazed, that very few academics,politicians and Australians in general, are aware that this refugee issue, is an issue OF OUR OWN MAKING.
It would appear to escape all the above folks attention, that as long as WE,(Australians) support the U.S./U.K./France and NATO in their colonialism and unlimited wars, there will be refugees.
Australia is being flooded by the repercussions of OUR actions in these countries that these people are coming from, it is OUR actions suppoprting these wars and destruction in their countries, that drive them to our shores.
We even wage war against Iran and now Syria as well, imagine what will happen, if BOTH those counries get to a full blown shooting situation, will we be prepared to accept the results from such actions ? W'ed better be.
Dalit Prawasi
Auditor, Accountant, Trade Teacher
We are not in Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Let us send those Tamils and other Indians back to where they come from or back to India. there are 72.2 million Tamils in India and 1.3 billion Indians in India. Returning them back to where they feel home is humanitarian
.
Marilyn Shepherd
pensioner
Who says they feel at home in India where they are herded into massive camps and treated like criminals?
Dalit Prawasi
Auditor, Accountant, Trade Teacher
latest 2011 UNHCR report says there are 37.2 million refugees on the globe, almost twice the inhabitants here. Let them in.
A Ahmed
Student
Refugees are not all the same.
One of the problems i suspect weighs on the mind of many is that of shared values.. which has nothing to do with race but rather "values".. I ask that we just grown up and just face and accept “Values” in question here are just not all the same.. some refugee groups are have values which are in fact in total contradiction with our own values.. Values which I personally would like to protect just like the diggers of the past.
Read moreIs this irrational fear or is it a…
Marilyn Shepherd
pensioner
And I bet the muslim countries we have bombed to bits would say that we should be banned.
Face it sunshine, you are a nasty little bigot.
A Ahmed
Student
Marilyn,
while i respect your noble need to feel good about helping people, i also question your motives..
like who is nasty? your happy i guess to accept female gentital mutialation without question? did you watch the link #5 with our friend Richard Dawkins?
Riachard and the panel of four offer an interesting perspective on your position and i suggest that before you start with your acid tongue, that you get informed and become part of a well thoughtout solution rather than a "I feel good Solution"
sharia law without questionn
Philip Dowling
IT teacher
Marilyn and her ilk consider young females collateral damage.
Teachers and police and nurses never report FGM.
Dalit Prawasi
Auditor, Accountant, Trade Teacher
We should take refuges in an orderly manner.
Do not allow those who land here unless we are a party to the reasons for their arrival like Afghans. Let them be given protection visa until we fix their lands.
Those who come here with acquired persecution and fear should be sent back to their home lands. These people blow up innocent civilians and when they are pursued they come here claiming asylum.
Dalit Prawasi
Auditor, Accountant, Trade Teacher
Some of the migrants and asylum seekers are not petty thieves of the
days gone by.
I was discussing this with a few with Indian roots. Academic migrant, a worker-student and an asylum seeker and others. The last two got their PEEEE RRRRR recently and were on the top of the world.
Suddenly, their worth has gone from few hundred thousand dollars to more than tens of billions of dollars.
Their valuation of wealth of an Australian resident.
The land, arable land, minerals, ocean around and the position on the globe.
Any new calculations